ABSTRACT
768 documents related to plant and crop science, production and protection among 2844 documents (D) published in Slovenia in the period 1994-2000 and indexed by the Slovenian Agris Center for inclusion in Agris database were assessed with regard to bibliographic elements. Yearly occurrences differed highly due to intensive production of proceedings papers in certain years. 60% of D were published in Slovenian and 36% in English. There were 850 different authors. 18 authors published more than 10 D. 590 authors published only one D. 4 D were written by 11 or more co-authors, and 317 D by one author. Slovenians accounted for majority of authors as expected. Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Italy, India accounted for 45, 23, 20, 18, 17 respective units. Contributors originated in 36 countries. Among the Slovenian university-affiliated contributors majority were affiliated to the Biotechnical Faculty (Agronomy Dept.). 356 D were published as journal articles, and 404 as papers in proceedings. The selection of 768 records was strongly influenced by existing Agris classification scheme. We included most D related to various aspects of crop- or plant-production, physiology, and protection, including forest trees. We had to exclude many food and feed-related D, as these categories don't differentiate between plant- or crop-related and animal-related topics. However, the existing schemes use the same criteria for different (sub)disciplines, such as animal and plant science, forestry, food and feed science, so they may to certain extent be used as an appropriate tool to compare the above (sub)disciplines.
IZVLEČEK
ZNANOST O RASTLINAH, PROIZVODNJA IN VARSTVO RASTLIN: BIBLIOMETRIČNO VREDNOTENJE BIBLIOGRAFSKIH PODATKOV V DOKUMENTIH, OBJAVLJENIH V SLOVENIJI V OBDOBJU 1994-2000
Med 2844 dokumeni (D), objavljenimi v Sloveniji v obdobju
1994-2000, in ki jih je za vnos v zbirko Agris indeksiral slovenski center Agris, smo
ovrednotili bibliografske elemente v 768 dokumentih v povezavi z znanostjo o rastlinah ter
proizvodnjo in varstvom rastlin. Letno število D niha zaradi velikega števila zbornikov
s posvetovanj v posameznih letih. 60% D je bilo tiskanih v slovenščini in 36% v
angleščini. Skupaj je bilo 850 avtorjev. 18 jih je objavilo več kot 10 dokumentov vsak,
590 pa le en dokument. 4 D so imeli 11 ali več soavtorjev, 317 pa le enega. Največ
avtorjev je bilo iz Slovenije, gre namreč za nacionalni vnos. Med tujimi avtorji jih je
bilo največ iz Hrvaške, Nemčije, Madžarske, Italije in Indije s po 45, 23, 20, 18 in
17 enotami. Vseh držav je bilo 36. Med domačimi univerzitetnimi inštitucijami so
prevladovali avtorji z Biotehniške fakultete (Odd. za agronomijo). 356 D je bilo člankov
v revijah, 404 pa prispevkov s posvetovanj. Na izbor 768 D je močno vplivala obstoječa
klasifikacijska shema sistema Agris. V raziskavo je bila vključena večina rastlinske
proizvodnje in varstva, vključno z gozdnim drevjem, izpustili pa smo nekatere D s
področja živilstva in prehrane, saj Agris pri živilsko-prehranskih kategorijah ne loči
med živili živalskega in rastlinskega izvora. Ker pa zbirka Agris predvideva enaka
načela za obdelavo različnih (pod)področij, kot so npr. agronomija, zootehnika,
gozdarstvo, živilstvo, lahko rabi kot ustrezno sredstvo nadaljnjega medsebojnega
primerjanja teh (pod)področij.
Genotypic characteristics of Gluconacetobacter hansenii LMG 1582 suggest its reclassification to a new species
ABSTRACT
A strain of the acetic acid bacteria, purchased from the international culture collection as Gluconacetobacter (Ga.) hansenii LMG 1582, was studied in more detail using the molecular methods. The HaeIII- and HpaII-restriction profile of the PCR amplified 16S-23S rDNA spacer region were compared to the restrictions profiles of the reference strains of the acetic acid bacteria. The comparison has shown no similarity. The sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene exhibited 22 nucleotide differences between the strain Ga. LMG 1582 and Ga. hansenii type strain. The sequence showed the highest similarity (99.2 %) to Ga. europaeus, representing 9 nucleotide differences. The strain Ga. LMG 1582 is well separated from the other presently recognized species of the acetic acid bacteria also in the 16S rDNA based phylogenetic tree. All this suggests that the strain Ga. hansenii LMG 1582 might be reclassified into a new species.
IZVLEČEK
Genotipske lastnosti seva Gluconacetobacter hansenii LMG 1582 nakazujejo potrebo po njegovi reklasifikaciji v novo vrsto
Sev ocetnokislinske bakterije, ki je v mednarodni zbirki
mikroorganizmov shranjen pod imenom Gluconacetobacter hansenii LMG 1582, sem
natančneje preiskala z molekularnimi metodami. HaeIII- in HpaII-restrikcijski
vzorec 16S-23S rDNA medgenskih regij, predhodno pomnoženih v reakciji PCR, sem primerjala
z restrikcijskimi vzorci drugih referenčnih sevov ocetnokislinskih bakterij. Primerjava
ni odkrila podobnosti. Analiza nukleotidne sekvence gena za 16S rRNA je odkrila 22 razlik
med sevom Ga. LMG 1582 in tipskim sevom Ga. hansenii. Nukleotidna sekvenca
16S rDNA seva Ga. LMG 1582 je najbolj podobna (99.2 %) sekvenci 16S rDNA tipskega
seva Ga. europaeus, a še vedno različna v 9 nukleotidih. Tudi v filogenetskem
drevesu, oblikovanem na osnovi primerjav sekvenc 16S rDNA, je sev Ga. LMG 1582
dobro ločen od svojih najsorodnejših vrst. Zaradi vseh teh ugotovitev, je sev Ga. LMG
1582 potencialni kandidat za novo vrsto ocetnokislinskih bakterij.
System of management and mineral nitrogen rates influences on the yield and malting characterisctics of winter barley
Barbara ČEH BREŽNIK, Anton TAJNŠEK
ABSTRACT
The production of home grown malting barley is small, even that in the past it was confirmed that quality malting barley could be grown in Slovenia. Nitrogen is one of the factors which have beside positive influence on the yield strong influence on the characteristics of grain and malt, which are checked by malters. Too high N rates on one hand lower malting quality and on the other hand small N rates mean small yield what lowers financial income. The aim of the research was to evaluate the influence of mineral N rate (0, 55, 110, 165 kg N ha-1) in two different systems of management (animal manure ploughing in; straw, maize straw ploughing in and green manure) on the yield and malting characteristics of winter barley, which gives better yields as spring barley. Analyses of grain and malt of two-rowed winter malting barley cv. Rex in 1998 and 1999 showed that the most appropriate mineral N rate between examined ones was 55 kg N ha-1 at both systems of management. If there were differences between systems of management or not depended on season. Increased rates of mineral N did not worsen most of the malt characteristics, but had strong influence, together with season, on grain protein content. Mineral N fertilising worsened extract content, but in both seasons there were no significant differences between variants, fertilised with different amounts of mineral N.
IZVLEČEK
VPLIV SISTEMA GOSPODARJENJA IN STOPNJE GNOJENJA Z MINERALNIM DUŠIKOM NA PRIDELEK IN PIVOVARSKE LASTNOSTI OZIMNEGA JEČMENA
Pridelava pivovarskega ječmena v Sloveniji je
zelo skromna, kljub temu da se je v preteklosti izkazalo, da je pri nas mogoče pridelati
dober pivovarski ječmen. Dušik je eden od dejavnikov, ki imajo poleg pozitivnega vpliva
na velikost pridelka velik vpliv na lastnosti zrnja in slada, ki jih preverjajo
pivovarnarji. Preveliki odmerki na eni strani poslabšujejo pivovarsko kakovost, na drugi
strani pa premajhni odmerki pomenijo majhen pridelek in s tem izpad dohodka. Namen
raziskave je bil ovrednotiti vpliv stopnjevanja gnojenja z dušikom (0, 55, 110, 165 kg N
ha-1) v dveh sistemih pridelovanja (podoravanje gnoja; podoravanje slame in
zeleno gnojenje) na pridelek in pivovarske lastnosti ozimnega ječmena, ki daje boljše
pridelke kot jari. Analize zrnja in slada dvovrstnega ozimnega ječmena cv. Rex v letih
1998 in 1999 so pokazale, da je bil najprimernejši odmerek mineralnega N med
proučevanimi stopnjami N-odmerkov v obeh sistemih 55 kg N ha-1. Če so
obstajale razlike med sistemoma ali ne, je bilo odvisno od sezone. Večji odmerki
mineralnega N niso poslabšali večine od proučevanih pivovarskih lastnosti, imeli pa so,
vključno s sezono, močan vpliv na vsebnost beljakovin v zrnju. Gnojenje z mineralnim N
je poslabšalo vsebnost ekstrakta, vendar med variantami, gnojenimi z različnimi odmerki
mineralnega N, ni bilo značilnih razlik.
