ABSTRACT
Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of tobacco leaf disks with two Agrobacterium tumefaciens (A.t.) strains LBA4404 and EHA105 and four plasmids pCAMBIA1201, pCAMBIA1301, pCAMBIA2301 and pCAMBIA3201 was used for the introduction an uidA reporter gene and corresponding plant selection genes (hpt, npt or bar gene) into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Havana 38). Our goal was to study the efficiency of transformation protocols with tobacco plant. The transformation efficiency of each combination of two Agrobacterium strains and four plasmids was evaluated by histochemical analysis of b -glucuronidase (GUS) activity in transformed tobacco plants. The highest rate (P ? 0.05) of GUS activity was observed with tobacco infected with A.t. strain LBA4404 carrying pCAMBIA1301 (33.2%) and pCAMBIA1201 (27.8%). When tobacco was infected with A.t. EHA105, there was no regeneration of transformed tobacco plants (except with pCAMBIA1301, 21.7%). The A.t. strain EHA105 was therefore observed to be less appropriate for transformation of tobacco leaf disks.
Key words: tobacco, transformation, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, uidA gene, selection gene
IZVLEČEK
VNOS uidA GENA V GENOM TOBAKA (Nicotiana tabacum L.) Z BAKTERIJO Agrobacterium tumefaciens
V listne diske tobaka (Nicotiana tabacum L.) kultivarja Havana 38 smo z metodo posredne transformacije z dvema sojema Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 in EHA105 v kombinaciji s štirimi plazmidi pCAMBIA1201, pCAMBIA1301, pCAMBIA2301 in pCAMBIA3201 vnesli testni uidA gen in selekcijske gene (hpt, npt oz. bar gen) z namenom testiranja uspešnosti transformacijskih sistemov na tobaku. Z metodo histokemičnega testa aktivnosti b -glukoronidaze (GUS) smo ugotavljali odstotek transformiranih regenerantov tobaka pri vseh kombinacijah soja bakterije in plazmidov. Ugotovili smo, da je najprimernejša kombinacija bakterije in plazmida s statistično značilno (p ? 0,05) najvišjim odstotkom transformiranih regenerantov A.t. soj LBA4404 s pCAMBIA1301 (33,2%) ali s pCAMBIA1201 (27,8%). Soj A.t. EHA105 se je izkazal za manj primernega za delo s tobakom, saj razen v kombinaciji s pCAMBIA1301 (21,7%) nismo dobili transformiranih regenerantov.
Ključne besede: tobak, transformacije, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, uidA gen, selekcijski gen
ABSTRACT
Five phytopathogenic fungi were used in the experiments, three of the Fusarium genus (F. solani, F. sambucinum, F. moniliforme) together with Rhizoctonia solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Of five agonistic fungi tested, four belong to the Trichoderma genus (T. longibrachiatum, T. harzianum, T. viride, T. koningii ), additionally Gliocladium roseum was included in the study. The results of the experiments show that compared to the phytopahogenic fungi, in most cases the antagonistic fungi are capable of using the nitrogen as ammonium at statistically significant higher rates during the first six days of cultivation. Further on, it has been shown, that they begin by using the nitrogen as ammonium and switch to the nitrate form of nitrogen when the former is being nearly used up. As far the nitrogen in the nitrate form is considered, the situation is reversed: in most cases the phytopathogenic fungi of the Fusarium genus perform a statistically significant quicker use of the nitrogen in the form of nitrate compared to the antagonistic fungi. The fungi R. solani and S. sclerotiorum first use nitrogen in the form of ammonium and if this one is getting short, they switch to the nitrate form of nitrogen. The fungi from the Fusarium genus use the two sources of nitrogen simultaneously. Even at the beginning, when there is plenty of nitrogen in the ammonium form available they use the nitrite form of nitrogen at the same time. Owing to the rate of using glucose from the growth medium the phytopathogenic fungi can be divided into two groups compared to the antagonistic fungi. The fungi from the Fusarium genus use the glucose at much higher rates compared to the antagonistic fungi. Fungi S. sclerotiorum in R. solani behave differently since their rates of using the glucose from the growth medium are statistically significantly lower.
Key words: competition, nutrients, nitrogen, glucose, Fusarium spp., Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Trichoderma spp., Gliocladium roseum
IZVLEČEK
TEKMOVANJE ZA HRANILA MED FITOPATOGENIMI IN ANTAGONISTIČNIMI TALNIMI GLIVAMI
V poskusih smo uporabili pet fitopatogenih gliv, od tega tri iz rodu Fusarium (F. solani, F. sambucinum, F. moniliforme) in Rhizoctonia solani ter Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Od antagonističnih gliv smo preizkušali glive iz rodu Trichoderma (T. longibrachiatum, T. harzianum, T. viride, T. koningii ) in Gliocladium roseum). Rezultati našega poskusa kažejo, da v večini primerov antagonistične glive v primerjavi s fitopatogenimi do šestega dne statistično značilno hitreje izrabljajo amonijsko obliko dušika. Značilno je tudi, da najprej izrabljajo iz gojišča amonijsko obliko dušika, ko pa te začne primanjkovati preidejo na nitratno obliko. Pri izrabi nitratne oblike dušika pa je slika povsem obrnjena. Fitopatogene glive iz rodu Fusarium v primerjavi z antagonističnimi glivami v večini primerov statistično značilno hitreje izrabljajo iz gojišča nitratno obliko dušika. Glivi R. solani in S. sclerotiorum najprej izrabljata iz gojišča amonijsko obliko dušika in ob pomanjkanju le te preideta na nitratno obliko. Glive iz rodu Fusarium pa že na začetku, ko imajo v gojišču na voljo še dovolj amonijske oblike dušika, hkrati izrabljale tudi nitratno obliko dušika. Glede hitrosti izrabe glukoze iz gojišča lahko fitopatogene glive v primerjavi z antagonističnimi razdelimo v dve skupini. Glive iz rodu Fusarium porabljajo glukozo dosti hitreje kot antagonistične. Od njih pa se diametralno razlikujeta glivi S. sclerotiorum in R. solani, ki porabljata glukozo v primerjavi z vsemi antagonističnimi glivami statistično značilno počasneje.
Ključne besede: tekmovanje, hranila, dušik, glukoza, Fusarium spp., Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Trichoderma spp., Gliocladium roseum
The formation of assimilation apparatus in common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)Jana Kalinová, Jan Moudrý
ABSTRACT
In the years 1998 – 2000 the field experiments with two buckwheat varieties (Emka (tetraploid), Hruszowska (diploid)), were performed. We followed the development of assimilatory apparatus during the vegetation period and the influence of nitrogen fertilization (50 kg.ha-1) and variety on its forming. The basic modifying component applied to the production of assimilatory apparatus is of course the weather in a given year along with the soil conditions. Nitrogen fertilization increases leaf size, prolongs the life of leaves and thereby the persistence of maximum leaf area on plant, and supports indeterminate growth of buckwheat, which exhibits production of new branches and inflorescences. Larger leaf area in dense growth is not enough photosynthetically active and inhibits pollination of flowers. Newly created flowers compete with one another for nutrients and final number of achenes per plant declines. Higher utilization of applied fertilization was observed at the tetraploid variety.
