ABSTRACT

Over the last fifty years the share of population engaged in agriculture has decreased significantly in Slovenia due to intensive industrialisation and urbanisation. Today this trend is still going on and the prognosis for many farm lands are sparsely populated settlements. One of the reasons for the present depopulation of Slovenian farmers certainly lies in unwillingness of many young women to form a farm family and to make a living by farming. For better understanding of factors that divert young women from decisions to marry and to live on the farm it is necessary to know how the living conditions of farm women differ from those who make their living in other ways. In order to find out these differences the data set "Quality of Life in Slovenia - retrospective study 1974-1994" was used and the Allardt's concept of well-being that distinguishes between having (material conditions) loving (relations with the other people), being (the need for personal development) and (dis)satisfactions on different spheres of individual’s life was applied. In searching the difference in the quality of life among 67 women, aged eighteen years and over whose main source of income comes from agriculture and 295 women of the same age span whose main source of income comes from non-agriculture activity a discriminant analysis was applied. The results show that farm women differ significantly from women of the other occupational groups but more strongly in respect of having and being than in respect of loving and (dis)satisfaction components.

Zaradi intenzivne industrializacije in urbanizacije se je delež kmečkega prebivalstva v Sloveniji v zadnjih petdesetih letih močno zmanjšal. Ta trend se nadaljuje tudi še danes in marsikateremu kmečkemu posestvu grozi zapuščenost in nenaseljenost. Eden od razlogov za današnjo depopulacijo nekaterih območij slovenskega podeželja je gotovo nepripravljenost mnogih mladih žensk poročiti se na kmetijo in se posvetiti kmetovanju. K spoznavanju dejavnikov, ki odvračajo mlade ženske od poroke in življenja na kmetiji, lahko prispevajo podatki o razlikah v življenjskih razmerah kmetic in žensk iz drugih poklicnih skupin. Pri ugotavljanju razlik so bili uporabljeni podatki raziskave Kakovost življenja v Sloveniji - retrospektivna raziskava 1974-1994 ter Allardtov model blaginje, ki razlikuje med imeti (materialni pogoji), ljubiti (odnosi z drugimi ljudmi), biti (potrebe po osebnem razvoju) in (ne)zadovoljstvi na različnih življenjskih področjih. V analizo je bilo zajetih 67 žensk, starih 18 let in več, katerih dohodek gospodinjstva v celoti ali delno izvira iz kmetijskih dejavnosti, in 295 žensk iste starosti, katerih dohodek gospodinjstva izvira izključno iz nekmetijskih dejavnosti. Za odkrivanje razlik v kakovosti življenja med obema skupinama žensk je bila uporabljana statistična metoda diskriminacijska analiza. Njeni rezultati so pokazali, da se življenjske razmere kmečkih žensk pomembno razlikujejo od življenjskih razmer žensk iz drugih poklicnih skupin. To še posebej velja za področji imeti in biti, manj pa za področji, ki se nanašata na ljubiti in (ne)zadovoljstva.

A new simple method for rearing of thrips (Thysanoptera) in laboratory is presented. It was developed to study their bionomics. During its development the advantages of known rearing procedures were considered. The method gave satisactory results, it could be useful especially in the laboratories where the equipment is only average and can be very practical for the beginners in the field.

V prispevku predstavljamo novo enostavno metodo laboratorijskega gojenja resarjev (Thysanoptera), prvotno namenjeno za preučevanje njihove bionomije. Pri njenem razvoju smo upoštevali prednosti do tedaj že znanih tovrstnih postopkov. Metoda je dala zadovoljive rezultate, uporabna pa bi lahko bila zlasti v laboratorijih s skromnejšo opremljenostjo in za raziskovalce začetnike.

42 samples of grapevine plants and propagating material were taken in 2 Slovene vine growing districts and tested for the presence of Agrobacterium sp. 31 samples had suspicious symptoms, the other 11 did not have them. The samples were analysed using 4 methods: growth of agrobacteria on 4 semiselective media, detection of T-DNA carrying oncogenes tmr, acs and vis/6b by PCR, detection of opines in tumor tissue and pathogenicity testing on tomato and Kalanchoe daigremontiana plants. 20 samples with symptoms were proved to be infected with Agrobacterium vitis by means of molecular method and 19 by detection of opines. A. vitis was also proved in 3 samples without symptoms. 19 isolates induced tumor formation on tested plants. This is the first evidence of A.vitis in Slovenia.

