Scientific
and technical information on organic farming:
assessment of selected bibliographic
indicators in database CAB Abstracts
Tomaž
BARTOL,
Špela DRNOVŠEK,
Majda ČERNIČ-ISTENIČ
ABSTRACT
znanstvene
in strokovne informacije o ekološkem
kmetijstvu: ocena izbranih bibliografskih
indikatorjev v zbirki cab abstracts
izvleček
Scientometrično smo ovrednotili značilnosti
objav za ekološko kmetijstvo po podatkih iz
zbirke CAB Abstracts (CABA) v obdobju
1973-2003. Pri tem smo ocenili smo tudi
nekatere značilnosti same zbirke. Zbrali smo
4.170 zapisov vseh tipov (2.740 člankov iz
revij, 1.165 prispevkov s posvetovanj ipd.) s
pomočo deskriptorjev iz tezavra CAB. Članke
smo nadalje analizirali glede na letno rast,
jezik, avtorstvo in geografsko lokacijo. Rast
se pospešuje zadnjih deset let. Med 31
različnimi jeziki prevladuje angleščina (50 %
dokumentov); sledijo nemščina, italijanščina,
francoščina in japonščina. Nekaj posameznih
visoko produktivnih avtorjev (med 4.304
različnimi avtorji), od katerih je en napisal
kar 18 člankov, je prispevalo pomemben delež
vseh dokumentov, kar 3.438 pa je bilo takih,
ki so prispevali le po en članek. Najpogosteje
rabljeni deskriptor pri geografski lokaciji je
bila Nemčija, sledila je Italija, Združeno
kraljestvo, Danska in Švica, vendar pa se to
deskriptorsko polje v zbirko ne vnaša
konsistentno, zato je treba geografske podatke
interpretirati s pazljivostjo. Analiza temelji
pretežno na deskriptorju Organic farming, zato
je potrebno upoštevati, da je v zbirki
verjetno najti še precej drugih dokumentov, ki
bi vsebinsko tudi ustrezali temu pojmu, a z
njim niso bili indeksirani.
Impact of enrichment medium on PCR-based
detection of Listeria monocytogenes in
food
Barbara
Jeršek,
Tamara
Majstorović, Nataša
Klun,
Sonja
Smole Možina
ABSTRACT
The detection of Listeria monocytogenes
in food samples using enrichment and PCR is
described. The objectives were to determine
whether the type of enrichment medium has the
influence on the results obtained with PCR and
to evaluate proposed method by analysing
naturally contaminated food samples.
Comparative evaluation of different enrichment
media for bacteria of the genus Listeria
(half Fraser - HF, buffered peptone water
- BPW, triptic soy yeast extract broth -
TSBYE, universal preenrichment broth - UPB)
showed that only the UPB enabled detection of
L. monocytogenes in artificially
contaminated food samples after 24h of
incubation. The PCR-based method gave equal
results as standard cultural method by
analysis of naturally contaminated food
samples. Described PCR-based procedure is
comparable to some other PCR-based methods of
L. monocytogenes detection in foods and
shows promise as a rapid, routine method which
requires 30-72 h, whereas cultural methods
require 96-120 h.
VPLIV
OBOGATITVENEGA GOJIŠČA NA DOLOČANJE BAKTERIJ
VRSTE Listeria monocytogenes V ŽIVILIH
S PCR
IZVLEČEK
V prispevku je predstavljen postopek
določanja bakterij vrste L. monocytogenes
v živilih s PCR po obogatitvi vzorca živila.
Namen raziskave je bil določiti, ali vrsta
obogatitvenega gojišča vpliva na rezultate PCR,
in vrednotenje predlagane metode s preiskavami
naravno kontaminiranih živil. Primerjava
različnih obogatitvenih gojišč za bakterije
rodu Listeria (half
Fraser - HF, buffered peptone water - BPW,
triptic soy yeast extract broth - TSBYE,
universal preenrichment broth - UPB)
je pokazala, da edino gojišče UPB omogoča
določitev bakterij vrste L. monocytogenes
v umetno kontaminiranih vzorcih živil po
24-urni inkubaciji. Rezultati določanja
bakterij vrste L. monocytogenes v
naravno kontaminiranih vzorcih živil dobljeni
po obogatitvi s PCR so bili enaki rezultatom
dobljenim s standardno gojitveno metodo.