Key words: common buckwheat, assimilation apparatus, nitrogen fertilization, variety
IZVLEČEK
NASTANEK ASIMILACIJSKE POVRŠINE PRI AJDI (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)
V letih 1998 do 2000 so bili opravljeni poljski poskusi z dvema kultivarjema ajde, tetraploidno ‘Emko’ in diploidno ‘Hruszowsko’. Spremljan je bil razvoj asimilacijske površine med rastjo in vpliv gnojenja z dušičnim gnojilom (50 kg.ha-1). Poleg talnih razmer je bil najpomembnejši vpliv vremena. Gnojenje z dušičnim gnojilom vpliva na povečanje velikosti listov ter podaljša trajanje listov in s tem ohranja trajanje maksimalne listne površine rastlin; gnojenje vpliva tudi na nedeterminantno rast, s tem nastajajo novi stranski poganjki in socvetja. Povečana listna površina pri gostem sklopu rastlin ne omogoči ustrezne fotosintetične aktivnosti in ovira oploditev cvetov. Novo nastali cvetovi konkurirajo za asimilate, s tem se zniža končno število oreškov (semen) na rastlino. Tetraploiden kultivar je pokazal boljši izkoristek uporabljenega gnojila.
Ključne besede: ajda,
asimilacijska površina, gnojenje z dušikom, kultivar
Optimisation of amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis of hop wilt (Verticillium alboatrum and Verticillium dahliae)
S. RADIŠEK, J. JAKŠE, B. JAVORNIK
ABSTRACT
Hop wilt causes traheomycotic fungi Verticillium alboatrum Reinke & Berthold and Verticillium dahliae Klebahn. On hop, the disease appears in mild and lethal forms, depending on the virulence of isolates, sensitivity of cultivars and ecological factors. Identification of the disease and its pathotypes is important for suitable phytosanitary measures and disease resistance breeding. Methods in traditional detection and diagnosis are usually lengthy and laborious, which could be improved and supplemented by molecular methods. This paper presents a modification of the AFLP method suitable for analysis of Verticillium species. By means of such AFLP, we were able to distinguish the two Verticillium species and found polymorphisms between mild and lethal forms of Verticillium alboatrum from hop.
Key words: Verticillium alboatrum,
Verticillium dahliae, molecular markers, AFLP, PCR
IZVLEČEK
OPTIMIZACIJA METODE AFLP (Dolžinski polimorfizem restrikcijskih fragmentov) PRI ANALIZI HMELJEVE UVELOSTI (Verticillium alboatrum in Verticillium dahliae)
Hmeljevo uvelost povzročata traheomikozni glivi Verticillium alboatrum Reinke & Berthold in Verticillium dahliae Klebahn. Bolezen se na hmelju pojavlja v blagi in letalni obliki, kar je odvisno od virulentnosti izolata, občutljivosti kultivarja in ekoloških razmer. Identifikacija povzročitelja bolezni in njegovih patotipov je izrednega pomena predvsem pri izbiri ustreznih fitosanitarnih ukrepov in v žlahtnjenju rastlin. Metode, ki se uporabljajo v diagnostiki so včasih lahko zamudne in zahtevne za delo, kar pa lahko dopolnimo z uporabo molekulskih markerjev, ki omogočajo neposredno analizo genoma proučevanega organizma. AFLP je novejša molekularna tehnika, katero smo uporabili pri analizi genoma omenjenih gliv. V prispevku je predstavljena metodika in problemi pri prilagoditvi tehnike proučevanemu organizmu. Z AFLP metodo smo določili razlike med obema vrstama gliv iz rodu Verticillium, ter razlike med manj in bolj virulentnimi izolati glive Verticillium alboatrum na hmelju.
Ključne besede: Verticillium
alboatrum, Verticillium dahliae, molekulskii markerji, AFLP, PCR
Redukcija nitrata v globljih plasteh tal
IZVLEČEK
V sedemdnevnem inkubacijskem poskusu pri T=18°C z neporušenimi vzorci rjavih tal iz Apaške doline so različni odmerki nitrata in dodatek glukoze v posameznih globinah tal statistično značilno vplivali na hitrost redukcije nitrata (p=0,1, p=0,05 ali p=0,01). Ta je bila v globinah 10-20 cm, 30-40 cm, 50-60 cm in 90+ cm, kjer so talni horizontih Ap, A1,2, Apog in C od 0,23±0,005 do 3,23±0,7 mg N-NO3/kg suhih tal/dan, od 0,042±0,003 do 1,63±0,20 mg N-NO3/kg suhih tal/dan, od 0,15±0,04 do 1,7±0,1 mg N-NO3/kg suhih tal/dan ter od 0,004±0,001 do 1,05±0,09 mg N-NO3/kg suhih tal/dan. Linearni modeli vpliva koncentracije dodanega nitrata na hitrost redukcije nitrata se med seboj statistično značilno razlikujejo po globinah (p=0,01). Z dodatkom glukoze se je hitrost redukcije nitrata v peščeni matični podlagi povečala za 5,5 krat v zgornjem talnem horizontu pa za 2,3 krat.
Ključne besede: talna voda, onesnaženje
podtalnice, redukcija nitratov
ABSTRACT
Nitrate reduction in deep soil horizons
In seven days of the continuous incubation experiment at T=18°C with undisturbed soil samples of brown soils from the Apače Valley different dose of nitrate and additional glucose in some soil depth have statistically different impact on nitrate reduction rate (p=0.1, p=0.05 or p=0.01). This was in soil depths of 10-20 cm, 30-40 cm, 50-60 cm, and 90+ cm which correspond to soil horizons Ap, A1,2, Apog and C from 0.23±0.005 to 3.23±0.7, from 0.042±0.003 to 1.63±0.20, from 0.15±0.04 to 1.7±0.1 and from 0.004±0.001 to 1.05±0.09 mg N-NO3/kg of dry soil/day respectively. Linear models of added nitrate concentration impact on nitrate reduction rate vary statistically distinguishing among soil depths (p=0.01). With additional glucose, the nitrate reduction was 5.5 times faster in the gravel parent material and 2.3 times faster in the uppermost soil layer.
Key words: soil water, groundwater
pollution, nitrate reduction
Miscible displacement of nitrate and ammonium in soil columns
Vesna ZUPANC, Miran VESELIČ, Peter CEPUDER
ABSTRACT
The displacement of nitrate fertilizer by distilled water under saturated conditions and at different average flow velocities in one – dimensional soil columns is studied to observe the behavior of the nitrogen in transport processes. Breakthrough curves of nitrate were comparing to the ammonium breakthrough curves symmetrical with all aggregate sizes. The biggest influence on the nitrate retention had 0.63–2 mm fraction, where 30–50 % of the total mass was preserved. The biggest influence on the ammonium transport had its ability to fixate on the negative charged particle surfaces. Breakthrough time for nitrate and ammonium was the shortest with 2–4 mm aggregate size.