Na prisotnost bakterij Agrobacterium sp. smo preiskali 42 vzorcev trsov in cepljenk, ki smo jih zbrali v 2 slovenskih vinorodnih rajonih. 31 vzorcev je imelo sumljive rakaste izrastke, preostalih 11 pa ne. Vzorce smo preiskovali s 4 metodami: z rastjo agrobakterij na 4 polselektivnih gojiščih, z dokazovanjem prisotnosti onkogenov tmr, acs in vis/6b na T-DNA z verižno reakcijo s polimerazo, z določanjem opinov v tumornem tkivu in s testiranjem patogenosti izolatov na paradižniku in Kalanchoe daigremontiana. Pri 20 vzorcih z znamenji bolezni smo dokazali okuženost z Agrobacterium vitis z molekularno metodo, pri 19 pa smo dokazali opine. Okuženost z A. vitis smo dokazali tudi pri 3 vzorcih brez bolezenskih znamenj. 19 izolatov je induciralo nastanek tumorjev na testnih rastlinah. To je prvi dokaz A. vitis v Sloveniji.

In order to determine the contamination of agricultural soil with residues of chlorinated hydrocarbons, copper and triazines, samples were taken in the years 1987 – 1996 from intensively cultivated arable soil (vineyards, orchards, potato fields, maize fields, vegetable fields) situated in the area of Gorenjska, Dolenjska, Štajerska, Prekmurje, Koroška and Primorska. In 1991, in order to establish the content of residues of some phytopharmaceutical products in lower soil layers, depth drilling was used to take samples from 50 cm thick layers situated in intensively cultivated areas (Groblje, Jablje) and extensively cultivated areas lying directly in the underground water area used as a source of drinking water in Primorska (the surroundings of Rižana). It was found out that the quantity of residues of chlorinated hydrocarbons in soil (arable soil) was constantly decreasing or that it was mostly negligible, that the problem of soil contamination with triazine residues was not manifested and that in all treated samples a rather large quantity of copper residues was found. In the drill holes from intensive production areas it became evident that the concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons were very low throughout the entire cross-section. Concentrations of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the subsoil of extensive production areas were negligible, however, on some places their residues were washed off all the way to the solid ground (rock). The quantities of triazine residues were negligible or hardly determinable and they were frequently found only in higher layers.

Z namenom ugotavljanja onesnaženosti kmetijskih tal z ostanki kloriranih ogljikovodikov, bakra in triazinov smo v letih 1987 - 1996 iz ornice z intenzivno obdelovanih površin (vinogradov, sadovnjakov, krompirišč, koruzišč, površin z vrtninami) z območij Gorenjske, Dolenjske, Štajerske, Prekmurja, Koroške in Primorske jemali vzorce. Prav tako smo v letu 1991 z namenom ugotavljanja vsebnosti ostankov nekaterih fitofarmacevtskih sredstev v nižjih talnih plasteh s pomočjo globinskih vrtanj odvzeli vzorce tal po plasteh debelih 50 cm iz intenzivnih pridelovalnih območij (Groblje, Jablje) in ekstenzivnih pridelovalnih območij, ki ležijo neposredno na območju podtalnice, katera rabi kot vir pitne vode na Primorskem (okolica Rižane). Ugotovili smo, da se količina ostankov kloriranih ogljikovodikov v tleh (ornici) nepretrgoma zmanjšuje oziroma je v glavnem zanemarljiva, da problem onesnaženosti tal z ostanki triazinov ni izražen in da smo v vseh obravnavanih vzorcih našli precej veliko količino ostankov bakra. Pri vrtinah z intenzivnih pridelovalnih območij se je pokazalo, da so koncentracije kloriranih ogljikovodikov skozi ves presek zelo nizke. Koncentracije kloriranih ogljikovodikov v podtalju ekstenzivnih obdelovalnih območij pa so sicer zanemarljive vendar so se ostanki ponekod sprali prav do trdne podlage (skale). Ugotovljene količine ostankov triazinov so zanemarljive oziroma komaj določljive, ostanke pa smo najpogosteje našli le v višjih plasteh.