Opisana metoda PCR je primerljiva s podobnimi
metodami, ki temeljijo na isti encimski
reakciji in omogoča hitro, rutinsko določanje
bakterij vrste L. monocytogenes v
živilih v 30-72 urah, medtem ko je za
rezultate gojitvenih metod potrebno 96-120 ur.
Podnebne spremembe in ranljivost kmetijstva
Lučka
KAJFEŽ-BOGATAJ
IZVLEČEK
Globalno ogrevanje našega planeta postaja
fizikalno izmerjeno dejstvo. Mnenje
klimatologov je, da se bodo spremembe podnebja
nadaljevale še bolj izrazito, saj bo prišlo do
sprememb v celotnem klimatskem sistemu, ki ga
sestavljajo poleg atmosfere še hidrosfera,
kriosfera, biosfera in njihove interakcije.
Spremenjene temperaturne razmere in
razporeditev padavin, kakor tudi spremembe
drugih meteoroloških spremenljivk, bodo
vplivale na vsa področja človekovega
delovanja. Kmetijstvo je kompleksno odvisno od
vremenskih in klimatskih danosti in je v zvezi
s podnebnimi spremembami močno ranljivo.
Podnebne spremembe bodo lahko pozitivno ali
negativno vplivale tako na rastlinsko kot
živinorejsko pridelavo. Najbolj je kmetijstvo
ranljivo zaradi ekstremnega vremena, kamor
štejemo zlasti suše, poplave, neurja s točo,
pa tudi nizke temperature s pozebami ter
vročinske valove. Pogostnost ekstremnih
vremenskih dogodkov se bo povečala, regionalno
pa se bo ob zvišani temperaturi zraka različno
spreminjal padavinski režim. Ker bodo med
učinki podnebnih sprememb na kmetijstvo
prevladovali negativni, je nujno, da se
kmetijstvo čimprej začne prilagajati
napovedanim podnebnim spremembam. Prilagoditve
pa so povezane ne le z odločitvami in ukrepi
posameznega kmeta, temveč tudi s kmetijsko
politiko, tržnimi mehanizmi ter razvojnimi in
tehnološkimi raziskavami.
ABSTRACT
CLIMATE CHANGE AND AGRICULTURE VULNERABILITY
Global warming is no longer just a theory or a
distant threat. The overwhelming agreement
among the world’s preeminent climate
scientists is that its impact can already be
seen today and may grow worse in the future.
This global warming is expected to
significantly disrupt the climate system. As a
result, regional temperatures and
precipitation patterns will shift across the
globe, affecting nearly every aspect of
society. The linkages between agriculture and
climate are pronounced and often complex.
Crops and livestock are sensitive to climate
change in both positive and negative ways.
Agricultural systems are most sensitive to
extreme climatic events such as droughts,
floods and hail storms, and to seasonal
variability such as periods of frost, cold or
high temperatures, and changing rainfall
patterns. Climate change could alter the
frequency and magnitude of extreme events and
could change seasonal patterns in both
favorable and unfavorable ways, depending on
regional conditions. Regional patterns of
agriculture production are likely to change.
Agriculture is fortunately a sector that can
adapt but farmer adaptations
are influenced by many factors, including
government agricultural policy, prices,
technology research and development, and
agricultural extension services.
Podnebne
spremembe in njihovi vplivi na kakovost
življenja ljudi
gLučka
KAJFEŽ-BOGATAJ
IZVLEČEK
Podnebne spremembe bodo vplivale na počutje
in zdravje ljudi ter v splošnem na kakovost
življenja, zato je preučevanje teh učinkov
pomeben izziv za znanstvenike. Možne posledice
podnebnih sprememb za zdravje ljudi bodo
odvisne tako od velikosti in poteka podnebnih
sprememb kot tudi od socio-ekonomskih
dejavnikov. Glavni neposredni dejavnik, ki bo
povzročal ranljivost na podnebne spremembe, bo
povečana pogostnost in intenzivnost ekstremnih
vremenskih dogodkov (poplave, neurja, suše).
To bo povzročalo materialne škode, selitve
prebivalstva, pomanjkanje hrane in vode,
povečano smrtnost in širjenje bolezni. Ženska
populacija bo bolj ranljiva. Vročinski valovi
bodo usodni predvsem za stararostnike, kot
bilo razvidno v Evropi poleti 2003. Povečana
koncentracija CO2 in višje
temperature bodo spodbudile rast alergogenih
rastlin in podaljšale pelodno sezono. Podnebne
spremembe bodo ogrožale tudi socio-ekonomski
razvoj, demografske tokove, turizem in
zdravstveno infrastrukturo. Učinski podnebnih
sprememb bodo še posebej izraziti v velikih
mestih, obalnih področjih in v gorskem svetu.