The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover and predators on Catalpa bignonioides Walt.
ABSTRACT
In 1998–2001, the cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii Glover, Homoptera, Aphididae) was found to complete its holocycle on Catalpa bignonioides Walt. in Ljubljana (Slovenia). The infested leaves showed curling. The aphid was very damaging by causing the flowers to abort. Many natural enemies (Adalia bipunctata, Chrysoperla carnea, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, Scymnus and Orius species) attack A. gossypii very succcesfully.
IZVLEČEK
BOMBAŽEVČEVA UŠ, Aphis gossypii Glover IN PLENILCI NA Catalpa bignonioides Walt.
V letih 1998–2001 smo na cigararju (Catalpa
bignonioides Walt.) v Ljubljani (Slovenija) zabeležili bombaževčevo uš (Aphis
gossypii Glover, Homoptera, Aphididae), ki se je razvijala holociklično. Napadeni
listi so se zvijali. Uš je bila zelo škodljiva in je zavrla cvetenje cigarovca. Plenilci
Adalia bipunctata, Chrysoperla carnea, Aphidoletes aphidimyza, Scymnus
in Orius vrste so uspešno plenili bombaževčevo uš.
Trženjski model oživitve etnične jedi na primeru ajdovega močnika
IZVLEČEK
Močnik velja v Sloveniji za malo vredno jed slabega okusa, ki naj bi jo uživali le revni sloji prebivalstva. Kljub temu se je med ajdove jedi, ki jih najpogosteje uživajo v slovenskih gospodinjstvih, uvrstil tudi ajdov močnik. Cilj raziskave je raziskati zaznavno vrednost ajdovega močnika, jo primerjati z njegovo objektivno prehransko vrednostjo ter oceniti možnosti in načine repozicioniranja jedi iz ničvredne hrane za reveže v visoko vredno jed za ozaveščene porabnike. Rezultati kažejo, da je ajdov mlečni močnik jed prijetnega in milega okusa, zapeljivega vonja, primerna za družinsko večerjo. Zato bi izraba arhetipske post-moderne skrbi za preteklost, ki služi kot vir in nabor za pripravo post-modernističnega prehranskega kolaža, v primeru te jedi pomenila kombinacijo sporočil: varnost – umirjenost – blaginja. Ključni tržni segmenti bi bila prvenstveno gospodinjstva tipa polno gnezdo 1 in 2 ter seniorska gospodinjstva, ki so občutljiva tako za kakovost kot tudi za ceno živil.
ABSTRACT
Marketing Model of a revival of an ethnic dish in case of buckwheat pap
In Slovenia, pap is traditionally perceived as a
tasteless and worthless dish of the poor. Still, buckwheat pap has been ranked among
buckwheat dishes that are frequently consumed by Slovene consumers. The research aim is to
investigate the perceived value of buckwheat pap and to compare it with its’ objective
nutritional value, as well as to evaluate possibilities and ways of reposition of the dish
from worthless eating for the poor to high valued wholesome meal of knowledgeable
consumers. Results indicate that taste of buckwheat milky pap is a meal of pleasing, mild
taste and tempting smell, suitable for family supper. The application of post-modern
archetypic concern for the past, that is source of composing post-modern nutritional
collage in case of this dish means combination of massages: safety – stillness –
well-being. The key target market segments should be households within the groups of
full-nest 1 and 2, as well as of seniors or households that are sensitive to the quality
and to the prices of food, respectively.
Primerjalna analiza sistemov zavarovanja posevkov in plodov v Sloveniji in v državah - članicah Evropske zveze
Dejan Zdovc, Katja Vadnal , Katarina Košmelj
IZVLEČEK
Zaradi naraščajočih naravnih in gospodarskih tveganj postaja upravljanje s tveganji v sodobnem kmetijstvu vse pomembnejše področje upravljanja. Slovenski kmetje lahko pri tem uporabijo le agrotehnične ukrepe in zavarovanje pri zavarovalnicah. Zato je cilj raziskovanja primerjalni pregled in ocena razmer na področju zavarovanja pridelkov in plodov preko zavarovalnih shem v Sloveniji, v Belgiji, v Franciji, v Italiji, v Nemčiji, na Nizozemskem, v Španiji in na Švedskem. Sisteme in učinkovitost zavarovanj posevkov in plodov smo analizirali in medsebojno primerjali s pomočjo nevarnosti in načina zavarovanja posevkov in plodov ter indikatorjev učinkovitosti zavarovanja posevkov in plodov za nevarnost toče. Na podlagi McNemarjevega testa simetrije smo ugotovili, da je verjetnost dobička za zavarovalnice, ki se v Sloveniji ukvarjajo z zavarovanji pridelkov in plodov za nevarnost toče, pomembno nižja kot v primerjanih državah. Na podlagi primerjave in ocene učinkovitosti predlagamo smernice za izboljšanje sistema zavarovanja posevkov in plodov v Sloveniji.
ABSTRACT
Comparative analysis of the crop insurance systems in Slovenia and in the European Union - member countries
Due to increasing environmental and economic
hazards, risk management becomes an important managerial issue for farmers. As Slovene
farmers have choice of technology and of insurance companies as tools of risk management
only, research was aimed at the comparison of the crop insurance schemes in Slovenia,
Belgium, France, Italy, Germany, The Netherlands, Spain and Sweden. The crop insurance
systems and their effectiveness were studied and compered by the insured perils as well as
by the modes of crop insurance and by the hail insurance effectiveness indicators. The
McNemar Test for a comparison of two dependent proportions, based on the loss ratios in
hail insurance, disclosed that the potential for profit is significantly lower in Slovenia
as it is with the compared group of countries. Guidelines for the improvement of crop
insurance scheme in Slovenia are derived from comparative analysis of the selected
insurance systems.
Osnove statistične analize za urejenostne spremenljivke
Katarina Košmelj, Damijana Kastelec
IZVLEČEK
Članek predstavlja osnove statistične analize za spremenljivke, ki imajo urejenostno (ordinalno) mersko lestvico. Osnovne opisne statistike za te spremenljivke so rangi. Pri statističnem sklepanju uporabljamo neparametrične preizkuse. Članek je namenjen raziskovalcem, ki se pri svojem delu ukvarjajo z ordinalnimi spremenljivkami.
ABSTRACT
BASIC STATISTICAL ANALYSIS FOR ORDINAL VARIABLES
The paper deals with basic statistical analysis for
ordinal variables. Descriptive statistics for these variables are based on ranks.
Statistical inference uses nonparametric tests. The paper is meant for researchers dealing
with ordinal variables.