Ten new apple cultivars, three promising Slovene and two American hybrids in comparison with five standard cultivars were studied in a trial orchard in Brdo pri Lukovici. The tree height, the crown width and the trunk cross-sectional area, measured at the end of the fifth growing season, the cumulative yield of the first four years of full cropping and the cumulative yield efficiency for the same period are presented in the article. On the basis of the Ward's cluster analysis of three variables (tree height, crown width and trunk cross-sectional area), four groups of cultivars were determined. Due to large differences in tree vigour, significant differences were found between the cumulative yield per tree and the cumulative yield efficiency of some cultivars. A high cumulative yield efficiency was observed for cultivars Jerseyred, Šampion, Gala, Arlet, MB 9486 and NY 61345-2. The lowest cumulative yield efficiency was found for cultivars Čadel, Jonathan and Delbard Jubilé.

V poskusnem nasadu na Brdu pri Lukovici smo preskušali deset novejših sort jablan, tri perspektivne slovenske in dva ameriška križanca v primerjavi s petimi v pridelavi uveljavljenimi sortami. V članku so predstavljeni rezultati meritev višine in širine dreves ter preseka debla ob koncu pete rastne dobe ter kumulativni pridelki na drevo in kumulativni učinek rodnosti širih let polne rodnosti nasada. Sorte smo razvrstili po bujnosti v štiri skupine s pomočjo Wardove metode razvrščanja v skupine na osnovi treh spremenljivk (širina dreves, višina dreves in presek debla). Zaradi velikih razlik v bujnosti dreves smo pri posameznih kultivarjih ugotovili velike razlike med kumulativnim pridelkom na drevo in kumulativnim učinkom rodnosti. Visok kumulativni učinek rodnosti so imele sorte Jerseyred, Šampion, Gala in Arlet ter križanci MB 9486 in NY 61345-2, zelo nizkega pa sorte Čadel, Jonatan in Delbard Jubilé.

Es wurde die Möglichkeit der Stecklingsvermehrung von Apfelunterlagen unter Einsatz eines Hochdruck-Fog-Systems geprüft. Bei allen untersuchten Parametern kam es zu großen Unterschieden zwischen einzelnen Klonen. Klon ‘M27’ und die neuen Pillnitzer-Klone ‘PiS1’, ‘PiS2’ und ‘PiS3’ zeigten gegenüber den ‘M9’-Klonen und ‘Pi80’ gute Ergebnisse. Schlechte Ergebnisse mit den ‘M9’-Klonen und ‘Pi80’ werden mit dem Prozeß der Klonalterung erklärt. Bessere Ergebnisse könnten hier möglicherweise mit dem Einsatz von rejuvenilisiertem Mutterpflanzenmaterial (in-vitro-Material) erreicht werden.

S poskusi smo proučevali možnost razmnoževanja jablanovih podlag s potaknjenci v pogojih meglenja (visokotlačni “Fog-system”). Pri vseh proučevanih parametrih so se pokazale velike razlike med kloni. Z ‘M27’ in novimi podlagami iz Dresden-Pillnitz ‘PiS1’, ‘PiS2’ und ‘PiS3’ smo dosegli zelo obetajoče rezultate. Rezultati s podlagami ‘M9’ in ‘Pi80’ so bili slabši. Te slabe rezultate razlagamo s pojavom fiziološke starosti teh kultivarjev. Boljši rezultati bi bili pri teh klonih verjetno dosegljivi s pomladitvijo matičnih rastlin (in vitro proizvedeni matični grmi).

The concept of Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) is used to demonstrate the extent of governmental interventions in economy and to unravel the sources of comparative advantages and divergences within it. PAM measures a degree to which observable market prices for a particular farm product differ from efficiency (social) prices. This analysis clearly shows the impact of governmental interventions in agricultural production, where private and social profitabilities are evaluated on the basis of existing private and social revenues and costs that occur inside the given farm system. The importance of applying PAM tools for the purpose of investigating numerous policy effects is especially apparent in agricultural systems undergoing transition. Various PAM coefficients derived in this study reveal a contrasting attitude of a government in treating the market of two (hypothetically taken) farm products. This has resulted in the existence of a comparative advantage for one agricultural good and in the social non-profitability for another farm commodity.

