a)Univ. of Ljubljana,
Biotechnical Fac., Dept. of Animal Science, Groblje 3, SI-1230 Domžale,
Slovenia,
Asist.
ABSTRACT
Probiotics are
defined as living micro-organisms, that upon ingestion in certain numbers,
exert health benefits to the host. Their use is linked to proven efficacy on
the gastrointestinal microbial equilibrium as well as immunomodulation. The
positive effect in animals exerts not only in an improved health status,
especially in young animals, but also in improved animal performance,
including growth rate and feed conversion efficiency. Microorganisms that
are used in animal feeds in the EU are mainly Gram-positive bacteria
belonging to genera Bacillus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus,
Pediococcus and Streptococcus and yeasts, such as
Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Kluyveromyces species. While most of
the species are apparently safe, certain microorganisms may exert harmful
properties for animals as well as humans. Enterococci, for example, might
harbour transmissible antibiotic resistance determinants, which have the
potential to spread in animal and human-associated pathogenic microbial
populations. Recent developments in synthetic and systems biology, coupled
with bioinformatics and novel tools for genetic engineering, will soon
enable the construction of 'artificial' probiotic microorganisms with
virtually any combination of properties. Whether and when these 'designer
probiotics' will reach out of the labs depends on legislation as well as
public opinion.
Key words: animal production / animal nutrition /
microbiology / probiotics / feed / recombinant probiotics / legislation / EU
SOME NUTRITIONAL
STARTEGIES IN PREVENTION OF DETRIMENTAL INFLUENCE OF FusariumTOXINS (T-2 AND DON) ON PRODUCTION PARAMETERS AND LIPID PEROXIDATION IN
CHICKENS
a), Tamara FRANKIČ and Janez SALOBIR
a)Univ. of
Ljubljana, Biotechnical Fac., Dept. of Animal Science, Groblje 3, SI-1230
Domžale, Slovenia,
Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
Mycotoxins, a group of secondary fungal metabolites, are toxic for people
and animals. Presence of Fusarium toxins (T-2 toxin and
deoxinivalenol (DON)) in feed, especially in higher concentrations, reduces
feed consumption and consequently live weight gain, which can cause higher
economic losses. Recent studies showed that toxins in feed influence the
action of the immune system and cause oxidative stress. The objective of the
present studies was to: (i) establish the dose dependant effect of T-2 toxin
(from 0.5 to 13.5 mg/kg) on production parameters and oxidative stress in
broiler chickens, (ii) test the effect of commercial mycotoxin binder at the
highest used concentration of T-2 toxin (13.5 mg/kg), and (iii) test the
protective effect of nucleotides at high T-2 toxin and DON intoxication (10
mg/kg). Results showed that concentrations of 10 and 13.5 mg/kg of T-2 toxin
reduced the feed consumption and live weight gain. T-2 toxin at 10 and 13.5
mg/kg and DON at 10 mg/kg caused DNA damage in leucocytes measured by comet
assay. Results proved that supplementation with mycotoxin binder can partly
reduce the absorption of mycotoxins from intestine and thus decrease their
negative influence on oxidative stress. The crucial role of nucleotide
supplementation in feed is to repair DNA damage in immune cells, which are
highly sensitive to mycotoxin action.
CHANGES OF BEEF RATION
COMPOSITION: AN EXAMPLE OF UTILIZING NORMATIVE AND POSITIVE MATHEMATICAL
METHODS
a)
and Stane KAVČIČ
a) Univ.
of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Fac., Dept. of Animal Science, Groblje 3, SI-1230
Domžale, Slovenia,
Asist.
ABSTRACT
The aim of this paper is to present possibility to combine different
mathematical methods for analysis of ration composition changes in actual
economic environment. On the basis of mathematical programming models, based
on constraint optimization, the influence of price-cost ratios on the trends
of efficient beef ration formulation in the period 1998 to 2008 has been
analysed. For investigation positive and normative mathematical methods have
been utilized. The normative part of methods applies a common linear
programming approach supported by penalty function. To find out the
“reaction” of rational farmer within given circumstances, simulation was
upgraded with positive mathematical programming approach. Obtained results
illustrate change in ration composition by increased maize silage quantities
and significantly lower amounts of grass silage during last decade. Due to
Slovene natural conditions it is obvious that such a dramatic shift is
impossible, therefore more attention should be paid to reduction of grass
silage production costs.