Povezava med nastopi pomladnih fenofaz in indeksom severno atlantskega nihanja v Sloveniji
Zalika Črepinšek, Lučka KAJFEŽ-BOGATAJ, Klemen BERGANT
IZVLEČEK
Analizirali smo vpliv severno atlantskega nihanja na zimske temperaturne razmere in pojav pomladanskih fenofaz v Sloveniji. V analizo smo vključili fenološke in meteorološke podatke za obdobje 1955-2000 z osmih postaj: Celje, Ilirska Bistrica, Lesce, Ljubljana, Maribor, Murska Sobota, Novo Mesto in Rateče. V raziskavo smo vključili fenofaze olistanje, začetek cvetenja in polno cvetenje pri 12 rastlinah, ki sodijo v 3 skupine fenoloških objektov: negojene zelnate rastline (navadni mali zvonček, navadni regrat, pomladanski žafran), gozdno drevje in grmičevje (navadna breza, navadna bukev, črni bezeg, navadni divji kostanj, iva, navadna leska, lipa in španski bezeg) in sadno drevje (češplja). Fenološke in meteorološke podatke smo dobili iz arhiva Agencije republike Slovenije za okolje. Korelacija med zimskim indeksom severno atlantskega nihanja (NAOI) in povprečno temperaturo zraka od decembra do marca je na vseh osmih postajah močno statistično značilna, povprečna vrednost korelacijskega koeficienta znaša +0,58. Z variabilnostjo NAOI smo lahko pojasnili največ variabilnosti v času nastopa fenofaz pri zgodaj cvetočih rastlinah kot so leska, iva in regrat, medtem ko so korelacije slabše za fenofaze, ki nastopijo pozno spomladi. Korelacije med nastopom fenofaz ter NAOI so v vseh primerih negativne, velike pozitivne vrednosti NAOI pa se odražajo v zgodnejšem fenološkem razvoju.
ABSTRACT
CORRELATION BETWEEN SPRING PHENOPHASES AND NORTH ATLANTIC OSCILLATION INDEX IN SLOVENIA
The influence of North Atlantic Oscillation on spring
phenology in Slovenia has been analysed in this study. The NAOI trends of the early spring
towards more positive values and hence stronger zonal flow during the last 20 years has
been clearly reflected by an earlier onset of spring phases. Phenological and
meteorological data for the period 1955-2000 were used in our study. Eight stations were
selected: Celje, Ilirska Bistrica, Lesce, Ljubljana, Maribor, Murska Sobota, Novo mesto
and Rateče, which represent at the same time phenological and meteorological stations.
Twelve plants were chosen to represent three groups of phenological objects: wild
herbaceous plants (snowdrop, dandelion, spring-saffron), forest trees and shrubs (common
silver birch, beech, common elder, horse-chestnut, goat willow, hazel, large-leaved lime,
common lilac), and fruit trees (plum tree). Environmental Agency of Republic of Slovenia
provided phenological (leaf unfolding, beginning of flowering, full flowering) and
meteorological data. The correlation between winter North Atlantic Oscillation Index
(NAOI) and temperature is highly significant for all stations for the months from December
to March, the average correlation coefficient is +0,58. With NAOI variability we explained
the large part of variation in flowering phases of early-spring plants like dandelion,
pussy willow and hazel. Correlations are weaker for late-spring phenophases. The values of
all correlation coefficients are negative in all cases.
IZVLEČEK
V prispevku je opisan vpliv oblike selena, vrste tal, pH tal, klimatskih pogojev in vrste rastlin na sposobnost rastlin za črpanje selena. Pripravljen je pregled vsebnosti selena v žitih, pridelanih na različnih območjih. Žita lahko prispevajo pomemben del prehranskega selena, zlasti če so bila gojena na tleh, bogatih s selenom, oziroma, če je selen tal rastlinam lahko dostopen.
ABSTRACT
SELENIUM CONTENT IN CEREALS
The influence of selenium forms, soil type, pH value of
the soil, and the type of the plant on the plant selenium uptake is described. The
selenium content of cereals, cultivated in different countries, is rewieved. Cereals could
be an important source of dietary selenium, especially when grown on the soil with high
selenium concentrations, or on soils, containing selenium in the form easily available for
plants.
Vpliv predelave živil na vsebnost selena
IZVLEČEK
V prispevku je obravnavan vpliv predelave, predvsem mletja žit in toplotne obdelave, na vsebnost selena v živilih. Vsebnost selena v mokah je običajno manjša od vsebnosti selena v celem zrnu – zmanjšanje je odvisno od stopnje izmeljave. Pri toplotni obdelavi lahko pride do zmanjšanja vsebnosti selena zaradi izhlapevanja hlapnih oblik selena, pri kuhanju lahko prihaja tudi do izluževanja v vodi topnih selenovih spojin.
ABSTRACT
INFLUENCE OF FOOD PROCESSING ON THE CONTENT OF SELENIUM
The influence of food processing, especially milling and
thermal processing on the selenium content is discussed. The selenium content of flour is
usually lower in comparison to the selenium content of the whole kernel – the reduction
depends on the extraction rate. Thermal processing reduces selenium content because of the
losses of volatile selenium compounds. When cooked, also a loss of the soluble selenium
forms occurs.
Literatura s področja jablanovega škrlupa: bibliometrična raziskava
IZVLEČEK
V delu je bibliometrično ovrednotena literatura s področja jablanovega škrlupa. V treh kmetijskih zbirkah AGRICOLA, AGRIS in CAB smo našli 1441 različnih dokumentov, izdanih v obdobju 1986-1997. Bistvenega letnega naraščanja števila publikacij v tem obdobju nismo ugotovili, pač pa le večja ali manjša nihanja med posameznimi leti. Za določanje trendov so bili zapisi člankov v vsebinski analizi še dodatno klasificirani s širšimi vsebinskimi kategorijami, ki smo jih glede na žarišče raziskovanja poimenovali: Jablana, Kemično varstvo, Gliva, Biotično in ostale ne-kemične metode varstva ter Integrirano varstvo. Trend rasti števila člankov je naraščajoč za vse, razen za kategorijo Kemično varstvo. Na osnovi rezultatov sklepamo, da se raziskovanja usmerjajo na področja ukrepov, ki predstavljajo manjše breme za okolje. Uporabljena sta bila tudi dva temeljna bibliometrična modela: Bradfordov zakon o razpršitvi informacij za določanje osrednjih revij za to področje in Lotkov zakon produktivnosti avtorjev. Le 13 revij (5%) med vsemi 254 različnimi naslovi revij bi lahko označili kot osrednje, vključujejo pa kar tretjino (359) vseh relevantnih člankov. Rezultati analize produktivnosti avtorjev kažejo, da je le majhen del avtorjev visoko produktivnih. Najbolj produktiven avtor je objavil v analiziranem obdobju 37 člankov medtem, ko je 772 avtorjev objavilo le po enega.
ABSTRACT
Apple scab literature: a bibliometric study
We evaluated apple scab-related publishing.
1441 different documents were obtained in the period 1986-1997 from three principal
agricultural databases AGRICOLA, AGRIS in CAB. There exists some fluctuation between particular years, however, no significant yearly increase
in the number of publications was noticed. To better asses the trends we classified the
records with additional subject categories. We devised the following categories: Apple,
Fungus, Chemical protection, Biological and other non-chemical protection methods and
Integrated protection. All categories exibit a trend of growth, excepting the category of
Chemical protection which shows decrease - an obvious trend towards environmental-friendly
methods of crop protection. Furthermore, two main bibliometric laws were applied. With the
use of Bradford's law as the primary indicator of the scatter of the scientific literature
the core (nucleus) of the most important journals was defined. Among the 254 titles, there
are 13 (5%) of the so called core journals which contain a third (359) of all relevant
articles. Author productivity was assessed with the Lotka's law according to which a small
number of very productive authors publish a large percentage of relevant articles within a
certain field. In this analysis the most productive author published 37 articles, whereas
there were as many as 772 authors who
published only one article in the observed period.
A review of potential hazards of deliberately released Bt maize into the environment
Ludvik ROZMAN and Stanislav GOMBOC
ABSTRACT
Some of the maize growers and the seed producers share great aspirations with respect to introducing transgenic maize into Slovenia. The general public opinion, however, is against it. This article was written on the initiative of the Ministry of the Environment that has tendered for a study about the effects of transgenic maize on the environment. It is based on a review of data from literature and international co-operation among the authors and research groups that run trials on transgenic plants. The Bt maize contains a modified gene from a soil born bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, and is capable of synthesising proteins that are toxic to the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner) (ECB). The article reviews possible harmful effects of the Bt maize on the environment as well as its advantages. The Bt maize is a reliable way for protecting maize against the ECB. Different Bt events, however, differ in their efficiency. The effect of the event Bt 176, after flowering, is not so effective against the second generation ECB, whereas the events Bt 11 and MON 810 are effective throughout the growing season. Yields of the Bt hybrids are higher only after a strong attack of ECB, due to less stalk damage rather than increased yield. The Bt hybrids, like insecticides, are not equally effective against all pests. Due to the price of seed, it can be profitable only when there is a serious attack of the ECB. The Bt toxin can also affect non-targeted organisms. The risk of this is greater during the time when maize is flowering and producing pollen with high concentrations of Bt toxin. As the release of GMO into the environment can be an irreversible process, remediation may be difficult or impossible to carry out. We did not find any data about the persistence of Bt pollen toxicity in the soil or water systems.