PAM analiza je nadvse primeren način ugotavljanja obsega vladnih ukrepov v gospodarstvu in je hkrati tudi pomembno orodje odkrivanja morebitnih komparativnih prednosti in neskladij njegovih posameznih sektorjev. S pomočjo matrike lahko določamo do kakšne stopnje se razlikujejo dejanske tržne cene individualnih kmetijskih proizvodov od njihovih družbenih cen. Pri tem raven tržnih in družbenih dobičkov ocenjujemo na podlagi razlike med veljavnimi ter ugotovljenimi dohodki in stroški, ki so nastali z vodenjem določene kmetijske pridelave. Pomembnost uporabe PAM inštrumentov je očitna predvsem takrat, ko je dano kmetijstvo v fazi tranzicije. Iz vrednosti različnih PAM koeficientov je razviden povsem nasprotujoč odnos vlade na trgu dveh hipotetičnih kmetijskih proizvodov, vzetih izključno za ilustracijo načina uporabe PAM v kmetijstvu. Takšna usmeritev je posredno povzročila družbeno neučinkovitost proizvodnje prvega kmetijskega pridelka, medtem ko se je posredovanje vlade na trgu drugega kmetijskega proizvoda odrazilo v primerjalni prednosti njegove proizvodnje v okviru celotnega gospodarstva.

In four field trials arranged in a split-split plot design, the effect of emergence depth of velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti Med.) on competition ability against maize, its response to control with pendimethalin and bromoxynil-octanoat, and the impact on maize yield were investigated. In two experiments, the reduction in the aboveground fresh weight of velvetleaf plants (AFW, kg m-2) after herbicide application was significantly higher in the case of plants emerging from 1 cm depth than in the plants emerging from 6 cm depth. Velvetleaf competition against maize significantly affected the rate of AFW reduction due to herbicide activity, since the decrease in AFW in pure stands of velvetleaf in all experiments was, on average, lower by 30 % than in stands where velvetleaf competed against maize. Despite the fact that both herbicides were less efficient in plants emerging from greater depths, in neither of four experiments a statistically significant effect on the rate of maize yield losses was established.

V štirih poljskih poskusih v bločni split-split plot poskusni zasnovi smo proučevali vpliv globine, iz katere so vznikale rastline baržunastega osleza (Abutilon theophrasti Med.) na učinkovitost delovanja herbicidov pendimetalina in bromoksinil-oktanoata in na pridelek storžev koruze. V dveh poskusih je bilo zmanjšanje sveže nadzemne gmote osleza (NGO, kg m-2) po aplikaciji herbicidov pri rastlinah, ki so vzniknile iz globine 1 cm, značilno večje, kot zmanjšanje pri rastlinah, ki so vzniknile iz globine 6 cm. Tekmovanje osleza s koruzo je značilno vplivalo na obseg zmanjšanja NGO zaradi delovanja herbicidov, saj je bilo zmanjšanje NGO v čistih posevkih osleza v vseh poskusih v povprečju za 30% manjše, kot pri rastlinah, ki so se razvijale v koruzi. Kljub temu, da sta herbicida na oslez, ki je vznikal iz večjih globin, delovala slabše, v nobenem od štirih poskusov to ni statistično značilno vplivalo na obseg izgub pridelka storžev koruze.

Three-year apple thinning experiments were conducted on mature 'Jonagold'/M9, 'Elstar'/M9 and 'Golden Delicious'/M9 apple trees. The consistency of thinning was investigated after the application of carbaryl, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), naphthaleneacetamide (NAAm), 6-benzyladenine (BA), ethephon and photosynthesis inhibitor terbacil. Over three years, carbaryl (800 ppm) had a good thinning effect and promoted a nice return bloom for all cultivars. Terbacil (50 ppm) and NAA (15 ppm) application had a variable influence on thinning and on return bloom in all cultivars over three years. NAAm (50 ppm) had a weak thinning effect on the average. All cultivars were thinned nicely with BA (50 ppm) spraying, except for 'Jonagold' and 'Elstar' trees in 1996. BA had no consistent effect on return bloom. In the case of spraying with ethephon (300 ppm), fruit growth did not follow the thinning effect adequately, but the promotion of return bloom was mostly enhanced.