Key words: nitrate, ammonium, column experiments, mass recovery, breakthrough time, porous media
IZVLEČEK
PRENOS NITRATA IN AMONIJA V ZEMELJSKIH KOLONAH
Opazovan je bil prenos dušičnega gnojila spiranega z destilirano vodo v nasičenih pogojih v enodimenzionalnih kolonah za opazovanje obnašanja dušika v procesih prenosa. Krivulje prehoda nitrata so bile v primerjavi s krivuljami prehoda amonija simetrične oblike pri vseh velikostih agregatnih delcev. Krivulje prehoda amonija so dobile simetrično obliko pri večjih delcih. Največji vpliv na zadrževanje nitrata je imela velikost delcev 0,63–2 mm, kjer se je zadržalo 30–50 % celotne mase. Največji vpliv na prenos amonija je imela sposobnost fiksacija amonija na negativen površine delcev. Čas prehoda je bil pri nitratu in amoniju najkrajši pri velikosti delcev 2–4 mm.
Ključne besede: nitrat, amonij, kolonski poskusi, masna bilanca, čas prehoda, porozen medij
Gojenje solate (Lactuca sativa L.) na aeroponski način z dovajanjem NO3– in NH4+ v hranilno raztopinoIZVLEČEK
V nalogi smo na aeroponskem sistemu preskušali rast solate sorte 'Vanity', s štirimi različnimi razmerji NO3– : NH4+ dušika v hranilni raztopini (100:0 (A), 0:100 (B), 50:50 (C) in 86,8:13,2 (D)). Koncentracija dušika je bila pri vseh obravnavanjih enaka. Poskus z dvema ponovitvama je potekal v zavarovanem prostoru na laboratorijskem polju Biotehniške fakultete v Ljubljani od 18.6. 1999 do 19.7. 1999 in od 29.5. 2000 do 29.6. 2000. Na koncu poskusa smo merili in ocenjevali celotno maso, višino in širino glav pred in po čiščenju, zbitost glave, razvojno fazo rastline ter dolžino in maso korenin. Najvišja povprečna masa je bila dosežena pri prvi ponovitvi poskusa v obravnavanju z razmerjem 86,8 % nitratne in 13,2% amonijske oblike dušika in je znašala 743 g/rastlino. Rezultati statistične analize so pokazali, da so bili pri obravnavanju s 100 % amonijske oblike dušika statistično značilno (p ? 0,01) nižji pridelki kot v ostalih obravnavanjih, med katerimi statistično značilnih razlik ni bilo.
Ključne besede: vrtnarstvo, solata, Lactuca sativa, aeroponika, dušik, nitrat, amonij, rast
ABSTRACT
LETTUCE (Lactuca sativa L.) GROWN IN AN AEROPONICAL SYSTEM WITH NO3– AND NH4+ IN NUTRIENT SOLUTIONS
With four different ratios NO3– : NH4+ (A, 100:0; B, 0:100; C, 50:50; D, 86.8:13.2) in nutrient solution on aeroponical system growth of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivar 'Vanity' was conducted. Nitrogen concentration was the same in all treatments. The trial was carried out in a greenhouse on the laboratory field of Biotehnical Faculty in Ljubljana from June 18, 1999 to July 19, 1999 and from May 29, 2000 to June 29, 2000. At the end of experiment we measured or estimated total mass, height and width before and after cleaning, the compactness of heads, length and mass of roots, and the developmental phase. The highest average weight of 743 g/plant was measured during the first season in lettuce fed with 86.8% nitrate and 13.2% ammonium nitrogen. Treatment with 100% ammonium showed a significantly (p ? 0.01) lower harvest compared to others which did not show significant differences.
Key words: vegetable growing, lettuce, Lactuca sativa, aeroponics, nitrogen, nitrate, ammonium, vegetation
Comparison of fertilisation with organic or mineral fertilisers in a three year vegetable crop rotation
Marijana Jakše and Rok Mihelič
ABSTRACT
In a 3-years field trial, 6 vegetable crops (cabbage, spinach, lettuce, fennel, onion, Chinese cabbage) were grown, supplied with different fertilisers: farm yard manure (FYM), compost of hens' droppings, shredded wood and bark (COMP), and mineral fertiliser with one (NPK-2) or two applications (NPK-1) of nitrogen during the growing season of the crop. The amount of added nitrogen was adjusted in all plots, except with the control plot (?), where no fertilisers were applied. The experimental field was located in Ljubljana, on ameliorated alluvial brown clay loam. Soil taken from different layers was 17 times sampled and analysed for soil mineral N (SMN) Yields of crops and their components were determined. They were evaluated upon visual appearance (market quality), and storage ability. The whole yield produced in 3 years on plots fertilised with inorganic fertilisers was almost twice as high as with COMP and 40% higher compared to FYM. In the first year, N was immobilised with COMP. N recovery during the entire trial was only 8% with COMP, 37% with FYM, 65% with NPK-2 and 81% with NPK-1. Cabbage contained higher dry matter content (DM) when fertilised with compost. However, the percentage of dry matter did not significantly differ in crops grown in the 2nd and 3rd year. In despite of lower DM, cabbage and Chinese cabbage formed harder heads with NPK treatments. There was no difference within treatments in the storage ability of onion.
Keywords: farm yard manure (FYM), compost, soil mineral nitrogen (SMN), N dynamics, N recovery, Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata, Spinacea oleracea L., Lactuca sativa L., Foeniculum vulgare L. var. dulce Mill., Allium cepa L, Brassica pekinensis L.
IZVLEČEK
PRIMERJAVA GNOJENJA Z ORGANSKIMI ALI MINERALNIMI GNOJILI V TRILETNEM ZELENJADARSKEM KOLOBARJU
V 3-letnem poljskem poskusu smo gojili 6 zelenjadnic (zelje, špinačo, solato, sladki janež, čebulo in kitajski kapus), ki smo jih gnojili z različnimi vrstami gnojil: hlevskim gnojem (FYM), kompostom iz kokošjega gnoja, lubja in zmletega lesa (COMP) in mineralnim gnojilom (NPK-1 in NPK-2). N smo dali v enem odmerku, razen pri NPK-1, kjer smo odmerek N delili na dva obroka. Skupna količina dodanega dušika je bila pri vseh obravnavanjih enaka, razen pri kontroli (?), kjer nismo gnojili. Poskus je potekal v Ljubljani (laboratorijsko polje BF), na melioriranih glineno ilovnatih tleh. V času trajanja poskusa smo 17 krat izmerili talni mineralni dušik, izmerili pridelek in določili njegovo tržno kakovost ter skladiščno obstojnost. Skupen svež pridelek, pridelan v 3 letih, je bil na parcelah gnojenih z mineralnim gnojilom skoraj dvakrat večji kot na parcelah gnojenih s kompostom in več kot za 40% večji kot na parcelah gnojenih s hlevskim gnojem. V prvem letu je pri COMP prišlo do imobilizacije N. Navidezni izkoristek dušika v treh letih je pri gnojenju s kompostom znašal le 8%, medtem ko je bil pri gnojenju s hlevskim gnojem 37%, pri NPK-2 65% in pri NPK-1 81%. Zelje je vsebovalo več suhe snovi (SS) pri gnojenju s kompostom, medtem ko se pridelki v 2. in 3. letu niso več statistično značilno razlikovali po % sušine. Navzlic manjši SS sta zelje in kitajski kapus oblikovala bolj sklenjene glave pri mineralnem gnojenju. Vrsta gnojila ni vplivala na skladiščno obstojnost čebule.