IZVLEČEK
PREGLED POTENCIALNO ŠKODLJIVIH VPLIVOV PRI NAMERNEM SPROŠČANJU BT KORUZE V OKOLJE
Težnje po pridelavi transgene koruze v Sloveniji so
velike predvsem pri nekaterih pridelovalcih koruze in semenarskih hišah, ki bi to seme
prodajale. Javno mnenje v Sloveniji je na splošno proti pridelavi in uživanju transgenih
rastlin. Prispevek je nastal na pobudo Ministrstva za okolje in prostor, ki je razpisalo
študijo o vplivih transgene koruze na okolje. Temelji na pregledu literaturnih podatkov
in informacij na podlagi mednarodnega sodelovanja avtorjev z raziskovalnimi skupinami, ki
se ukvarjajo s testiranjem transgenih rastlin. Bt koruza vsebuje modificiran gen iz talne
bakterije Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, sposobne sintetizirati proteine, ki so
toksični za koruzno veščo (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner). V prispevku je podan
pregled morebitnih škodljivih vplivov vnosa Bt koruze v okolje ter prednosti Bt koruze.
Uvajanje Bt koruza predstavlja zanesljiv način zaščite pred koruzno veščo. Različni
izvori Bt gena učinkujejo različno. Učinek Bt gena izvora 176 po cvetenju pojema, zato
ne učinkuje na drugo generacijo koruzne vešče, medtem ko izvora Bt 11 in MON 810
učinkujeta skozi vso rastno sezono. Poleganje in lom stebla sta manjša pri Bt koruzi kot
pri ne-Bt koruzi. Pridelek Bt hibridov koruze je večji samo pri močnejšem napadu
koruzne vešče, zaradi manjšega loma stebla, ne pa zaradi boljšega pridelka Bt koruze.
Tako kot insekticidi tudi vsi Bt hibridi niso enako učinkoviti proti vsem škodljivcem.
Zaradi dražjega semena Bt koruze se ekonomsko splača pridelovanje Bt koruze samo ob
večjem napadu koruzne vešče. Bt toksin deluje tudi na neciljne organizme. To tveganje
se poveča v času cvetenja koruze, z rastrosom peloda, kjer je koncentracija Bt toksina
visoka. Ker je sproščanje GMO v okolje lahko ireverzibilen proces, je remediacijo težko
oz. nemogoče izvesti. O perzistentnosti toksičnega Bt peloda v zemlji ali v vodnih
sistemih podatkov v literaturi nismo zasledili.
Proučevanje odpornosti domačih populacij koruze (Zea mays L.) na koruzno progavost (Exserohilum turcicum / Pass. / K. J. Leonard et E. G. Suggs)
Tina MODIC, Ludvik ROZMAN
IZVLEČEK
Namen naloge je bil proučiti odpornost nekaterih domačih in tujih genotipov iz genske banke koruze Oddelka za agronomijo Biotehniške fakultete v Ljubljani. Iz genske banke smo odbrali 119 populacij iz različnih slovenskih klimatskih območij in nekaj tujih. Odpornost na koruzno progavost smo testirali v naravnih razmerah na laboratorijskem polju BF v Ljubljani v letu 1999. Za žarišče okužbe smo uporabili hibrid, ki je zelo občutljiv na koruzno progavost. Umetno smo ga okužili z glivo Exserohilum turcicum / Pass. / K. J. Leonard et E. G. Suggs. To je zadostovalo za prenos bolezni na naše testirane populacije. V poskusu smo opravili dve ocenjevanji odpornosti na bolezen za vsako rastlino posebej. Podatke smo nato uporabili za statistično analizo. Zaradi opisnih ocen smo uporabili neparametrično statistiko. Rezultati so pokazali, da so razlike v odpornosti na koruzno progavost med testiranimi populacijami statistično značilne. 25 populacij (večina je domačih) lahko priporočimo za nadaljnje raziskave odpornosti na povzročitelja koruzne progavosti, kjer bi lahko odkrili posamezne genotipe, iz katerih bi kasneje z ustreznimi metodami žlahtnjenja, vzgojili homozigotne linije, ki bi služile za vzgojo ustreznih hibridov koruze, odpornih na določen patogen.
ABSTRACT
THE INVESTIGATION OF RESISTANCE OF LOCAL MAIZE (Zea mays L.) POPULATIONS AGAINST NORTHERN CORN LEAF BLIGHT (Exserohilum turcicum / Pass. / K. J. Leonard et E. G. Suggs)
The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic
resistance against the northern corn leaf blight (Exserohilum turcicum / Pass. / K.
J. Leonard et E. G. Suggs) (NCLB) of some local and introduced maize (Zea mays L.)
populations. The investigation included 119 populations from the gene bank of the
Department of Agronomy - Biotechnical Faculty of the University of Ljubljana. Populations
originated from different climatic areas of Slovenia and some from abroad. The
investigation took place in 1999 in Ljubljana and was based on replicated field trials.
The source for spreading the NCLB disease was one highly sensitive and artificially
inoculated hybrid. The analysis of the resistance was based on systematic visual
assessments (two assessments in each population). The assessments were analysed by
nonparametric statistical analysis which indicated that there were significant differences
among studied populations. Twenty-five studied populations (mostly local populations) were
recommended for further investigation of resistance against NCLB aiming at the
determination of some highly resistant genotypes which would be used as the genetic source
for further breeding to create resistant homozygous inbred lines and hybrids.
The effects of root diameter on the yield components of forced chicory (Chicorium intybus L.)
ABSTRACT
The objectiv of this study was to determine wheather the root diameter had an effect on the yield components of forced chicory. The roots of cv. Goriški were divided into four diameters: 10, 20, 30 and 40 mm. Overall results have cleraly demonstrated a high correlation between the root diameter and most of the yield parameters. An increase in root diameter resulted in a significant increase in the total weight, as well as in the net weight of chicons. Net weight of yield varied from 4.20 g per chicon at 10 mm to 72.75 g per chicon at 40 mm. The thickness of the roots had no remarkeble influence on discarded yield of chicons. Root productivity gradually decreased in proportion to root diameter, except at minimum ones. Most of the morphological features of chicons were improved with diameter thickness. In the end it has been verified that marketable yield of forced chicory per unit area, was independent of the root diameter, except at the smallest size.
IZVLEČEK
Vpliv debeline korena na lastnosti siljenega radiča (Chicorium intybus L.)
Z raziskavo smo želeli ugotoviti, kako vpliva
različna debelina korenov na parametre pridelka pri siljenem radiču. Korene radiča cv.
Goriški smo razdelili na štiri debeline: 10, 20, 30 in 40 mm. Dobljeni rezultati kažejo
visoko povezanost med premerom korenov in večino parametrov pridelka. Z naraščajočim
premerom korena sta se statistično značilno povečali tako skupna kot neto teža rozete.
Neto teža se je gibala med 4.20 g na rozeto pri 10 mm in 72.75 g na rozeto pri 40 mm.
Debelina korenov ni vplivala na odpad pri čiščenju rozet. Izkoristek radiča se je,
razen pri najmanjšem premeru, manjšal z naraščanjem debeline korena. Večina
morfoloških lastnosti radiča se je z naraščajočo debelino izboljšala. Na koncu je
bilo ugotovljeno, da količina tržnega pridelka siljenega radiča na enoto površine ni
odvisna od premera korena, razen pri najdrobnejših korenih.