V triletnem poskusu smo preizkušali kemično redčenje plodičev jablane na odraslih drevesih 'Jonagold'/M9, 'Elstar'/M9 in 'Zlati delišes'/M9. Ugotavljali smo učinkovitost in ponovljivost delovanja v svetu najbolj uporabljenih sredstev za redčenje plodičev: karbarila, 1-naftilocetne kisline (NAA), naftilacetamida (NAAm), 6-benziladenina (BA), etefona in inhibitorja fotosinteze terbacila. Karbaril (800 ppm) je v vseh letih in pri vseh kultivarjih redčil najbolj zanesljivo ter je imel tudi ugoden učinek na povratno cvetenje. Škropljenje s terbacilom (50 ppm) in NAA (15 ppm) je delovalo na redčenje plodičev, kot tudi na cvetenje v naslednjem letu zelo variabilno, tako med leti kot tudi med uporabljenimi sortami. NAAm (50 ppm) je v poprečju redčila prešibko. BA (50 ppm) je imel dober vpliv na redčenje vseh sort, razen v letu 1996 pri drevesih 'Jonagold' in 'Elstar'. Učinek BA na povratno cvetenje se je izkazal kot variabilen. Etefon (300 ppm) se v primeru redčenja ni izkazal z izboljšano rastjo plodov, spodbuden pa je bil njegov učinek na cvetenje v naslednjem letu.

Mature 'Jonagold', 'Elstar' and 'Golden Delicious' apple trees on M9 rootstock were sprayed with the most frequently used apple thinning compounds in the years 1995, 1996 and 1997. Net CO2 assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs) and internal CO2 concentration (ci) of apple leaves were measured a few days after carbaryl (800 ppm), terbacil (50 ppm), NAA (15 ppm), NAAm (50 ppm), BA (50 ppm) and ethephon (300 ppm) application. The strongest A suppression of leaves parallel with gs reduction and enhanced ci was observed with terbacil on all cultivars for all years. Carbaryl, NAA, and BA reduced A on 'Jonagold' and 'Golden Delicious' in 1995 while 'Elstar' trees showed A depression of leaves after NAA application in 1997. NAAm and ethephone had no influence on A, gs or ci on any cultivar.

Z najbolj pogosto uporabljanimi sredstvi za redčenje plodičev jablane smo škropili odrasla drevesa 'Jonagold', Elstar' in 'Zlati delišes' na šibki podlagi M9 v letu 1995, 1996 in 1997. En do tri dni po nanosu karbarila (800 ppm), terbacila (50 ppm), NAA (15 ppm), NAAm (50 ppm), BA (50 ppm) in etefona (300 ppm) smo izmerili neto CO2 asimilacijo (A), stomatarno prevodnost (ci) in substomatarno koncentracijo CO2 (ci) listov jablane. Najmočnejše znižanje A, ki je sovpadalo z zmanjšano gs in povečano ci smo izmerili po aplikaciji terbacila, v vseh letih in za vse kultivarje. Karbaril, NAA in BA so povzročili depresijo listne A v letu 1995 na 'Jonagoldu' in 'Zlatem delišesu', medtem ko je imel 'Elstar' znižano A samo po nanosu NAA v letu 1997. NAAm in etefon nista imela nobenega vpliva na A, gs oz. ci listja kateregakoli kultivarja.

Lastnosti rastlinske odeje opišemo s parametri, ki jih s skupnim imenom označujemo arhitektura rastlinske odeje. Najpomembnejši so: indeks listne površine (LAI), višina rastlinske odeje (h) ter gostota listne površine (az). Pri indirektnih metodah določevanja LAI je potrebno poznati tudi specifično listno površino (SLA). Določena je bila specifična listna površina hmelja (Humulus lupulus L), cv. 'savinjski golding', na poskusnem polju Inštituta za hmeljarstvo in pivovarstvo Žalec, v ekstremno topli in suhi rastni dobi leta 1993. SLA je bila ob prvem vzorčenju (10. maja) največja in je merila 21 m2kg-1, potem pa se je postopoma zmanjševala in je bila ob zadnjem vzorčenju (16. avgusta) 12 m2kg-1. Analizirano je bilo spreminjanje SLA z višino rastline, razlike med plastmi niso bile statistično značilne.