Agris
category codes: E10
COBISS Code 1.01 Language: English
FARM
INCOME ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURAL HOLDINGS IN MACEDONIA USING FADN METHODOLOGY
a), Nenad GEORGIEV
and Emil ERJAVEC
a)
Univ. Ss. Cyril and Methodius - Skopje, Fac. of Agricultural
Sciences and Food, P.O. Box 297, MK-1000 Skopje, Macedonia, dr.
ABSTRACT
No consistent farm
income data on micro level is available in Macedonia. The FADN methodology,
being the only standardised and harmonised farm accountancy system in EU,
was applied and tested on a sample of agricultural holdings. In addition,
data on quantity of inputs and applied technology, as well as occurrence of
non-agricultural income were recorded. The structure and farm income of
Macedonian farms in 2002–04 was presented upon a sample of farms belonging
to different economic sizes and farm types. The results were analysed and
interpreted in EU context, by comparison with a panel of EU member countries.
The size of Macedonian farms in economic terms (5.9 ESU) was five times
smaller than the EU-25 average (32.7 ESU). The gross farm income of the
Macedonian sample was 5,500 EUR/farm, representing about 15% of what an
average EU farm generated at that level. The family farm income reached
4,100 EUR, four times lower than the EU-25 average. Due to differences in
income will the EU-accession pose major challenges to Macedonian farmers,
but also expectedly bring improvement of the income situation of commercial-orientated
farms. Very little support was available to Macedonian farms until 2004,
thus the farm income includes no subsidies, in contrast to the EU farms. The
benefits of farm income data on micro level will contribute to the creation
and evaluation of the agricultural policy, as well as the measurement of the
recently launched national policy support schemes and the imminent pre-accession
funds.
Agris category codes: Q04
COBISS Code 1.01 Language: English
INFLUENCE
OF RAW MATTER ORIGIN AND PRODUCTION PERIOD ON FATTY-ACID COMPOSITION OF
DRY-CURED HAMS
a), Tomaž POLAK,
Dajana ŠPACAPAN, Darko ANDRONIKOV and Lea GAŠPERLIN
a) Univ.
of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Fac., Dept. of Food Science and Technology,
Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1111 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Prof., Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
We have here
investigated the fatty acid composition in the muscle (Mm. biceps femoris,
semitendinosus and semimembranosus) of Vipava and Vipava-style hams made
from fresh pork legs that originate from Slovenia, and from Germany and
Italy, respectively. Dry-cured hams are produced under technology protected
according to recognized geographical indications for Vipava ham, a salt-cured
ham that is air-dried rather than smoked. The fatty acid compositions of
samples were determined by gas-liquid chromatography following in-situ
transesterification. On average, hams contained 6.89% of
intramuscular and intermuscular fat, with the fatty-acid composition as
50.0% monounsaturated, 11.8% polyunsaturated (PUFA) and 38.0% saturated
fatty acids. The origin of the raw matter has significant influence the
PUFAs in hams, which were 2.0% lower in products from pigs of Slovenian (own)
rearing. The important indicators of lipid nutritive value, as P/S ratio
(0.31), content of n-3 (0.68%) and n-6 (9.02%) PUFAs, and
ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs (14.1), are similar to those cited in
the literature for other types of dry-cured hams from south European regions
produced from pigs reared under intensive systems.
Keywords: meat products /
dry-cured ham / Vipava ham / pork legs / origin / fat / composition / fatty
acids / Slovenia
Agris
category codes: Q03
COBISS Code 1.01 Language: English
THE MICROBIOLOGICAL
QUALITY OF RAW MILK AFTER INTRODUCING THE TWO DAY'S MILK COLLECTING SYSTEM
a) and Slavica GOLC TEGER
a)
Univ.
of Ljubljana, College of Health Studies, Poljanska 26 a, SI-1000 Ljubljana,
Slovenia, Ass.Prof., Ph.D., M.Sc.
ABSTRACT
This study was
carried out to investigate the quality of raw milk after the decision of the
dairies to collect the milk every two days and not daily as it has been
performed till the year 2005. In wider central Slovenian production area we
collected in winter and summer season 203 raw milk samples obtained from
farm bulk milk tanks, collecting points and transportation tanks at the
entrance to the dairy was studied. The total bacterial count, the number of
coliforms, psychrotrophic micro-organisms, coagulase-positive staphylococci,
yeasts and moulds were analysed using standard methods. The presence of
mould species and production of aflatoxins were studied as well. The total
bacterial count was higher than 100 000 cfu/ml in 48 (23.6%) out of all
tested samples. Its mean value in all milk samples was 4.5 log10
cfu/ml[1].