15N/14N stable isotope ratios changes during nitrate reduction in a soil
ABSTRACT
Seven days continuous incubation experiment in anaerobic condition with undisturbed samples from four soil depths (10-20 cm, 30-40 cm, 50-60 cm, 90-100 cm) was performed for observing nitrate reduction and nitrate nitrogen isotopic composition changes (?15N). Soil was incubated at the temperature of 9° and 18°C. Nitrate was added in equivalent amount of 63.8 kg N-NO3/ha for the uppermost soil layer. In one of the three variants glucose was added in the equivalent amount of 140 kg C/ha. The isotope measurements of nitrate nitrogen in soil water proved the nitrate reduction process (presumably denitrification) in the anaerobic soil column system, where nitrate concentration measurement alone did not prove this process. The isotopic separation factors (?), calculated with Rayleigh formula for nitrate reduction in water in soil columns were –6.67 ‰, what shows high denitrification rate in the uppermost horizon and –34.20 and –36.18 ‰, what shows slow process in the parent soil material.
IZVLEČEK
SPREMEMBE RAZMERJA STABILNIH IZOTOPOV 15N/14N PRI REDUKCIJI NITRATA V TLEH
Postavljen je bil sedemdnevni inkubacijski poskus
v anaerobnih pogojih z neporušenimi vzorci iz štirih globin tal (10-20 cm, 30-40 cm,
50-60 cm, 90-100 cm) za spremljanje redukcije nitrata ter spremembe izotopske sestave
dušika v nitratu (?15N). Tla so bila inkubirana pri temperaturi 9° in 18°C,
dodan jim je bil nitrat v ekvivalentni količini 63,8 kg N-NO3/ha za zgornji
sloj tal. V eni od treh variant je bila dodana glukoza v ekvivalentni količini 140 kg
C/ha. S pomočjo ?15N v nitratu v talni vodi so lahko definirali mikrobni
proces redukcije nitrata (najverjetneje denitrifikacije) v anaerobnih talnih kolonah, ki
ga same meritve koncentracije N-NO3 niso nakazovale. Po Rayleighovi formuli za
frakcionirano destilacijo izračunani izotopski separacijski faktorji (?) za redukcijo
nitrata v vodi v talnih kolonah so bili –6,67 ‰, kar kaže na hitro denitrifikacijo,
ki je potekala v zgornjem sloju tal ter –34,20 in -36,18 ‰, kar kaže na počasno
denitrifikacijo, ki je potekala v matični podlagi.
Plant architecture analysis. Basic concepts and applications in temperate-zone fruit growing research
ABSTRACT
The main objective of plant architecture analysis is the study of the plant structure and its shape. The analysis enable a description of the tree constituents organization, a better understanding of the plant evolution laws, and finally, the elaboration of a plant growth and development model which allows us to predict the evolution of the plant at any time and in any place. Besides the basic concepts of plant architecture and modelling, possible applications of these analyses in temperate-zone fruit growing research are reviewed in the paper. The results of the research on tree architecture in walnut and apple are presented.
IZVLEČEK
ANALIZA ARHITEKTURNE ZGRADBE RASTLIN IN OSNOVE TER MOŽNOSTI UPORABE PRI RAZISKAVAH V SADJARSTVU
Arhitekturna analiza proučuje strukturno zgradbo in
obliko rastlin, omogoča razumevanje rasti in razvoja in pojasnjuje zakonitosti rasti.
Služi za izdelavo rastlinskih modelov, ki omogočajo napovedovanje razvoja rastlin v
času in prostoru. V članku so predstavljene osnove rastlinske arhitekture in modeliranja
ter možnosti uporabe pri raziskavah v sadjarstvu. Podan je pregled rezultatov
proučevanja drevesne arhitekture pri orehu in jablani.
The combination of NAD and NAA for thinning of ’Jonagold’ and ‘Idared’ apple trees
Matej STOPAR, Peter ZADRAVEC
ABSTRACT
Mature apple trees ‘Jonagold’/M.9 and ‘Idared’/M.9 were thinned with different concentrations of naphthaleneacetamid (NAD, - 25 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm) at petal fall time, with 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA, - 6 ppm and 12 ppm) at 10 mm fruitlet diameter and with their combinations sprayed in a sequence. On ‘Jonagold’, all single agent applications and all multiple sprayings of NAD + NAA thinned and increased the yield of fruit from bigger size class by 2-3 fold. Reduced total fruit number was compensated with better fruit growth so the yield per tree was not significantly decreased. Single applications of NAD thinned to the same extent as single NAA applications (for ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Idared’). A tendency of both thinners to produce stronger effect when applied in higher concentrations was observed on ‘Jonagold’. In comparison to single NAD or single NAA applications, no additional thinning was found on ‘Jonagold’ when the combination spraying of NAD + NAA was applied in a sequence. On ‘Idared’, all single applications of NAD or NAA as well as all their combinations slightly overthinned trees to the point that the yield of fruit > 75 mm was decreased. The remaining ‘Idared’ fruit grew so big that no significant total yield reduction was observed with the exception of the treatments with NAD 50 ppm or NAD 100 ppm in combinations with NAA 12 ppm which resulted in strongly decreased number of fruit. All thinning treatments on both cultivars enhanced flower formation for next spring.
IZVLEČEK
Kemično redčenje jablan sort Jonagold ter Idared s kombinacijo NAD in NAA
Odrasle jablane sort Jonagold/M.9 in Idared/M.9
smo redčili z različnimi koncentracijami naftilacetamida (NAD, - 25 ppm, 50 ppm in 100
ppm) v času odpadanja venčnih listov, z 1-naftilocetno kislino (NAA, - 6 ppm in 12 ppm)
ob velikosti plodičev 10 mm, ter s kombinacijo teh istih sredstev nanesenih v časovnem
zaporedju. Pri sorti Jonagold so vsi posamezni nanosi NAD ali NAA, prav tako pa tudi vse
kombinacije zaporednega škropljenja, povečale pridelek plodov večjega velikostnega
razreda za 2-3 krat. Povečana rast preostalih plodov je nadoknadila zmanjšano število
plodov po drevesu tako, da se pridelek dreves ni značilno znižal. Samostojni nanosi NAD
so povzročili redčenje plodov, katero se po intenziteti ni razlikovalo od redčenja z
NAA (velja za obe sorti). Pri sorti Jonagold smo opazili tendenco močnejšega redčenja
po nanosu višjih koncentracij NAD ali NAA škropljenih samostojno. Kombiniran nanos NAD
in NAA ni povzročil močnejšega (dodatnega) trebljenja plodičev v primerjavi s
samostojnimi škropljenji z NAD ali NAA sorte Jonagold. Pri sorti Idared so vsa posamezna
škropljenja z NAD ali NAA, prav tako pa tudi kombinirani nanosi teh dveh sredstev
povzročila rahlo preredčenje plodičev tako, da se je pridelek plodov > 75 mm
zmanjšal. Na drevesu preostali plodovi so se povečali toliko, da ni bilo zaznati
značilnega znižanja celokupnega pridelka sorte Idared, z izjemo škropljenj kombinacij
NAD 50 ppm ali NAD 100 ppm z NAA 12 ppm, kjer so plodiči odpadli preveč močno. Vsa
tretiranja so povzročila boljše povratno cvetenje sort Jonagold in Idared.
Obstoječa in bodoča tehnična zakonodaja na področju kmetijske tehnike v Sloveniji
Rajko BERNIK
IZVLEČEK
Zakonodaja, standardizacija in različne strukture za ocenjevanje skladnosti proizvodov s predpisi in standardi predstavljajo ključne elemente v sistemu kakovosti. Zakon o fitofarmacevtskih sredstvih predstavlja enega od pomembnejših zakonov s področja varovanja okolja in zdravja ljudi. Rimska pogodba je postavila cilje za notranji trg, kjer se blago, kapital in storitve lahko prosto gibljejo iz ene države članice v drugo, posebna pozornost je bila namenjena področju motornih vozil.
ABSTRACT
EXISTENT AND FUTURE TECHNICAL LEGISLATION IN THE FIELD OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNIQUE IN SLOVENIA
Legislation, standardization and various bodies
employed to evaluate the products' conformity to regulations and standards are the key
elements in the quality system. The Phyto-pharmaceutical Products Act is one of the most
important laws in the spheres of environmental and man’s health protection. The Rome
Contract defines the rules for the internal market where the goods, capital and services
can move freely from one Member State to another. A special attention is drawn to the area
of motor vehicles.