Ključne besede: hlevski gnoj, kompost, talni mineralni dušik, dinamika N, izkoristek N, Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata, Spinacea oleracea L., Lactuca sativa L., Foeniculum vulgare L. var. dulce Mill., Allium cepa L, Brassica pekinensis L.
Effect of different nitrogen amounts in nutrient solution on plant growth and nitrate accumulation in aeroponically grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa l.)Nina KACJAN MARŠIĆ, Jože OSVALD
ABSTRACT
The influence of different nitrogen amounts in nutrient solution on growth, development and nitrate content was studied in aeroponically grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Three successive experiments were conducted in 1999 from April to September, in an aeroponic system. The lettuce plants cv. Vanity were grown in aeroponics using four different amounts of nitrogen in nutrient solutions. The pH level was maintained between 5.5 and 6.5, and the EC between 1.8 in 2.2 mS/cm. Fresh weight measurements were made on all the material. Differences among averages of fresh weight were statistically significant in the first experiment. The maximum final fresh weight average in treatment 8 mM was 1000 g. In the second and the third experiment, the largest amount of nitrogen 12 mM NO3-N, also affected the growth of lettuce plants. The low level of nitrate in the nutrient solution significantly increased the fresh weight of the final roots regarding the level of nitrate in standard nutrient solution (12 mM NO3-N). The highest NO3- concentration in older leaves was recored in plants grown in nutrient solutions with 8 mM and 12 mM NO3-N. The low enough NO3- concentration was found in leaves of lettuce treated with nutrient solution with 4 mM NO3-N, in all three experiment.
Key words: lettuce, Lactuca sativa, nitrogen, aeroponics, nitrate concentration
IZVLEČEK
Vpliv količine dušika v hranilni raztopini na rast in kopičenje nitrata v rastlinah pri aeroponsko gojeni solati (Lactuca sativa L.) cv. "Vanity"
Vpliv količine dušikovih spojin v hranilni raztopini na rast, razvoj in kopičenje nitrata v rastlinah smo proučevali pri aeroponsko gojeni solati (Lactuca sativa L.). V obdobju od aprila do septembra 1999 smo zasnovali tri poskuse na aeroponskem sistemu. Rastline solate cv. Vanity smo gojili na aeroponskem sistemu, z različno vsebnostjo dušikovih spojin v hranilni raztopini. Vrednost pH hranilne raztopine smo ohranjali med 5,5 in 6,5, elektroprevodnost med 1,8 in 2,2 mS/cm. V prvem poskusu je zmanjšanje koncentracije nitratnega dušika v hranilni raztopini statistično značilno povečalo maso sveže snovi v povprečenm pridelku solate. Največja povprečna masa sveže snovi v pridelku solate iz obravnavanja 8 mM NO3-N je bila 1000 g. Statistično značilne so bile tudi razlike v masah sveže snovi solate iz drugega in tretjega poskusa. Majhna vsebnost dušikovih spojin v hranilni raztopini je statistično značilno povečala maso sveže snovi korenin, glede na vzorce solate, gojene v standardni hranilni raztopini (12 mM NO3-N). Največjo vsebnost nitratnih ionov so imeli zunanji listi vzorcev solate iz obravnavanja 12mM in 8mM NO3-N. V mladih listih je bila vsebnost nitrata majhna. Dovolj majhno vsebnost nitratnih ionov so imeli zunanji listi vzorcev solate iz obravnavanja 4 mM NO3-N, v vseh treh poskusih.
Ključne besede: solata, Lactuca
sativa, dušik, aeroponika, vsebnost nitrata
Chestnut propagation with leafy cuttings: preliminary results
Gregor OSTERC, Anita SOLAR, Franci ŠTAMPAR
ABSTRACT
The possibility of the propagation of the two chestnut hybrids (Castanea crenata ´ Castanea sativa) Marsol and Maraval with leafy cuttings in the fog-system was studied. The shoots of five year-old in vitro propagated mother plants were used as a cutting source. The cuttings were cut in the middle of June 2000, and put into the peat/sand (3:1) mixture in the greenhouse with the fog-system. Before being put into the substrate the cuttings were treated with 0.5 % IBA and 10 % Euparen on talkum basis. The rooting process was observed during the propagation season. First roots were visible at both clones already after 3 weeks. The average rooting was between 15 % and 20 % for both clones, in some cases the rooting rate reached 50 % at Marsol after 6 weeks. The formation of callus was strong, especially for the clone Maraval.
Key words: propagation, cuttings, Castanea, fog-system
IZVLEČEK
RAZMNOŽEVANJE KOSTANJA Z ZELENIMI POTAKNJENCI: PRVI REZULTATI
Proučevali smo možnost razmnoževanja kostanjevih hibridov (Castanea crenata ´ Castanea sativa) ‘Marsol’ in ‘Maraval’ z zelenimi potaknjenci v razmerah meglenja (fog-system). Za vir potaknjencev smo izbrali petletne in vitro razmnožene matične rastline omenjenih sort. Potaknjence smo rezali v sredini junija leta 2000. Potikali smo jih v mešanico šote in peska (3:1) v rastlinjaku s sistemom meglenja. Pred potikom smo potaknjence tretirali z 0,5 % indol-masleno kislino in z 10 % Euparenom na osnovi smukca. Opazovali smo dinamiko koreninjenja v razmnoževalni sezoni. Prve korenine so bile vidne že po treh tednih. Delež koreninjenja je bil med 15 % in 20 %, pri hibridu ‘Marsol’ tudi do 50 % po šestih tednih. Potaknjenci so močno tvorili tudi kalus, še posebej izrazito hibrid ‘Maraval’.
Ključne besede: razmnoževanje,
potaknjenci, Castanea, meglenje
Speciation of lead, zinc and cadmium in contaminated
soils from Mežica valley
Domen LEŠTAN and Helena GRČMAN
ABSTRACT
A knowledge of the total amount of heavy metals in soil is not enough to assess the environmental impact and decide on suitability of polluted soils for agronomic use. Six-step sequential extraction procedure was used to determine the distribution of Pb, Zn and Cd among various fractions of soils from six locations in Mežica valley. Phyto-available heavy metals: water soluble heavy metal species and fraction exchangeable from colloids to soil solution, accounted in average for 0.23-1.14% of Pb, 0.36-3.88% of Zn and 0-8.2% of Cd. The majority of heavy metal species was found to reside in non phyto-available carbonate fraction, fraction bound to Fe and Mn oxides, fraction bound to organic matter and residual fraction. Among soils tested the significant variations in distribution of heavy metals among different soil fractions were observed, presumably due to differences in soils characteristics.
Key words: contaminated soil, lead, zinc, cadmium, speciation
IZVLEČEK
SPECIACIJA Pb, Zn IN Cd V ONESNAŽENIH TLEH MEŽIŠKE DOLINE
Poznavanje skupne vsebnosti težkih kovin v tleh ni dovolj za ugotavljanje vpliva težkih kovin na okolje in odločanje o primernosti tal za kmetijsko rabo. S šest-stopenjskim postopkom sekvenčne ekstrakcije smo ugotavljali speciacijo Pb, Zn in Cd v tleh iz šestih lokacij v Mežiški dolini. Delež rastlinam dosegljivih težkih kovin, torej vodotopnih in izmenljivih oblik, je bil v povprečju za Pb med 0,23-1,14%, za Zn med 0,36-3,88% in za Cd med 0-8,2%. Ugotovili smo, da je večinski delež težkih kovin rastlinam nedostopen: vezan na karbonte, Fe in Mn okside, organsko snov oz je ostanek po petih ekstrakcijah. Med vzorci tal, ki smo jih preučevali, smo ugotovili precejšnje razlike v porazdelitvi težkih kovin med posamezne frakcije tal. Verjetni razlog za to so razlike med tlemi v pedoloških značilnostih.