The mean numbers of coliform bacteria, psychrotrophic micro-organisms,
yeasts and moulds together, and coagulase-positive staphylococci were 2.1
log10 cfu/ml, 3.7 log10 cfu/ml, 2.3 log10
cfu/ml and 1.97 log10 cfu/ml, respectively. The yeasts were
present in 95.0% of raw milk samples with the mean concentration of 1.7 log10
cfu/ml. Moulds were found in 63.3% of raw milk samples, their mean
concentration was 0.6 log10 cfu/ml. Isolated mould strains
belonged to genera Geotrichum (51.5%), Aspergillus (33.8%),
Mucor (5.9%), Fusarium (2.9%) and Penicillium (2.9%). None
of the isolated Aspergillus strains with typical growth on AFPA
medium produced aflatoxin M1 on YES or YGC medium supplemented
with Methyl-β-cyclodextrin.
Key words: raw milk /
microbiological quality / total bacterial count / moulds / aflatoxin M1
[1]
Abbreviations: cfu/ml = the number of colony forming units per
millilitre of the sample.
Agris
category codes: P01
COBISS Code 1.01 Language: English
DIFFERENCES IN MELTING
TEMPERATURES OF DEGENERATED OLIGONUCLEOTIDES TARGETTING NITROUS OXIDE
REDUCTASE (nosZ) GENES
a) and Boštjan MUROVEC
a)
Univ.
of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Fac., Dept. of Animal Science, Groblje 3, SI-1234
Domžale, Slovenia, Ph.D., M.Sc.
ABSTRACT
One of the basic
principles of molecular biology is the use oligonucleotides with comparable
melting temperatures (Tm). To accommodate various evolutionary changes in
target gene sequences in order to detect numerous variants of the same gene
in complex microbial communities, the researchers were forced to design
degenerated oligonucleotide probes and primers. In addition, recent studies
suggested that relevant parameters influencing microbial activity should be
included into models currently describing the final greenhouse gas emissions
for public use. Further, data on microbial community structure and abundance
should be included as well in near future. As one of the most potent
greenhouse gases, nitrous oxide, results mainly from incomplete
denitrification process, we chose nitrous oxide reductase gene (nosZ)
as a model and surveyed published literature for nosZ gene
oligonucleotides. We calculated in-silico Tm for each oligonucleotide
degenerated variant and compared the resulting average Tm of both
oligonucleotides used in pair. Degenerated oligonucleotides were found to
contain variants differing in Tm for as much as 13 °C. More than 85% of
oligonucleotides had difference in average Tm of paired oligonucleotide
larger than 2 °C, more than 60% larger than 4 °C and more than 40% larger
than 6 °C, 25% larger than 8 °C. By using such combinations at one annealing
temperature or touch-down PCR or hybridization protocol, the full use of all
degenerate variants could never be achieved thus bringing under the
consideration the reaction chemistry. To increase the consistency of
molecular results, a simple adjustment of Tm to at least comparable average
Tm is recommended. In addition, critical evaluation of other methodological
pitfalls should be regular practice in order to strengthen the value of
molecular results as future public models parameters.
a)
Environmental Biotechnology Lab, Dept. of Zoology, Dayalbagh Educational
Institute, IN-282005, Agra, Uttar Pradesh
, India, Ph.D.
ABSTRACT
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus,
and Listeria monocytogenes were isolatedfrom milk products
i.e. curd and cottage cheese, sold at shops in the unorganized sector of
Agra region. Of the 116 bacterial isolates from cottage cheese, 15 were
confirmed as E. coli, 12 as S.aureus, and two as L.monocytogenes. Fifty-eight isolates were obtained from curd samples
of which five were confirmed as E. coli, eleven as L.
monocytogenes,and no S.aureus contamination was
found in curd. The result indicates that strict preventive measures should
be adopted to ensure contamination free milk products for the good health of
all consumers.
Key words: milk products /
curd / cottage cheese / microbiology / Escherichia coli /
Staphylococcus aureus / Listeria monocytogenes / public health /
India