IZVLEČEK
Mehanična nega je pomemben tehnološki ukrep v pridelavi rastlin. Na slovenskih kmetijah je smiselna kombinacija okopavanja in škropljenja s herbicidi. Opisane so prednosti in slabosti okopavanja in načini mehanične nege pri okopavinah. Predstavljeni so različni tipi strojev za okopavanje in osipavanje krompirja in učinki okopavanja za krompir (Solanum tuberosum L.).
ABSTRACT
MECHANICAL CULTIVATION OF PLANTS
Mechanical cultivation is a significant
technological measure in plant production. On Slovenian farms a combination of mechanical
cultivation and herbicide spraying is reasonable. Advantages and weaknesses of mechanical
cultivation are described and different ways of cultivation for plants which we cultivate
mechanically. Different types of machines for mechanical cultivation and ridging of potato
are presented and effects of cultivation on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.).
Fiziološke lastnosti glive Monilinia laxa f. sp. mali (Wormald et Harrison)
IZVLEČEK
V laboratorijskih poskusih smo proučevali fiziološke lastnosti glive Monilinia laxa f. sp. mali (Wormald et Harrison). Na krompirjevo-glukoznem, sladnem in Czapeck-Dox gojišču so bile značilne razlike v rasti. Za gojitev glive je bilo najprimernejše krompirjevo-glukozno gojišče. Gliva je najboljše rastla pri temperaturi 25 0C in pri 93% relativni zračni vlagi. Temperaturni minimum glive je bil okrog 5 0C in maksimum pri 25 0C. Svetloba je vplivala na manjšo rast glive in ni spodbujala sporulacije. Gliva je izrabljala nekatere vire ogljika in dušika, bolje je izrabljala organske vire N. Tvorba spor je bila v laboratorijskih razmerah zavirana. Aceton ni spodbudil sporulacije, ampak je močno zmanjšal rast. Tudi na bolj kislem gojišču ni bilo sporulacije. Spore (konidiji) so se tvorili le na jabolkih, ki smo jih inokulirali s koščki micelija. Dolžina makrokonidijev je bila 15,4 m m, širina pa 10,6 m m. Mikrokonidiji so bili v povprečju dolgi 2,7 m m. Spore in micelij so v poskusu povzročili okužbo cvetov. Propad cvetnih delov, enoletnih poganjkov, plodov ter rakaste tvorbe v lesu so značilna bolezenska znamenja za obravnavano glivo.
ABSTRACT
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF FUNGUS Monilinia laxa f. sp. mali (Wormald et Harrison)
In laboratory experiments we have analysed the
physiological properties of fungus Monilinia laxa f. sp. mali (Wormald et
Harrison). Potato-dextrose, malt and Czapeck-Dox agars proved to have different
effect on fungus growth. The potato-dextrose agar proved to be the most adequate for the
cultivation of fungus. The most adequate temperature for its growth was 25 0C,
and 93% relative air humidity. The minimum temperature for successful growth was 5 0C
and maximum at 25 0C. The light slowed down the growth of fungus and did not
induce sporulation. The fungus exploited some sources of both, carbon and nitrogen,
although organic sources of nitrogen gave better results. In laboratory conditions
sporulation was hindered. Acetone did not induce sporulation, it reduced growth to a great
extent. Also the more acidified agar did not enable sporulation. The production of spores
(conidia) appeared only on apple fruits which we inoculated with discs of mycelium. The
conidia reached 15.4 m m in length and 10.6 m m in width. The average length of
microconidia was 2.7 m m. In our experiment spores and mycelium caused infection of
blossoms. The characteristic symptoms of the infection were the decay of blossoms, one
year shoots and apple fruits, and cancer formations in wood.
Gospodarsko pomembne lastnosti petih sort konoplje (Cannabis sativa L. var. sativa) iz poljskih poskusov v Markišavcih pri Murski Soboti
Darja KOCJAN AČKO, Dea BARIČEVIČ, Dejan RENGEO, Samo ANDRENŠEK
IZVLEČEK
V Markišavcih pri Murski Soboti je bilo v letih 2000 in 2001 v poljskih poskusih posejanih pet sort navadne konoplje (Cannabis sativa L. var. sativa) in sicer 'Unico-B', 'Juso-11', 'Bialobrzeskie', 'Beniko' in 'Novosadska konoplja' pri tehnologiji setve za stebelna vlakna in seme v štirih naključnih blokih in dveh rokih setve: aprila glavna, julija strniščna setev. Velikost osnovne parcele je bila 30 m2. Povprečne vsebnosti D 9-THC, določenega po metodiki kot jo predpisuje EU v vzorcih ženskih oz. hermafroditnih rastlin, so v obeh letih meritev pokazale, da sorte 'Unico-B', 'Juso-11', 'Bialobrzeskie' in 'Beniko' niso presegle z EU zakonodajo dovoljene vsebnosti 0,2 % D 9-THC, zato so sprejemljive za pridelavo stebel in semen tudi pri nas. V primerjavi z njimi je pri sorti 'Novosadska konoplja' pri avgustovskem in septembrskem vzorčenju v letu 2000 ugotovljena 0,84- in 0,82-odstotna vsebnost D 9-THC, kar je pomembno vplivalo na skupno povprečje štirih vzorcev te sorte, ki je bilo v letu 2000 0,46 %; v letu 2001 pri preseženi vsebnosti D 9-THC v vseh vzorcih je skupno povprečje znašalo 0,34 %. V primerjavi z letom 2000, ko je bila najrodnejša sorta 'Novosadska konoplja' s pridelkom stebel 4465 kg/ha oziroma pridelkom semen 654 kg/ha, je bila v letu 2001 v povprečju obeh tehnologij in rokov setve vodilna 'Unico-B' s pridelkom stebel 4150 kg/ha in semen 333 kg/ha. V povprečju je bil pridelek stebel 'Unico-B' v letu 2001 neznačilno večji in sicer le za 2,9 % od sorte 'Novosadska konoplja', razlika 128 kg semen/ha pa pomeni 62,8 % večji pridelek semen sorte 'Unico-B'. Sorta 'Beniko' se je pokazala kot najmanj rodna pri obeh tehnologijah in rokih setve. Proučevane so bile tudi druge gospodarsko pomembne lastnosti sort kot so: višina stebel, obdobje tehnološke zrelosti semen, vsebnost eteričnega in maščobnega olja, ki kažejo na pomembne razlike med sortami, tehnologijama in rokoma setve.
ABSTRACT
Economical important characteristics of five hemp varieties (Cannabis sativa L. var. sativa) in fields trials at Markišavci near Murska Sobota
Five varieties of hemp (Cannabis sativa L. var. sativa),
aimed at stem or seed production, were plotted in the field experiment (4 random blocks)
at Markišavci location near Murska Sobota, in north-eastern part of Slovenia. Two sawing
dates were applied: the first in April (main crop) and the second in July (stubble crop).
Each of the experimental plots (4 repetitions within one treatment) was designed on the
area of 30 m2. The results of the D 9-THC analysis, based on EU
prescribed methods, showed that plant samples, obtained from the upper third of the female
or hermaphrodite plants of tested varieties 'Unico-B', 'Juso-11', 'Bialobrzeskie' and
'Beniko', did not exceed the limit of 0.2 % THC (EU regulation). This is the reason, why
these varieties seem acceptable for cultivation purposes in Slovenia. On the contrary,
'Novosadska konoplja' exceeded the legally allowed D 9-THC concentration in the
upper third of crop plants, sampled in August (0.84 %) and September (0.82 %) as well as
in all samples in 2001. These elevated amounts of D 9-THC considerably
influenced the average content of D 9-THC in plant samples of 'Novosadska
konoplja' (0.46 % in 2000 and 0.34 % in 2001). The highest stem and seed yields per ha in
production year 2000 were obtained with 'Novosadska konoplja' (stem yield 4465 kg/ha, seed
yield 654 kg/ha), when both applied technologies and sawing dates were considered. In
2001, the average stem and seed yields of 'Unico-B' (stem yield 4150 kg/ha, seed yield 333
kg/ha) exceeded (2.9 % and 62.8 %) those of 'Novosadska konoplja' for stem and seed yield,
respectively. When considering other economically important characteristics of hemp
production (plant height, the periode of technological maturity of seeds, the contents of
essential- and fatty oils) a significant differences in respond of tested varieties to the
applied technologies or sawing dates were observed.