Ključne besede: onesnažena tla,
svinec, cink, kadmij, speciacija
Wasp Neodryinus typhlocybae Ashmead –
successful predator and parasitoid for reducing the population of flatid planthopper (Metcalfa
pruinosa Say) also in Slovenia
Ivan ŽEŽLINA, Lea MILEVOJ, Vincenzo GIROLAMI
ABSTRACT
Metcalfa pruinosa Say has been present in Slovenia for more than a decade and has been gradually, but constantly spreading also because of the reason that for the time being we do not have an efficient autochthonous natural enemy that could limit such great population in number and its spreading to the central parts of the country. The wasp Neodryinus typhlocybae Ashmead is in the North and South America and after its introduction to Italy also in Europe the main antagonistic organism for the limitation of spreading of flatid planthopper. With the introduction of the wasp to Slovenia we have wanted to limit the spreading of flatid planthopper, to reduce the population and so to establish a partly biological balance between these two species. In the research we were observing time adjustment between the hatching of the wasp and the appearance of different evolutionary stages regarding flatid planthopper and the appearance of the second incomplete generation of the wasp which is important for predatory and parasitoid effect. We were also doing research into successful settlement of the wasp into a natural habitat on two locations in the Primorska region.
Key words: flatid planthopper, Metcalfa pruinosa, biological control, parasitic wasp, Neodryinus typhlocybae, Slovenia
IZVLEČEK
Osica Neodryinus typhlocybae Ashmead – tudi v Sloveniji uspešen predator in parazitoid pri omejevanju populacije medečega škržata (Metcalfa pruinosa Say)
Medeči škržat (Metcalfa pruinosa Say) je v Sloveniji navzoč že več kot desetletje in se počasi, a vztrajno širi tudi zato, ker tu zaenkrat še ni učinkovitega avtohtonega naravnega sovražnika, ki bi lahko omejeval številčno velike populacije in širjenje medečega škržata v notranjost države. Osica Neodryinus typhlocybae Ashmead je na območju obeh Amerik ena izmed glavnih, od njenega vnosa v Italijo, pa tudi v Evropi glavni antagonistični organizem za omejevanje širjenja medečega škržata. Z vnosom osice v Slovenijo smo želeli omejiti širjenje medečega škržata, znižati številčnost populacij in tako vzpostaviti delno biološko ravnotežje med tema vrstama. V raziskavi smo ugotavljali časovno usklajenost izleganja osice s pojavljanjem različnih razvojnih stadijev medečega škržata in pojavljanje druge nepopolne generacije osice, ki je pomembna za zagotavljanje uspešnega predatorskega in parazitoidnega učinka. Ugotavljali smo tudi uspešnost naselitve osice v naravno okolje na dveh lokacijah na Primorskem.
Ključne besede: medeči škržat, Metcalfa pruinosa, biotično zatiranje, parazitoidna osica, Neodryinus typhlocybae, Slovenija
Osnove logistične regresije (1. del)
IZVLEČEK
Članek podaja statistični preizkus o enaki verjetnosti določenega dogodka v dveh skupinah. Alternativni pristop k reševanju istega problema temelji na pojmih obeti in razmerje obetov in je izhodišče za logistično regresijo. Poudarek članka je na predstavitvi modela univariatne logistične regresije in na interpretaciji parametrov modela za različne vrste neodvisnih spremenljivk. Teorija je ilustrirana na več primerih.
Ključne besede: obeti, razmerje obetov, logistična regresija
ABSTRACT
BASICS OF LOGISTIC REGRESSION (PART 1)
The paper presents the statistical test of equal proportions in two groups. The notions ‘odds’ and ‘odds ratio’ are introduced. The main emphasis of the paper is given to the logistic regression model. Only univariate logistic regression model is considered. Interpretation of the parameter estimates for different types of independent variables is presented. The theory is illustrated on several examples.
Key words: odds, odds ratio, logistic
regression
Osnove logistične regresije (2. del)
IZVLEČEK
Članek je nadaljevanje članka z istim naslovom (1.del) in ima tako kot prejšnji pedagoško poslanstvo. Predstavljamo model multivariatne logistične regresije, podajamo interpretacijo parametrov modela in ilustriramo gradnjo multivariatnega modela na konkretnem primeru.
Ključne besede: logistična regresija, multivariatni pristop
ABSTRACT
BASICS OF LOGISTIC REGRESSION (PART 2)
The paper proceeds the previous paper with the same title. The objective of this paper is to present the model of the multivariate logistic regression, to interpret the parameters of the model and to illustrate the modelling procedure. The paper is intended for students for self-study.
Key words: logistic regression,
multivariate approach
Matija KOVAČIČ, Andrej UDOVČ, Bernarda ČEBULJ
IZVLEČEK
V prispevku obravnavamo problematiko merjenja
gospodarske uspešnosti kmetij. Pri tem izhajamo iz teorije, ki kmetijo obravnava kot
celoto proizvodno-tehničnih dejavnikov in kmečkega gospodinjstva, ki si pogosto z
dodatnimi zaposlitvami svojih članov zunaj kmetije zagotavlja potreben dohodek (teorija
kmečkega gospodinjstva). Po kratkem pregledu metod ugotavljanja dohodka na kmetijah in
ekonomskega položaja kmetij v Sloveniji in nekaterih EU državah predstavimo problem
primerjalnega merjenja dohodka iz kmetijske proizvodnje na kmetijah. Definiramo pojem
“gospodarska moč kmetije” in “indeks gospodarske moči kmetije – IGM” kot
merilo tega pojava. Na koncu demonstriramo uporabo tega merila na modelnih primerih
kmetij.
ABSTRACT
INCOME ON THE FAMILY FARMS
In the paper the problematic of measuring the
economic effectiveness of the family farms is discussed. The base of the discussion is the
theory, which treats the family farm as a whole of production-technical factors and farm
household, and where household members often, with their non-agricultural activities,
provide necessary income for its operation. After short overview of different methods for
estimating farm income and economic status of family farms in Slovenia and some EU
countries, the problem of comparative measuring of farm income from pure agricultural
activities is discussed. Then the concept of “economic power of farm” and “index of
economic power of farm –IGM” as its measure are introduced. At the end the usage of
that index is demonstrated on example of some model farms.
Structure and control of weeds in wheat
Latif RR. Susuri, Adem R. DEMAJ, Eshref S. MEMAJ
ABSTRACT
In order to control weeds in wheat herbicide Monosan combi 4 l/ha (2,4-D dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid 13-15% and MCPP methylchlorophenoxy propionic acid 38-48%) was used. In the locality of Vlashnje, near Prizren, the average number of weeds is up to 28.3, whereas in locality of Bunari Priftit the average is 49.6 weeds/m2. the number of weeds in the treated fields with herbicide is reduced in the locality Vlashnje up to 8, whereas at the locality Bunari Priftit up to 12.6 plants in average per m2.
