FEEDING OF CONCENTRATES IN MILKING PARLOUR AND
HEART RATE OF COWS[1]
Marjan JANŽEKOVIČ a), Andrej
OREŠNIK, Vojteh CESTNIK and Ivan ŠTUHEC
a) Univ. of Maribor, Fac. of Agriculture, Vrbanska 30,
SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia, Ass.Prof., Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
Feeding on concentrates in the milking parlour was analysed in order to
establish if too short time for the consumption of concentrate caused
increased heart rate (HR), one of the stress indicators. 27 highly
productive dairy cows were given from 1 to 5 kg of concentrate in the
milking parlour. The average quantity of consumed concentrate at a single
milking amounted to 2.14 kg, and the average speed of consumption was 249.7
g min–1. Average HR was 82,38
min–1. At the evening milking cows had higher
HR (83.4 min–1), compared to the
morning one (81.2 min–1). In the second
month after calving HR of cows was higher (85.10 min–1)
compared to the first (81.04 min–1) and
the third month (80.79 min–1) after
calving. It has been established that the increase of HR did not occur up to
the 3 kg of consumed concentrate per milking. However, higher quantity of
consumed concentrate (over 3 kg) resulted in increased HR. If the cows
received larger quantities of concentrate, HR increased towards the end of
milking process. It can be concluded that large quantities of concentrate,
which could not be eaten in a short period of available time at milking,
caused stress in highly productive dairy cows.
[1] The
article is a part of a doctoral dissertation (justification July 4,
2003), supervisor prof. Ivan Štuhec, Ph.D., co-advisor prof. Andrej
Orešnik, Ph.D.
Agris category
codes: L01, L10
COBISS Code 1.01
Language: English
LINEAR BODY MEASUREMENTS OF CIKA CATTLE IN COMPARISON TO PINZGAUER CATTLE
Miran KASTELIC a), Metka ŽAN
LOTRIČ and Drago KOMPAN
a) Univ. of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Fac., Zootechnical Dept.,
Groblje 3, SI-1230 Domžale, Slovenia, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
Changes of body measurements and body proportions in endangered Slovenian
autochthonous Cika cattle were studied. Forty six years after the last study
of Cika cattle body measurements, more than three quarters of the total
cow’s population of Cika cattle were measured. Because of great variability
of phenotypic traits in Cika cattle population, animals were divided into
three groups: Cika cattle type, semi-Cika type and Pinzgauer type. Animals
of semi-Cika type were larger than Cika cattle type and animals of Pinzgauer
type were larger than semi-Cika type. It was observed, that proportions
between linear measurements in all three groups were not different between
groups and not different from the “old” Cika cattle type. It could mean that
inseminations with Pinzgauer bulls in the past have not had such strong
influence on Cika cattle population as assumed. In order to find the animals
of Pinzgauer type with an objective method, cluster analysis was performed.
In the group with the largest animals, some tendencies towards body
proportions of Pinzgauer type were found, but the body proportions were
still more similar to proportions of Cika cattle than to proportions of
Pinzgauer cattle today and forty six years ago, respectively.
PROTECTION OF CARNIOLAN BEE –
PRESERVE BREED OR RACE OF HONEYBEE?
Janko BOŽIČ a)
a) Univ. of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Fac., Dept. of Biology, Večna
pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Ass.Prof., Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
Slovenia protects authentic breed of carniolan bee based on zootechnical
legislation. Different varieties of honeybee around the Earth are usually
described with the term races and not breeds. Foundations for such
nomenclature are in evolution of bee races with natural selection without
considerable influence of the men. Acceptance of carniolan bee as a race
determines environmental-protection approach in preservation of authentic
carniolan bee population. Slovenia is locus typicus of the race
Apis mellifera carnica Pollmann 1879 and
there are also natural possibilities for the preservation of carniolan bee
diversity. Basic laws of hereditability and natural mating of honeybee
queens determine establishment of carniolan bee preservation on whole
territory of Slovenia with possibilities of special highly protected areas
in alpine valleys and partial release of carniolan bee trade on the foraging
area dedicated to the migratory beekeeping. That is basic framework to
investigate possibilities for commercial breeding lines of honeybee queens
especially for the market outside of Slovenia.