Micropropagation and acclimatization of yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea L.)
Anita ŽELEZNIK, Dea BARIČEVIČ, Dominik VODNIK
ABSTRACT
The main objective of the present work was to find the optimal way of multiplicating yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea L.). Due to problems with germination of seeds in in vivo conditions as well as the high variability of generatively propagated plants, tissue multiplication was opted for. Different explants (shoot tips, lateral green buds, root segments) and immature seeds were used in order to ensure the most convenient starting material to obtain healthy in vitro cultures. Immature seeds, in different stages of ripening, were germinated on MS medium supplied with 0.5 mg/l of gibberellic acid (GA3). It was observed that the germination rate did not depend on the stage of ripeness of the seeds. Average germination was 21%. Plants were taken to the MS medium supplied with 1 mg/l of indoleacetic acid (IAA) and 0.1 mg/l benzyladenin (BA) to induce shoot tips. On average, the proliferation rate was estimated to be 3 offshoots per 21 days. Rooting of multiplied shoots on MS medium with 2 mg/l of naphtalenacetic acid (NAA) was 52%. Attempts in which other plant explants were used were unsuccessful due to the high number of infections. The acclimatization of the plants comprised an inoculation with AM fungi. The inoculation was successful, but the root infection developed only locally. There was no effect of inoculation on the plant growth and survival.
IZVLEČEK
MIKROPROPAGACIJA IN AKLIMATIZACIJA RUMENEGA SVIŠČA (Gentiana lutea L.)
Namen dela je bil najti optimalen način
razmnoževanja rumenega svišča (Gentiana lutea L.). Zaradi težav pri kalitvi
semen v in vivo razmerah ter variabilnosti generativno razmnoženih potomk, smo se
odločili za tkivno razmnoževanje. Želeli smo ugotoviti najprimernejši izhodiščni
material za zagotavljanje zdrave in vitro kulture. Za osnovanje tkivne kulture so
bili uporabljeni različni deli rastline (stranski brsti in poganjki, segmenti korenin)
ter različno dozorela semena. Semena so bila vstavljena na MS gojišče z dodatkom 0,5
mg/l giberelinske kisline. Rezultati so pokazali, da dozorelost semen ne vpliva na uspeh
kalitve. V povprečju je kalilo 21% semen. Sejančki so bili nato prestavljeni na MS medij
z dodatkom 1 mg/l indol ocetne kisline (IAA) in 0,1mg/l benzil adenina za indukcijo
stranskih poganjkov. V povprečju so se na rastlino razvili trije poganjki v 21. dneh.
Sledilo je koreninjenje aksilarnih poganjkov, ki je potekalo na MS mediju z dodatkom 2
mg/l naftalen ocetne kisline (NAA). Ukoreninilo se je 52% poganjkov. Osnovanje tkivne
kulture iz drugih rastlinskih delov je bilo neuspešno zaradi velikega števila okužb.
Aklimatizacija rastlin je vključevala inokulacijo z arbuskularno mikoriznimi (AM)
glivami. Do vzpostavitve mikorize je prišlo, vendar se je infekcija na koreninah razvila
le lokalno. Inokulacija ni vplivala na rast in preživetje rastlin.
Vpliv interakcije nadmorske višine in nagiba terena na rast in rodnost vinske trte Vitis vinifera L. cv. 'Merlot' v vinorodnem okolišu Goriška brda
IZVLEČEK
Sodobno vinogradništvo je primorano zbirati podatke dejavnikov, ki vplivajo na rast, rodnost vinske trte in kakovost grozdja. Območje 'terroir' oblikujejo številni ekološki dejavniki, med katerimi sta nadmorska višina in nagib pomembnejša. Oba dejavnika spreminjata mezo in mikro klimo absolutno vinogradniških površin in sta neposredno povezana s količino in trajanjem sončnega obsevanja. Kakovostni parametri grozdja, kot so količina sladkorja, skupnih kislin in koncentracija skupnih polifenolov in antocianov nam dokazujejo primernost vinogradniških leg za gojenje vinske trte. Nagib terena oziroma nadmorska višina vplivala na zgodnejše brstenje, cvetenje in zorenje grozdja. Zato vinogradnikom svetujemo, da na terasiranih vinogradih z optimalnim pridelkom po trti opravijo trgatev prej, saj se koncentracija barvil pri rdečih sortah po tehnološki zrelosti zmanjša. Interakcijsko delovanje obeh dejavnikov nima velikega vpliva na količino in kakovost grozdja. Nadmorska višina, kljub spremembi nagiba terena, se v vinorodnem okolišu Goriška brda ne spreminja v taki meri, da bi bistveno vplivala na rastne in rodne parametre vinske trte sorte 'Merlot'. Vinogradnikom priporočamo, da ureditev vinograda prilagodijo mezoklimi okolja in zahtevi posamezne sorte vinske trte.
ABSTRACT
THE INFLUENCES OF INTERACTION OF A HEIGHT ABOVE SEA LEVEL AND LAND INCLINATION ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF Vitis vinifera L. cv. 'MERLOT' IN GORIŠKA BRDA WINEGROWING REGION
Modern viticulture requires collecting data of the
factors, which have an important influence on the grapevine growth, fertility and yield
quality. A terroir is determined by several ecological factors, among which a height above
sea level and land inclination play an important role. Both factors change the local mezo
and microclimate regime of the absolute winegrowing sites and they are both directly
connected with the quantity and the duration of solar radiation. The parameters of grape
quality, such as soluble sugars, the total acidity and the content of polyphenols and
anthocyanins, demonstrate which winegrowing sites are suitable for growing the grapevine.
The land inclination and above sea level have the influence on the time of the bud-burst,
flowering and verasion. Winegrowers should therefore perform the grape harvest earlier in
case of the optimum yield per a grapevine on ‘terasse’ vineyards, as the concentration
of colouring substances with red cultivars decreases at the stage of technical maturity.
The interaction of both factors does not have a direct influence on the grape quantity and
quality. Despite the change of land inclination, the height above sea level in the
Goriška brda winegrowing region does not alter considerably so as to strongly influence
the parameters of growth and yield of Vitis vinifera L. cv. 'Merlot'. Winegrowers
should adapt the vineyard management to the local mezoclimate regime and to the need of
the individual type of grapevine.
Vpliv dolžine korenin in količine organske snovi ob sajenju na rast cepljenk cv. 'Chardonnay' v prvi rastni dobi
Denis RUSJAN, Zora KOROŠEC-KORUZA
IZVLEČEK
Naprava vinograda je dolgoročna in draga naložba. Z ustrezno ampelotehniko moramo poskrbeti, da trta čimprej polno zarodi in tako vinograd čimprej začne vračati vloženi denar. Trajanje življenjske dobe vinograda je zelo odvisno od sadilnega materiala in pravilne oskrbe vinograda, pri tem je način sajenja gotovo eden od pomembnejših dejavnikov. V poskusnem vinogradu v Goriških Brdih smo v letu 2001 spremljali razvoj cepljenk cv. 'Chardonnay', ki so bile sajene v 4 obravnavanjih: cepljenke s koreninami porezanimi na 2 dolžini (3 cm in 10 cm) in sajene brez ali z 0,5 kg organske mase na sadilno jamo. Obravnavanja smo označili z naslednjimi oznakami: K (dolžina korenin 10 cm in 0,5 kg komposta), D1 (dolžina korenin 3 cm in 0,5 kg komposta), D2 (dolžina korenin 10 cm in 0 kg komposta) in D3 (dolžina korenin 3 cm in 0 kg komposta). Napravili smo tri meritve v dvomesečnem času rasti cepljenk. Dolžina korenin in količina organske snovi ob sajenju zelo vplivata na dolžino mladik in na prirast v prvem letu po sajenju. Najboljše mladike so se razvile pri cepljenkah z 10 cm dolgimi koreninami in brez dodane organske snovi v sadilno jamo. Slednje bi morali razložiti s sestavo organske mase in z njeno kapaciteto za sprejem vode v tem dokaj sušnem letu.