Key words: weeds, wheat, and herbicide
IZVLEČEK
PLEVELI V ŽITU IN NJIHOVO ZATIRANJE
Herbicid Monosan combi 4 l/ha (2,4-D diklorfenoksi ocetna kislina 13-15% in MCPP metilklorfenoksi propionska kislina 38-48%) je uporabljen za zatiranje plevela v žitu. Na lokaciji Vlashnje blizu Prizrena je bilo povprečno 28,3 plevelov/m2, na lokaciji Bunari Priftit pa je bilo povprečno 49,5 plevelov/m2. Število plevelov se je po uporabi herbicida zmanjšalo na 8/m2 na prvi lokaciji in na 12,6/m2 na drugi.
Ključne besede: pleveli, pšenica,
herbicidi
Growing technique and cultivar choice as factors of the occurrence of lettuce downy mildew (Bremia lactucae Regel) on summer lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)
Stanislav TRDAN and Dragan ŽNIDARČIČ
ABSTRACT
In the 2000-2001 period the economic importance of lettuce downy mildew (Bremia lactucae Regel) on seven cultivars of summer lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), grown on or without black plastic mulch was studied. Though the differences between the cultivars in the infection with the fungus were obvious, it was concluded that there is no immediate connection between the degree of infection with the pathogen and the yield of the lettuce. There was also no immediate connection between the degree of infection with the fungus and the growing technique used.
Key words: lettuce, Bremia lactucae,
growing technique, cultivar, yield
IZVLEČEK
VPLIV NAČINA GOJENJA IN IZBIRE KULTIVARJA POLETNE SOLATE (Lactuca sativa L.) NA POJAV SOLATNE PLESNI (Bremia lactucae Regel)
V obdobju 2000-2001 smo preučevali gospodarski pomen solatne plesni (Bremia lactucae Regel) na sedmih kultivarjih poletne solate (Lactuca sativa L.), ki smo jo gojili na črni plastični foliji in brez nje. Čeprav so bile razlike v okuženosti kultivarjev z glivo očitne, ugotavljamo, da ni neposredne povezave med stopnjo okuženosti solate s patogenom in višino pridelka kot tudi ne z uporabljeno tehniko gojenja.
Ključne besede: solata, Bremia
lactucae, način gojenja, kultivar, pridelek
Statistična analiza prostorske in časovne
razporeditve padavin v vegetacijskem obdobju v Sloveniji v obdobju 1961-2000
IZVLEČEK
Predstavljena je prostorska in časovna razporeditev padavin vegetacijskega obdobja (april-september) v Sloveniji. Analiza je narejena na osnovi mesečnih padavinskih podatkov iz obdobja 1961-2000. V tem obdobju je v Sloveniji delovalo v posameznih letih zelo različno število opazovalnih postaj. Za vsako leto posebej je narejena prostorska interpolacija padavin vegetacijskega obdobja v pravilno mrežo celic z ločljivostjo 1 km. Za prostorsko interpolacijo je uporabljena metoda splošni kriging, ki upošteva odvisnost količine padavin od geografskih spremenljivk in hkrati tudi njihovo prostorsko povezanost. Na osnovi interpoliranih vrednosti so izračunana dolgoletna povprečja in narejena je primerjava prostorske razporeditve padavin za različno dolgi obdobji (1961-2000 in 1961-1990). Poleg kart dolgoletnih povprečij padavin vegetacijskega obdobja so podane tudi karte prostorske razporeditve 10-tega, 25-tega, 75-tega in 90-tega centila padavin vegetacijskega obdobja za obdobje 1961-2000, ki podajajo celovitejšo predstavo o časovni in hkrati prostorski porazdelitvi padavin, kot sama povprečja. Za analizo časovnega trenda padavin vegetacijskega obdobja so izračunana prostorska povprečja padavin vegetacijskega obdobja po posameznih povodjih, za območja z nadmorsko višino nižjo od 800 m, za vsako leto posebej. Analiza je pokazala, da v izbranem obdobju ni statistično značilnega trenda v količini padavin v vegetacijskem obdobju.
Ključne besede: padavine v Sloveniji, klima, vegetacijsko obdobje, splošni kriging, analiza časovnih vrst.
ABSTRACTSTATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF SPATIAL AND TIME DISTRIBUTION OF PRECIPITATION IN THE VEGETATION PERIOD IN SLOVENIA IN THE PERIOD 1961-2000
We present the spatial and time distribution of the precipitation in the vegetation period (April-September) in Slovenia. The analysis is made on the basis of the monthly precipitation data from the period 1961-2000. Very different number of observation stations worked in particular year in mentioned period. We made spatial interpolation of precipitation in the vegetation period for each year separately. The interpolated values of precipitation was calculated into the regular grid with 1 km resolution. We used universal kriging method, which consider the dependence of precipitation on some geographical variables and also their spatial correlation. We calculated the long period means of precipitation on the basis of interpolated values for separate years and then we made the comparison of spatial distribution of means for two different periods (1961-2000 in 1961-1990). We presented also the maps of 10-th, 25-th, 75-th and 90-th centile of precipitation in vegetation period for the period 1961-2000. The time series analysis for the period 1961-2000 we made on the basis of spatial means of interpolated precipitation values for each watershed separately. There is no significant trend in precipitation amount in vegetation period in Slovenia in the period 1961-2000.
Key words:
precipitation in Slovenia, climate, vegetation period, universal kriging, time series
analysis
Micronutrients, Mediterranean-diet and cardiovascular
risk: the RIVAGE study
S. VINCENT, C. DEFOORT, M. GERBER, R. PLANELLS, M. ROTILY, M.C. BERNARD, J.F. RENUCCI, P. VAGUE, D. LAIRON
ABSTRACT
RIVAGE study is a diet intervention in which we compare a Mediterranean-type diet with the usualy prescribed diet (recommended by American Heart Association) in 320 volunteers who already have one or more cardiovascular risks.
Key words: diet, cardiovascular risks, genes, mutations, lipid metabolism
IZVLEČEK
MIKROHRANILA, SREDOZEMSKA PREHRANA IN TVEGANJE ZA KARDIOVASKULARNE BOLEZNI: RIVAGE RAZISKAVA
RIVAGE je prehranska raziskava, v kateri se primerja učinke sredozemske prehrane z običajno prehrano za bolezni srca in ožilja, kot jo priporoča ” American Heart Association “. V raziskavo je vključenih 320 prostovoljcev, pri katerih je že znano eno ali več tveganj za bolezni srca ali ožilja.
Ključne besede: prehrana,
kardiovaskularne bolezni, geni, mutacije, metabolizem lipidov
Changes in the minimum and maximum temperatures in Slovenia over the last 50 years
ABSTRACT
Long term monthly temperature data from four stations Kočevje, Ljubljana, Maribor and Rateče-Planica in Slovenia have been analysed. First trend analysis was performed on the years 1951 to 2000 annual and seasonal mean maximum and minimum temperature and diurnal temperature range (DTR) and secondly on last 30 years (1971 to 2000). Increasing trends of approximately 0.9°C/50 years in the annual mean temperatures were found at all stations. During the last 50 years an increase in annual mean maximum and mean minimum temperature has occurred also. In general the minimum daily temperatures have increased at a larger rate than the maximum daily temperatures, resulting in a slight decrease in the long-term diurnal temperature range. These results are consistent with trends over much of the global landmass. But in the last 30 years at all stations the increase in mean maximum was faster than in the mean minimum, resulting in an increase in mean diurnal temperature range except for autumn months. Whether DTR is increasing or decreasing depends very much upon the choice of time series under investigation so careful interpretation of trend is essential in the case of climate change detection.