Agris
category codes: L10
COBISS Code 1.03 Language: English
GENETIC VARIATION OF
THE MITOCHONDRIAL D-LOOP REGION CONTAINING MITOCHONDRIAL TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR A
(TFAM) BINDING SITES IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH MARBLING IN WAGYU X LIMOUSIN
F2 CROSSES
a), Jennifer J. MICHAL, Peter DOVČand Zhihua JIANG
a) Univ. of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Fac., Zootechnical Dept.,
Groblje 3, SI-1230 Domžale, Slovenia, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
Mitochondrial
transcription factor A (TFAM) is a nucleus-encoded protein that is
essential for initiation of transcription and replication of mitochondrial
DNA (mtDNA). It has been shown that TFAM binds the entire length of the
mtDNA, but with higher affinity to sequences around both mitochondrial
promoters located in 3’ domain of the D-loop region.
The objectives of this study were to detect
genetic polymorphisms in the sequence flanking TFAM binding sites of the
mtDNA D-loop region and investigate their associations with marblingin Wagyu x Limousin F2 crosses. We identified six polymorphis
sites in the TFAM binding sites of the D-loop mtDNA (G8A, T106C, A169G,
A173G and C190T and one insertion/deletion at position 221 with one or two
cytosines) with no significant differences in frequencies of polymorphic
sites between extreme high/low marbling pools.
THE INFLUENCE OF CATTLE REARING
INTENSITY ON HUMUS AND MINERAL CONTENT AND DYNAMICS
Andrej TOPLAK a), Jože OSTERC
and Mirko LESKOŠEK
a) Bayerische Landesanstalt für Landwirtschaft (LfL), Institut
für Tierhaltung und Tierschutz, Prof. – Durrwaechter – Platz 2, D-85586
Poing – Grub, Deutschland and Univ. of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Fac., Zootechnical Dept.,
Groblje 3, SI-1230 Domžale, Slovenia.
ABSTRACT
Different cattle rearing intensities on farms can affect humus and nutrient
content and dynamics. To determine general humus, phosphorus and potassium
content in field soils we examined the results of 175 analyses of field soil
samples. Analysed field soil samples were collected in different areas of
Slovenia. To investigate the influence of cattle rearing intensity on humus
and nutrient content and dynamics we selected seven plots on three farms on
which intensive cattle breeding is practisized. Impact of intensive cattle
breeding was assessed with a help of analysis of soil samples from this
plots.The chemical analysis which
were used to evaluate general humus, phosphorus and potassium content were
made in the period 1989–2002. Analysed field soil samples on selected farms
were collected in the period 1977–2002. Fertilising
schemes, which were used to calculate the soil humus balance, were made for
the period of four or five years. The analyses of field soils on humus,
phosphorus and potassium content show that fields in Slovenia are well
provided with humus, phosphorus and potassium. The average soil humus
content is 3.75%, soil phosphorus content 26.38 mg P2O5/100
g soil and soil potassium content 32.32 mg K2O/100 g soil. Soil
humus balance is mostly (72.8%) positive. The soil humus content on selected
plots declined with the exception of plot Cb. However, the soil humus
balance on these farms in the last period, the period 1998–2002, 1994–1998
for plot Ba, has been positive. For that reason is the soil humus content
lately probably increasing. Soils on selected plots
showed good values for phosphorus but less for potassium. The supply with
phosphorus is increasing, while the supply with potassium is mostly in
decrease.
Bio-Economical Model Application in Cattle Breeding
Elli PÄRNA a),
Heli KIIMAN, Haldja VIINALASS and Mirjam VALLAS
a) Estonian Univ. of
Life Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences,
Kreutzwaldi 46, 51006 Tartu, Estonia, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
Dairy production systems are complex and cannot be described by a single
profit function. In a bio-economical model, relevant biological and
economical aspects of the production system are described as a system of
equations. These models describe the life cycle of a dairy cow, including
inputs and outputs, as a function of biological traits and economic
parameters. For the derivation of the economic values of Estonian Holstein
dairy breed, a bio-economical model of a closed herd, which included the
whole integrated production system was used. The total discounted profit for
the herd was calculated as the difference between all revenues and costs
that occurred during the whole life of animals born in the herd within one
year and which were discounted to the birth year of these animals. Core
elements of the program are modules describing the age distribution of the
herd based on different possible fate of cows, the production level in each
lactation and cost rations on a daily basis. Change of profit has been
considered as a function of genetic change, not other changes of phenotype.
Economic parameters reflect the marketing and management system in which
genetic improvement will be expressed. Economic values for use in selection
indexes were derived for milk-, fat- and protein production, length of
productive life, calving interval and age at first breeding. Analysis of
dairy production system with bio-economical model enables the breeders to
find out revenues, costs and different parameters for dairy production
system, and also to estimate milk production profit.
Key words: cattle / dairy
cows / breeds / Holstein / milk production / breeding programs / economics /
bio-economical model / profit / Estonia