Characteristics of plant stand can be described by using plant architecture parameters. The most important are: leaf area index (LAI), height of plant stand (h) and leaf area densitiy (az). It is necessary to estimate specific leaf area (SLA) for indirect determination of LAI. Specific leaf area (SLA) for hops (Humulus lupulus L., cv. 'Savinja golding') was estimated on an experimental field IHP Žalec during an extremely warm and dry growth season in 1993. SLA was the highest (21 m2kg-1) at the time of first measurement, on the 10th May, afterwards it gradually decreased and was 12 m2kg-1 at the time of the last measurement, on the 16th August. The changing of SLA according to the height of plants in the growth season has been estimated and the differences were statistically insignificant.

The fruit free sugar content, sorbitol and soluble solids of seventeen European pear cultivars (Pyrus communis L.) and four Asian pear cultivars (Pyrus serotina Rehd.) grown in Slovenia were determined. Pear fruits contain mostly fructose and sorbitol. The smallest contents of glucose and sucrose are in the cvs. 'Williams Bon Chrétien’, ‘Red Williams’ and ‘Rosired’. Asian pear cultivars contain on average more total sugars, especially glucose, in comparison to the European pear cultivars. Considerable differences of individual sugars contents were determined between various cultivars.

Vsebnost posameznih sladkorjev, sorbitola in topne (suhe) snovi smo ugotavljali v plodovih 17 kultivarjih evropskih hrušk (Pyrus communis L.) in v 4 kultivarjih azijskih hrušk (Pyrus serotina Rehd.), ki jih gojimo v Sloveniji. Plodovi hrušk vsebujejo največ fruktoze in sorbitola. Najmanjšo vsoto glukoze in saharoze imajo cv. 'Viljamovka’, ‘Rdeča Viljamovka’ in ‘Rosired’. Kultivarji azijskih hrušk vsebujejo v povprečju več skupnih sladkorjev, še zlasti glukoze, v primerjavi s kultivarji evropskih hrušk. Ugotovljene so bile velike razlike v vsebnosti posameznih sladkorjev med različnimi kultivarji.

In a two-year investigation conducted in Jablje the highest yield of red beet roots was obtained at transplanting and fertilization with 150 to 200 kg/ha of nitrogen. Lower yield was reached at direct sowing and fertilization with 200 to 250 kg/ha of nitrogen. At this level of yield the nitrate content in the red beet roots did not exceed the allowed quantity of 3000 mg/kg, which was the case at the fertilization with 300 and 350 kg/ha of nitrogen. There was up to 7 times more nitrate in the leaf petiole than in the leaf lamina or in an undeveloped leaf; therefore, leaf petiole is the right part of the plant to determine the status of its nitrogen nutrition. Fertilization with more than 200 kg/ha N can pollute the underground water with nitrates due to their washing out.

V dveletnih poskusih v Jabljah smo dosegli največji pridelek korenov rdeče pese pri presajanju in gnojenju s 150 do 200 kg/ha dušika in manjšega pri neposredni setvi in gnojenju z 200 do 250 kg/ha dušika. Pri tem pridelku nitrati v korenih niso presegli dovoljene količine 3000 mg/kg, kar pa je bilo ugotovljeno pri gnojenju s 300 in 350 kg/ha N. V listnih pecljih je do 7 krat več nitratov kot v listni ploskvi ali v nerazvitih listih, zato so listni peclji primernejši za določanje stanja prehrane z dušikom v rastlini. Pri gnojenju z več kot 200 kg/ha N, se podtalnica lahko onesnažuje z nitrati vsled izpiranja.