Keywords: Climate change, diurnal temperature range; temperature trends, Slovenia
IZVLEČEK
Spremembe minimalne in maksimalne temperature zraka v Sloveniji v zadnjih 50 letih
V delu je podana analiza dolgoletnih mesečnih ter letnih minimalnih in maksimalnih temperatur zraka za štiri postaje v Sloveniji: Kočevje, Ljubljano, Rateče-Planico in Maribor. Preučevan je bil linearni trend temperaturnih podatkov na več časovnih vrstah in sicer za vse postaje za obdobje od leta 1951 do 2000, od 1971 do 2000 in za Ljubljano še za stoletno obdobje od 1901 do 2000. Tako povprečne letne kot tudi minimalne in maksimalne temperature zraka imajo v zadnjih desetletjih statistično značilen naraščajoč trend. Najbolj so se temperature zraka povečale v urbanih okoljih, manj pa v ruralnem okolju. V Mariboru se je povprečna letna temperatura v zadnjih 50 letih povečala za 1.7°C, v Ljubljani za 1.4°C, v Kočevju in Ratečah pa za 0.8°C. V obdobju 1951-2000 so se minimalne temperature zraka zviševale hitreje kot maksimalne, zato se je nekoliko zmanjšal dnevni temperaturni razpon (DTR). V obdobju zadnjih 30 let pa se DTR ne spreminja bistveno, razen v jesenskem obdobju. Rezultati potrjujejo domnevo, da moramo biti pri interpretaciji linearnih trendov zelo previdni, saj so ti močno odvisni od dolžine in izbire časovne vrste.
Ključne besede: klimatske spremembe, dnevni temperaturni razpon, temperaturni trend, Slovenija
Kakšna bo klima 21. stoletja?
IZVLEČEK
Od začetka industrijske revolucije pa vse do danes dobiva antropogen vpliv na klimo daljnoročne globalne razsežnosti. Energijska bilanca Zemlje se spreminja tudi kot posledica človeških aktivnosti, saj te spreminjajo transmisijske lastnosti atmosfere. Spremenjeno sestavo atmosfere povzročajo kurjenje fosilnih goriv, promet, gnojenje, emisije tovarn in podobno. Človek pa ob tem spreminja tudi rabo tal in s tem fizikalne lastnosti površja. Meritve meteoroloških spremenljivk v zadnjih 50 do 100 letih že kažejo na spremembe nekaterih klimatskih značilnosti. Povprečna globalna temperatura na zemeljskem površju se je v 20. stoletju zvišala za 0.6 ± 0.2 °C. Po vsej verjetnosti so bila v globalnem merilu 90. leta najtoplejše desetletje in leto 1998 najtoplejše leto odkar imamo zanesljivejše instrumentalne podatke. Tudi v Sloveniji se je povprečna temperatura zraka v zadnjih 50 letih dvignila za 1± 0.6 °C. Klimatski modeli napovedujejo v prihodnjih 100 letih, da se bo povprečna temperatura na zemeljskem površju dvignila za 1.5 do 6 °C, pri čemer bo ogrevanje izrazitejše pozimi in v severnih geografskih širinah. Količina padavin naj bi se globalno povečala, a ne v vseh regijah. Zavedati pa se moramo, da so dolgoročne klimatske napovedi še nezanesljive, še zlasti bodoči scenariji podnebja v regionalni prostorski skali.
Ključne besede: klima, plini tople grede, scenariji podnebja, globalno ogrevanje, Slovenija
ABSTRACT
THE CLIMATE IN THE 21st CENTURY
Human activity has perturbed the Earth's energy balance by altering the properties of the atmosphere and the surface. Increasing greenhouse gas concentrations are expected to have significant impacts on the world's climate on a timescale of decades to centuries. Evidence from long-term monitoring studies is now accumulating and suggests that the climate of the past few decades is anomalous compared with past climate variation. Global mean surface temperatures have increased for more than 0.6°C since the late 19th century. The 20th century has been anomalously warm, with the 1990s the warmest decade and 1998 the warmest year this millennium. In Slovenia average air temperature has increased by 1± 0.6 °C in the last 50 years. Climate models predict that the mean annual global surface temperature will increase 1.5–6°C by 2100, with warming more pronounced at higher latitudes. Relatively greater increases are expected in winter than in summer. All climate models predict an increase in global mean precipitation, but some regions might get drier. Forecasts of climate change are inevitably uncertain, especially multi decadal forecasts and regional climate change predictions.
Key words: climate, greenhouse gas,
climate change scenario, global warming, Slovenia
Določitev in pomen temperature praga pri računaju termalnega časa
Zalika ČREPINŠEK, Lučka KAJFEŽ-BOGATAJ
IZVLEČEK
Namen dela je opis metod za določitev spodnje temperature praga, prikaz njenega pomena kot morebitni vir napak v sistemu toplotnih enot ter določitev temperature praga za nekatere rastline v Sloveniji. Predlagane metode za določitev temperaure praga so: 1. Metoda najmanjšega standardnega odklona vsote efektivnih temperatur, 2. Metoda najmanjšega standardnega odklona števila dni, 3. Metoda najmanjšega koeficienta variabilnosti števila dni, 4. Metoda regresijskega koeficienta, 5. Metoda stopnje razvoja. Z metodo 1 smo izračunali temperature pragov za pojav prvih listov (bukev, breza, divji kostanj, lipa, smreka) in cvetenja (regrat, spomladanski žafran, mali zvonček, pasja trava, iva, leska, črni bezeg, španski bezeg, akacija, lipa, češplja) za sedem postaj v Sloveniji. Za rastline med posameznimi postajami obstaja variabilnost v temperaturi praga.
Ključne besede: agrometeorologija, temperatura praga, vsota efektivnih temperatur
ABSTRACT
THE DETERMINATION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE BASE TEMPERATURE FOR CALCULATING GROWING DEGREE DAYS
The purpose of this paper is to describe of determining the base temperature, explore its significance as a source of error in heat unit system and determine the base temperature for some plants in Slovenia. Methods which have been proposed for the determination of the base temperature are: 1. Least standard deviation in growing degree days, 2. Least standard deviation in number of days, 3. The smallest coefficient of variation in number of days, 4. Regression coefficient method, 5. Method of development rate. With method 1 base temperatures were calculated for leaf unfolding (beech, birch, horse-chestnut, linden, spruce) and flowering (dandelion, crocus, snowdrop, orchardgrass, willow, hazel, elder, lilac, acacia, linden, plum tree) for seven locations in Slovenia. It is apparent that there is variation in base temperature for different locations.