ABSTRACT
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON QUALITY OF HUMAN
LIFE
Global
climate change affecting patterns of human
health and quality of life in general poses a
central challenge to scientists and
policymakers. Impacts of climate change on
human health will depend on the type,
intensity, frequency and distribution of the
climatic hazards and on the social
vulnerability of the population. There is
increasing evidence on the pathways on how
climate variability and change affect health.
Quality of life is directly tied to regional
increases in climate extremes (storms, floods,
cyclones) which will cause physical damage,
population displacement, and adverse effects
on food production, freshwater availability
and adverse health effects such as deaths,
cardio vascular and respiratory morbidity and
infectious or food borne disease outbreaks.
Women tend to be more vulnerable and
marginalized. Heat-waves cause significant
mortality in the aging populations as has been
shown in the European heat-wave in 2003.
Increased concentrations of carbon dioxide and
increases in temperature are projected to
increase the growth rate of allergen-producing
plants and the length of the pollen season.
Climate change may also affect demographic
shifts, socio-economic development, tourism
and health services infrastructure. There are
areas where the impacts might be higher: urban
areas, coastal and low lying areas and
mountainous areas.
Senzorična analiza: metode in preskuševalci
Terezija
GOLOB,
Mojca JAMNIK,
Jasna BERTONCELJ,
Urška DOBERŠEK
Izvleček
Senzorična
analiza je definirana kot znanstvena
disciplina prepoznavanja in opisovanja
senzoričnih lastnosti, zaznanih s človekovimi
čuti. Obsega zaznavanje prisotnosti ali
intenzivnosti različnih senzoričnih lastnosti,
razlikovanje v zaznavanju in kvantitativno
ocenjevanje. Senzorično analizo lahko izvajajo
trije tipi senzoričnih preskuševalcev:
preskuševalci začetniki, izbrani preskuševalci
in izvedenci. Panel je skupina preskuševalcev,
izbranih in usposobljenih za delo na določenem
senzoričnem preskusu. Kakšen postopek oziroma
senzorično metodo bomo izbrali, je odvisno od
namena ocenjevanja, vrste, narave in števila
izdelkov in usposobljenosti preskuševalcev.
Izbiramo lahko med hedonskimi in analitičnimi
preskusi. Hedonske preskuse uporabimo pri
ugotavljanju stopnje sprejemljivosti in
dajanju prednosti, analitične pa za
ugotavljanje razlik in merjenje specifičnih
senzoričnih lastnosti izdelka. Pri tem moramo
razlikovati med: preskusi razlikovanja, ki so
pri senzoričnem ocenjevanju široko uporabni in
omogočajo določitev majhnih razlik med dvema
izdelkoma; preskusi z uporabo lestvic, ki se
uporabljajo za določanje intenzivnosti razlik
ali za uvrščanje vzorcev v kategorije oziroma
razrede; opisno analizo, ki jo, kot najbolj
izpopolnjeno senzorično tehniko, lahko
izvajajo le eksperti in omogoča popoln opis
vseh zaznanih senzoričnih lastnosti, v takem
vrstnem redu, kot jih zaznamo.
Abstract
SENSORY
ANALYSIS: METHODS AND ASSESSORS
Sensory
analysis is defined as a scientific discipline
of highlighting and describing the sensory
properties that are perceived by sense organs.
It comprises the perception of the presence,
or intensity of perceived properties, or the
differentiation of perception and quantitative
assessment. Three types of assessors may
perform sensory assessment: assessors,
selected assessors, and experts. Panel is a
group of assessors chosen for participation in
an analytical test. Sensory evaluation
includes examination of the sensory properties
of a product by the sense organs with one of
the following methods: hedonic tests for
measuring liking and preference of a product,
and analytical techniques for measuring or
comparing the sensory characteristics of a
product, respectively. A distinction should be
made between them. Discriminative methods are
widely used in the sensory evaluation and are
designed to detect small differences between
two products. Scaling and ranking methods are
used to estimate the order or size of
differences, or the categories or classes to
which samples should be allocated. Descriptive
analysis is the most sophisticated sensory
method, and comprises the process of
describing the perceived sensory
characteristics of a product, usually in the
order of their occurrence.