VPLIV MORFOLOGIJE CVETOV NA OPLODITEV IN PRIDELEK PRI VINSKI TRTI (Vitis vinifera L. cv. 'Pikolit')

Vitis vinifera L. cv. 'Pikolit' je žlahten bel kultivar vinske trte, katerega pridelovanje se izkazuje, kot zelo nestabilno in pogosto skromno. Pri cv. 'Pikolit' se pojavlja osipanje cvetov, ki mu pripisujejo zelo različne vzroke: fiziološke, patološke, genetske ter ekološke in prehrambene. V kolekcijskem nasadu na Dobrovem v Goriških Brdih smo opazovali osipanje cvetov ter vpliv oddaljenosti cv. 'Pikolit' od opraševalca cv. 'Rebula'. Trse smo razdelili v štiri skupine; A (trsi v neposredni bližini opraševalca), B (kontrola), C (trsi izoliranih kabrnkov) ter skupina opraševalnih trsov cv. 'Rebula'. Bližina opraševalca je neposredno vplivala na kakovost in količino pridelka cv. 'Pikolit'. Vzroki so morfološkega izvora, saj ima cv. 'Pikolit' funkcionalno ženski cvet ter nekaliv pelod.

Vitis vinifera L. cv. 'Pikolit' is a white grapevine variety, which production is generally very unstable and very poor. The vine express flower-shedding, which can be explained by several causes: physiological, pathological, genetic, ecological and nutritional. Flower-shedding has been studied at collection vineyard of Dobrovo in Goriška Brda. The variable studied was the impact of a different distance of cv. 'Pikolit' from a plantation of pollination vine cv. 'Rebula' on the quality and quantity of the crop. The grapevines have been devided into four groups; A (grapevines near pollinator), B (control grapevines), C (grapevines with isolation flowers) and pollinator group cv. 'Rebula'. The proximity of the pollination vine showed to be in direct correlation with the quality and quantity of cv. 'Pikolit' crop. The cause for this phenomena is a morfological one as cv. 'Pikolit' has functional female flower, which disable autofertilisation. Furthermore, the pollen itself is not fertile.

The aim of the study was to verify whether Kirlian camera could be used to describe grapevines and if the berry bioelectric field is influenced by disease. With Kirlian camera we measured bioelectric fields of grape berries. To complete the measurements we described acquired coronas of the berries with numerical parameters and used machine learning algorithms to classify grapevine cultivars. We tested this method on eight grapevine cultivars, performing different tests. The results show that coronas of grapevine berries contain useful information about cultivar and their sanitary status.

Cilj študije je bil preveriti ali lahko Kirlianovo kamero uporabimo za opis vinske trte in ali bolezni vplivajo na bioelektrično polje grozdnih jagod. S Kirlianovo kamero smo izmerili bioelektrično polje grozdnih jagod. Nato smo dobljene korone jagod opisali z numeričnimi parametri in jih klasificirali z algoritmi strojnega učenja. Z izvajanjem različnih testov smo metodo testirali na osmih kultivarjih vinske trte. Rezultati so pokazali, da korone grozdnih jagod dajejo koristne informacije o kultivarjih in njihovem zdravstvenem stanju.

Enoten evropski trg šteje 15 držav s približno 370 milijoni prebivalcev. Trg deluje od 1.1.1993. Vsaka dobrina, ki je v zakonitem obtoku v eni od držav članic, mora imeti pravico do prostega obtoka na vseh območjih enotnega trga. Proizvodnjo in trženje blaga v skupnem trgu določajo smernice. Država članica, ki je del notranjega trga mora biti sposobna jamčiti, da vse blago na njenem trgu ustreza zahtevam Skupnosti. Na svojem ozemlju mora biti sposobna zagotoviti prost pretok vsega blaga, ki izhaja iz drugih držav članic. Zaradi tega je potreben celovit sestav tehničnih in drugih struktur za zagotavljanje učinkovitega izvajanja zakonodaje, skupaj z nadzorom tržišča.

Common European market comprehends 15 countries with approximate 370 millions residents. The market has been operated since January 1st 1993. Any material goods being on a market of a single member of EU need to have the rights of a free trade on any part of the common market. The products are made and exchanged according to the EU market directives. The Member State as a part of a market needs to be capable of assurance that all its products meet the European market standards and regulations. Any country needs to enable the free trade of any goods from any other Member State. It calls for complete system of technical and additional structures to enable the operation and the control over the market.