Key words: agrometeorology, base temperature, growing degree days
CONTENT ANALYSIS OF THE PAPERS IN THE RESEARCH REPORTS vol. 77, no. 2
VSEBINSKA OBDELAVA PRISPEVKOV V ZBORNIKU let. 77, št. 2
Tomaž
BARTOL, Karmen STOPAR
SUBJECT INDEX BY AGROVOC DESCRIPTORS
PREDMETNO KAZALO PO DESKRIPTORJIH AGROVOC
aeroponics: 169-178, 191-199
agricultural soils: 205-214
agricultural wastes: 179-190
agrobacterium tumefaciens: 107-113
aldoses: 115-124
allium cepa: 179-190
ammonia: 159-167, 169-178
ammonium nitrogen: 159-167, 169-178
analytical methods: 205-214
animal diseases: 239-245
antagonism: 115-124
biological competition: 115-124
biological control agents: 215-225
biological control: 215-225
biological development: 125-138, 169-178, 191-199, 201-204
biological properties: 139-146
brassica chinensis: 179-190
brassica oleracea capitata: 179-190
bremia lactucae: 273-277
buckwheat: 125-138
cabbages: 179-190
cadmium: 205-214
carbohydrates: 115-124
cardiovascular diseases: 297-298
castanea crenata: 201-204
castanea sativa: 201-204
chemical composition: 205-214
chemical reactions: 147-158
chestnuts: 201-204
chinese cabbages: 179-190
climate: 279-295, 299-307, 309-317
climatic change: 299-307, 309-317
climatic factors: 201-204, 279-295, 309-317
climatic zones: 297-298
clones: 201-204
composts: 179-190
control methods: 215-225
crop yield: 273-277
cultural methods: 169-178, 191-199, 273-277
cuttings: 201-204
developmental stages: 201-204, 227-238, 279-295, 319-327
diagnosis: 139-146
diet: 297-298
dietetics: 297-298
disease resistance: 139-146
disease transmission: 273-277
economic situation: 247-266
economic viability: 247-266
efficiency: 247-266
energy metabolism: 125-138
environmental factors: 299-307, 309-317
environmental temperature: 299-307, 309-317
experimentation: 201-204
fagopyrum esculentum: 125-138
family farms: 247-266
farm income: 247-266
farming systems: 247-266
farms: 247-266
farmyard manure: 179-190
fennel: 179-190
fertilizers: 125-138, 159-167, 179-190
foeniculum vulgare: 179-190
fog: 201-204
fulgoroidea: 215-225
fungi: 115-124, 139-146, 273-277
fusarium: 115-124
gene transfer: 107-113
genetic engineering: 107-113, 139-146
genetic markers: 139-146
genetic transformation: 107-113
genetics: 107-113
germination: 227-238
gliocladium roseum: 115-124
glucose: 115-124
greenhouse effect: 299-307, 309-317
groundwater: 147-158, 159-167
growth period: 319-327
growth rate: 125-138, 169-178, 191-199
growth: 125-138, 169-178, 191-199, 319-327
health hazards: 297-298
heavy metals: 205-214
herbicides: 267-272
hops: 139-146
humulus lupulus: 139-146
hybrids: 201-204
identification: 139-146, 267-272
in vitro experimentation: 201-204
income: 247-266
infection: 273-277
inorganic acid salts: 147-158, 159-167, 169-178, : 191-199
inorganic fertilizers: 179-190
insect control: 215-225
lactuca sativa: 169-178, 179-190, 191-199, : 273-277
lead: 205-214
leaf area: 125-138
lettuces: 169-178, 179-190, 191-199, : 273-277
mankind: 297-298
mastigomycotina: 273-277
mediterranean climate: 297-298
mediterranean zone: 297-298
metabolism: 125-138, 191-199
metallic elements: 205-214
meteorological factors: 201-204, 279-295, 309-317
meteorological observations: 299-307
methods: 227-238, 239-245, 279-295
monosaccharides: 115-124
mulches: 273-277
natural resources: 147-158, 159-167
nicotiana tabacum: 107-113
nitrates: 147-158, 159-167, 169-178, : 191-199
nitrogen fertilizers: 125-138
nitrogen metabolism: 125-138, 191-199
nitrogen: 169-178, 179-190
nonfarm income: 247-266
nonrenewable resources: 147-158, 159-167
noxious plants: 267-272
nut crops: 201-204
nutrients: 115-124, 125-138, 191-199
onions: 179-190
organic diseases: 297-298
organic fertilizers: 179-190
parasites: 215-225
parasitism: 215-225
parasitoids: 215-225
pathogenesis: 273-277
peronosporales: 273-277
pest control: 215-225, 267-272
pesticides: 267-272
photosynthesis: 125-138
plant breeding: 139-146
plant developmental stages:
plant developmental stages: 201-204, 227-238, 279-295, 319-327
plant litter: 179-190
plant nutrition: 191-199
plant physiology: 227-238
plant propagation: 201-204
plant protection: 139-146
plastic film: 273-277
polluted soil: 205-214
pollution: 147-158, 159-167
population structure: 267-272
precipitation: 279-295, 309-317
predation: 215-225
predator prey relations: 215-225
profitability: 247-266
progeny: 201-204
propagation by cuttings: 201-204
propagation materials: 201-204
protective structures: 273-277
pure lines: 201-204
reducing sugars: 115-124
reduction: 147-158
relative humidity: 201-204
rhizoctonia solani: 115-124
risk: 297-298
rooting: 201-204
rotational cropping: 179-190
sclerotinia sclerotiorum: 115-124
selection: 107-113
Slovenia: 279-295
soil biology: 115-124
soil fungi: 115-124
soil organisms: 115-124
soil pollution: 205-214
soil transport processes: 147-158, 159-167
soil: 147-158, 159-167
soilless culture: 169-178, 191-199
spinach: 179-190
spinacia oleracea: 179-190
statistical methods: 227-238, 239-245, 279-295
sugars: 115-124
temperature: 299-307, 309-317, 319-327
tobacco: 107-113
trace elements: 205-214, 297-298
trends: 299-307, 309-317
trichoderma: 115-124
triticum: 267-272
varieties: 273-277
vegetative period: 279-295, 319-327
vegetative propagation: 201-204
verticillium albo atrum: 139-146
verticillium dahliae: 139-146
vespidae: 215-225
wastes: 179-190
water pollution: 147-158, 159-167
water resources: 147-158, 159-167
water: 147-158, 159-167
weather forecasting: 309-317
weather: 125-138
weed control: 267-272
weeds: 267-272
wheats: 267-272
yields: 273-277
zinc: 205-214
SUBJECT INDEX BY AGRIS CATEGORY CODES
VSEBINSKO KAZALO PO SKUPINAH ZNANJA (PREDMETNIH KATEGORIJAH)
Production economics (E16) 247-266
Crop husbandry (F01) 169-178
Plant propagation (F02) 201-204
Fertilizing (F04) 179-190
Cropping patterns and systems (F08) 169-178, 179-190, 273-277
Plant genetics and breeding (F30) 107-113, 139-146
Plant physiology and biochemistry (F60) 227-238
Plant physiology - nutrition (F61) 125-138, 191-199
Plant physiology - growth and development (F62) 125-138, 169-178, 191-199, 279-295, 319-327
Pests of plants (H10) 215-225
Plant diseases (H20) 139-146, 273-277
Weeds and weed control (H60) 267-272
Animal diseases (L73) 239-245
Water resources and management (P10) 147-158, 159-167
Soil chemistry and physics (P33)