ABSTRACT
THE INFLUENCE OF ROOTS LENGTH AND COMPOST QUANTITY AT PLANTATION ON GRAFT GROWTH CV. ‘CHARDONNAY’ IN THE FIRST SEASON
Planting a vineyard is a long term and an expensive task.
With an appropriate technology the first optimal yield should be available as soon as
possible, returning the input investment money. A vineyard lifetime comes as the result of
the planting material quality and of the complex technology measures, the planting
techniques being the crucial ones. In 2001 we started an experiment with the grafts of cv.
‘Chardonnay’ planted in 4 different treatments: grafts with roots cut to two lengths
(5 cm and 10 cm) and planted with none or with 0.5 kg of organic matter added to the
planting hole. We have marked the treatments like: K (growth length 10 cm and 0.5 kg
compost), D1 (growth length 3 cm and 0.5 kg compost), D2 (growth length 10 cm and 0 kg
compost) and D3 (growth length 3 cm and 0 kg compost). We made three measures in
two-months grafts growth. The root length and the organic matter influenced significant
the shoot development in the first growing season. The utmost shoots developed on the
grafts with longer roots and with no added organic matter at planting. The later finding
should be explained with the characteristics of the organic matter and with its water
supply capacity in this dry growing season.
Stanje in procesi v kmetijstvu v različnih tipih podeželskih območij v Sloveniji
IZVLEČEK
V prispevku je predstavljena analiza stanja kmetijstva v različnih tipih podeželskih območij v Sloveniji, izvedena na vzorcu podeželskih območij na podlagi podatkov popisa iz leta 1991. Predstavljena so tudi opažanja anketiranih vodilnih ljudi v vzorčnih lokalnih skupnostih o procesih (tudi o vzrokih zanje in njihovih posledicah), ki se v kmetijstvu odvijajo v različnih tipih podeželskih območij. Stanje v kmetijstvu se med posameznimi opredeljenimi tipi podeželskih območij v Sloveniji bistveno ne razlikuje. V vseh treh tipih vzorčnih podeželskih območij lahko zaznamo podobne probleme, ki so tudi sicer ključni problemi slovenskega kmetijstva. Razlike so v intenzivnosti problemov oziroma procesov. Stanje je še najugodnejše v značilnih podeželskih območjih, kjer je najugodnejša tako velikostna struktura kmetij (čeprav še vedno slaba), kot starostna struktura kmečkega prebivalstva. Tu je tudi delež kmetij z zagotovljenim nasledstvom največji. Med procesi sta močno izražena predvsem dva: opuščanje kmetovanja na eni strani ter posledično zaraščanje kmetijskih zemljišč na drugi strani, ki sta najizrazitejša v območjih opredeljenih kot območja praznjenja.
ABSTRACT
Situation and processes in agriculture in different types of rural areas in Slovenia
In the paper an analysis of agricultural situation in
different types of rural areas in Slovenia is presented. The analysis is carried out on
the sample of rural areas and based on the census data of 1991. The paper also presents
the local elite’s perceptions of the processes (the reasons and consequences) which are
running in the agriculture in various rural areas in Slovenia. There are only slight
differences among the areas. This can be due to the fact that all the areas encounter and
try to solve the problems which are typical for the Slovenian agriculture. The differences
are in the intensity of problems and processes. The most advantageous situation in
agriculture is in the typical rural areas where farm size and demographic structures are
most favourable (although still bad). In the mentioned areas the share of farms with
assured successors is the highest as well. Among the present processes the two are the
most expressive: farming abandonment, and consequently, the overgrowing of the farming
land. Both are the most expressive in the areas regarded as the depopulation areas.
Krizanteme: so novosti sploh še možne?
Gregor OSTERC, Aleksander ŠIFTAR
IZVLEČEK
V preglednem članku predstavljamo krizanteme, v svetu eno najbolj razširjenih skupin okrasnih rastlin. Gre za močno raziskano rastlinsko vrsto oz. hibridni kompleks (Dendranthema ´ grandiflorum), ki ima kljub dobremu poznavanju zanimive smeri raziskav. Prva je proučevanje optimalnega gnojenja in druga razvoj sortimenta krizantem. Problematiko gnojenja obravnavajo raziskave dvoplastno. Na eni strani gre za iskanje optimalnega gnojenja z vidika kakovostnih potaknjencev, ki so osnova kvalitetnim proizvodnim rastlinam, na drugi strani gre za optimalno gnojenje z vidika naravi prijaznega kmetovanja, pri katerem je predvsem nestrokovno gnojenje z N lahko problematično. Razvoj sortimenta pri krizantemah je nadvse močan, saj vsako leto v svetu vzgojijo okrog 100 novih sort. Glavne smeri razvoja sortimenta predstavljamo ločeno pri sortah, primernih za gojenje rezanega cvetja ter sortah, ki jih gojimo kot lončnice.
ABSTRACT
Chrysanthemum: are novelties still possible?
Chrysanthemum, one of the most widespread
ornamental plants, is presented in the review article. The plant species or hybrid complex
(Dendranthema ´ grandiflorum) is very well known. However, the experiments
with this species can be still carried out in two interesting directions. The first one
comprises the research into the optimal nutrition and the second one deals with the
development of new sorts. The problem of the nutrition of chrysanthemum can be solved in
two ways. Firstly, there is a search for the optimal nutrition regarding the qualitative
cutting material, and secondly, there is a search for the optimal nutrition regarding the
ecological aspects as we are all aware of the negative consequences a nonprofessional
nutrition with N can cause. The development of the sorts is outstanding as every year 100
new sorts enter the market. The main directions of the development are presented
separately; namely, those which are useful for the cutting flowers cultivation and those
which are beneficial for the cultivation of potted flowers.
After the first record of Microcephalothrips abdominalis (Crawford) in Slovenia: presentation of the species and evaluation of its potential economic importance
ABSTRACT
In August 2001 Microcephalothrips abdominalis (Crawford) was first recorded in Slovenia. The large numbers of imagoes were found in the flowers of whiteflowering dahlia (Dahlia spp.) in vicinity of Nova Gorica. The plants were grown outdoors, so it can be assumed, that introduction of the species took place some time ago and it was not detected only because of inadequate monitoring. Among European states where this species appear, the climate in Slovenia is most severe. Most of the thrips hosts come from the Asteraceae family, but composite thrips have economic significance only as a vector of tobacco streak virus, which belongs to Ilarvirus group. Virus infects not only the composite plants, but also many other hosts and is also transmitted by some other thrips, like Thrips tabaci Lindeman. This article presents the species, describes its systematic classification, geographical distribution, hosts, bionomics of the thrips and evaluates its potential direct and indirect damage on cultivated plants.
IZVLEČEK
PO PRVI NAJDBI RESARJA Microcephalothrips abdominalis (Crawford) V SLOVENIJI: PREDSTAVITEV VRSTE IN OCENA NJENEGA POTENCIALNEGA GOSPODARSKEGA POMENA
Avgusta 2001 smo v bližini Nove Gorice v cvetovih
belocvetne dalije (Dahlia spp.) našli večje število odraslih osebkov vrste Microcephalothrips
abdominalis (Crawford). Glede na to, da so dalije rastle na prostem, sklepamo, da je
bil resar v Slovenijo vnesen že pred časom in da njegova najdba ni odraz nedavnega
vnosa, ampak nepravočasne detekcije. Med vsemi evropskimi državami, kjer je bila vrsta
dozdaj ugotovljena, ima Slovenija najostrejše podnebje. Večidel resarjevih gostiteljev
je iz družine nebinovk (Asteraceae), njegov gospodarski pomen pa je povezan zlasti s
prenosom virusa tobacco streak, ki spada v skupino Ilarvirus. Ta namreč ne okužuje le
vrst iz družine nebinovk, ampak tudi številne druge gostitelje, prenašajo pa ga lahko
tudi nekatere druge vrste resarjev, med njimi na primer Thrips tabaci Lindeman. V
prispevku predstavljamo vrsto, njeno sistematsko uvrstitev, geografsko razširjenost in
gostitelje, resarjevo bionomijo in njegovo potencialno neposredno in posredno škodljivost
na gojenih rastlinah.