SUBJECT INDEX BY AGROVOC DESCRIPTORS

PREDMETNO KAZALO PO DESKRIPTORJIH AGROVOC

abutilon theophrasti 79-87

agricultural policies 69-77, 89-94, 95-100,139-146

agrobacterium 27-33

anabolism 95-100

apples 89-94,95-100

beetroot 115-127

beta vulgaris 115-127

biological production 49-59, 101-108

cankers 27-33

carbohydrate content 109-114

carbon dioxide 95 -100

chemical contamination 35-47,109-114

classification 133-138

climatology 101-108

copper 35-47

crop yield 49-59, 79-87, 115-127,129-132

crown 49-59

defruiting 89-94, 95-100

diagnosis 27-33,133-138

diameter 49-59

ecology 19-25

econometrics 69-77

economic analysis 69-77

efficiency 79-87

electric field 133-138

european union 139-146

fertilizer application 115-127

field experimentation 79-87

flowering 89-94

flowers 129-132

fruit 133-138

grapevines 27-33

groundwater pollution 35-47

growth rate 49-59

halogenated hydrocarbons 35-47

height 49-59 herbicides 79-87

hplc 109-114

humulus lupulus 101-108

hydrocarbons 35-47

identification 27-33,133-138

kalanchoe 27-33

laboratory experimentation 19-25

leaf area index 101-108

leaves 95-100,101-108, 115-127

legislation 139-146

malus pumila 49-59, 61-68, 89-94,

market regulations 139-146

markets 139-146

marriage 7-17

micropropagation 61-68

migration 7-17

modernization 7-17

nitrates 115-127

nitrogen fertilizers 115-127

pathogenicity 27-33

pcr 27-33

pears 109-114

pendimethalin 79-87

plant anatomy 129-132

plant diseases 27-33,133-138

plant galls 27-33

plant propagation 61-68

pollination 129-132

polluted soil 35-47

pollution by agriculture 35-47

propagation by cuttings 61-68

proximate composition 109-114,115-127

pyrus communis 109-114

quality 115-127

quality of life 7-17

rearing techniques 19-25

regulations 13 9-146

residues 35-47

role of women 7-17

rooting 61-68

roots 115-127

rootstocks 61-68

rural conditions 7-17

rural population 7-17

social change 7-17 s

ocioeconomic environment 7-17

soil 115-127

soil pollution 35-47

solanum tuberosum 27-33

sorbitol 109-114

sowing depth 79-87

standards 139-146

state intervention 69-77

statistical methods 69-77

sugar 109-114

technology 139-146

thinning 89-94, 95-100

thrips (genus) 19-25

trade 139-146

trade agreements 139-146

trade policies 139-146

triazines 35-47

varieties 49-59,109-114,133-138

vitis vinifera 27-33,129-132,133-138

women 7-17

yield components 49-59

yield factors 49-59

zea mays 79-87

SUBJECT INDEX BY AGRIS CATEGORY CODES

VSEBINSKO KAZALO PO SKUPINAH ZNANJA (PREDMETNIH KATEGORIJAH)

Legislation-D50 139-146

Agricultural-economics-and-policies-E10 69-77, 139-146

Labour-and-employment-E12 7-17

Rural-sociology-E50 7-17

Rural-population-E51 7-17

Trade,-marketing-and-distribution-E70 139-146

Crop-husbandry-F01 49-59, 89-94, 95-100, 115-127, 129-132

Plant-propagation-F02 61-68

Plant-genetics-and-breeding-F30 61-68

Plant-structure-F50 129-132

Plant-physiology-and-biochemistry-F60 109-114, 115-127, 133-138

Plant-physiology-Growth-and-development-F62 49-59, 89-94, 95-100, 101-108

Plant-physiology-Reproduction-F63 129-132

Pests-of plants-H10 19-25

Plant-diseases-H20 27-33, 133-138

Weeds-and-weed-control-H60 79-87

Soil-fertility-P35 35-47

Food-composition-Q04 109-114, 115 -127