Induction of
Hsp104 by Cr(VI) in yeast Candida
intermedia
Polona JAMNIK,
Peter RASPOR
ABSTRACT
The synthesis of a polypeptide family named
heat shock or stress proteins is one of the
most conserved mechanisms of cellular
protection in the case of changes in the
environment. Among them Hsp104 is important,
because it promotes survival of cells under
extreme stresses such as high temperatures,
severe oxidative damage and high
concentrations of ethanol. The aim of our
research was to investigate whether Hsp104 is
induced in the yeast Candida intermedia
exposed to Cr(VI). Namely, Cr(VI) belongs to
redox active metals, which play an important
role in the generation of reactive oxygen
species in the cell and therefore they can
lead to oxidative damages. Yeast cells were
treated with Cr(VI) in the mid-exponential
phase and after a defined time of incubation,
Hsp104 induction was investigated by using
Western blotting. Results showed that
cultivation of yeast cells in the presence of
100
mM
Cr(VI) caused induction of Hsp104, which is
connected to formation of protein aggregates.
Hsp104 assists their resolubilization and so
contributes to cell survival. Its synthesis
was detected 0.5 h after Cr(VI) addition and
was later for up to 2 h more apparent.
Therefore, we showed that Hsp104 plays an
important role in the stress response of yeast
Candida intermedia to Cr(VI).
IZVLEČEK
INDUKCIJA Hsp104 S Cr(VI) PRI KVASOVKI
Candida intermedia
Sinteza
družine polipeptidov, ki jih imenujemo
proteini toplotnega šoka ali stresni proteini,
je eden izmed najbolj ohranjenih mehanizmov
celične zaščite pri spremembah v okolju. Med
njimi je pomemben Hsp104, ki omogoča
preživetje celic v ekstremnih stresnih
pogojih, kot so visoke temperature, močne
oksidativne poškodbe in visoke koncentracije
etanola. Namen naše raziskave je bil preučiti,
če Cr(VI) povzroči indukcijo sinteze Hsp104 v
kvasovki Candida intermedia. Cr(VI)
namreč sodi med redoks aktivne kovine, ki
imajo pomembno vlogo pri nastanku reaktivnih
kisikovih zvrsti v celici in lahko vodijo do
nastanka oksidativnih poškodb. Celice smo
izpostavili Cr(VI) v sredini eksponentne faze
rasti in po določenem času inkubacije
preverjali indukcijo Hsp104 z analizo
proteinov western. Rezultati so pokazali, da
kultivacija celic v prisotnosti 100 µM
koncentracije Cr(VI) povzroči indukcijo
Hsp104, kar je povezano s tvorbo proteinskih
agregatov. Hsp104 namreč pomaga raztopiti
agregate in s tem celicam omogoči preživetje.
Sinteza Hsp104 se je pojavila že 0,5 h po
dodatku Cr(VI), kasneje tja do dveh ur pa se
je še povečala. V raziskavi smo pokazali, da
ima Hsp104 pomembno vlogo v stresnem odgovoru
kvasovke na Cr(VI).
Conservation of natural ecosystems by land
consolidation in the rural landscape
Anka
Lisec,
Marina PINTAR
ABSTRACT
Protecting
the environment better livelihoods in rural
communities have become increasingly important
elements in land consolidation. The main
objective of land consolidation is to improve
the land holdings of farmers by concentrating
their farms in as few plots as possible, and
to support the farms with roads and
infrastructure when needed. Experiences from
the Western European countries and also from
Slovenia show that land consolidation, which
solely focuses on increase in productivity
without taking into consideration the
ecological aspects easily lead to negative
effects. The fragmentation of natural
ecosystems resulting from inappropriate land
consolidation has been recognised as one of
the major causes of the decline of
biodiversity, the others being erosion, and
the lowering of water table. In the areas of
intensive agricultural production ecological
structures, such as hedges, small areas of
bushes, trees and water holes should be
preserved. Because the efficiency of land
utilisation increases after the implementation
of land consolidation, the small land areas
could be justified to ecological land use.
IZVLEČEK
OHRANJANJE NARAVNIH EKOSISTEMOV PRI ZLOŽBI
ZEMLJIŠČ V KMETIJSKI KRAJINI
Sonaravno
urejanje kmetijskih zemljišč ob upoštevanju
ekoloških meril predstavlja danes pomembno
smernico pri izvajanju komasacij kmetijskih
zemljišč. Osnovni namen komasacije kmetijskih
zemljišč je izboljšanje posestne in zemljiške
strukture in s tem posredno povečanje
kmetijske pridelave, hkrati pa se nanaša na
urejanje potrebnih dostopnih poti in druge
infrastrukture v kmetijski krajini. Komasacije
kmetijskih zemljišč v nekaterih
zahodnoevropskih državah in tudi v Sloveniji,
ki so bile osredotočene le na povečanje
kmetijske proizvodnje, zanemarjeni pa so bili
ekološki vidiki, so mnogokrat prinesle več
škode kot koristi. Neprimeren pristop h
komasacijam kmetijskih zemljišč in s tem
povezano drobljenje in krčenje naravnih
ekosistemov so lahko vzrok za povečanje
občutljivosti zemljišč na erozijo rodovitnih
tal, na sušna obdobja in za izginevanje
številnih rastlinskih in živalskih vrst v
kmetijski krajini. Na območjih z intenzivno
kmetijsko pridelavo bi se morali ohranjati
ekološki elementi, kot so obmejki, grmičevje,
mlake ipd. S komasacijami kmetijskih zemljišč
se uniči veliko takih ekoloških elementov, ki
bi jih morali vsaj delno ohraniti, del pa
nadomestiti z novimi ekološkimi površinami.
Water Balance Assessment for Lysimeter Station
based on Water Pumping Station Kleče in
Ljubljana
Vesna
Zupanc,
Branka
Bračič-Železnik,
Marina
Pintar
ABSTRACT
For soil water balance calculation two
lysimeters were built on Water Pumping Station
of Public Water Supply Company in Ljubljana.
Soil water balance (change in storage) was
calculated using precipitation,
evapotranspiration, and lysimeter outflow.
Outflow measurements systematically showed
discrepancy between Lysimeter North and
Lysimeter South, in average 300 mm/year.
Yearly soil water balance calculation for the
Lysimeter North shows slight decrease in water
storage every year in studied period (2001 –
2004).
IZVLEČEK
OCENA
VODNE BILANCE ZA LIZIMETRSKO POSTAJO PRI
VODARNI KLEČE V LJUBLJANI
Na črpališču Kleče javnega podjetja
Vodovod-Kanalizacija Ljubljana sta bila
zgrajena dva lizimetra za ugotavljanje vodne
balance tal. S pomočjo padavin,
evapotranspiracije in iztoka iz lizimetra smo
izračunali vodno bilanco tal (spremembo v
zalogi vode v tleh). Meritve iztoka iz
lizimetrov so pokazale razliko med severnim in
južnim lizimetrom, v povprečju 300 mm na leto.
Izračun vodne bilance na letni ravni za
severni lizimeter nakazuje rahlo zmanjšanje v
zalogi vode v tleh za vsako leto v opazovanem
obdobju (2001 – 2004).
Effects of rugose wood and GLRaV-1 on yield of
cv. ‘Refošk’ grapevines
Irma
TOMAŽIČ, Nataša PETROVIČ,
Zora KOROŠEC-KORUZA
Abstract
The
influences of rugose wood (RW) disease and
grapevine leafroll associated Closterovirus 1
(GLRaV-1) on yield in grapevine cv. Refošk
were studied. Both diseases were shown to
reduce the yield. The grape quality expressed
as sugar degree (°Oe) was higher in GLRaV-1
infected vines probably due to lower yield and
consequent early ripeness. 18 % of plants with
RW symptoms on the rootstock part of the vine
have died 10 years after planting.
IZVLEČEK
VPLIV BOLEZNI RAZBRAZDANJA LESA TER GLRaV-1
NA PRIDELEK SORTE 'REFOŠK'
Proučevan je bil vpliv bolezni razbrazdanja
lesa ter virusnega zvijanja listov vinske trte
(Grapevine leafroll associated Closterovirus
1, GLRaV-1) na pridelek sorte 'Refošk'. Tako
GLRaV-1 kot bolezen razbrazdanja lesa vplivata
na zmanjšanje pridelka. Kakovost grozdja,
izražena v °Oe stopinjah sladkorja, je bila
boljša pri trsih okuženih z GLRaV-1, verjetno
tudi zaradi manjšega pridelka in posledično
hitrejšega dozorevanja grozdja okuženih
trsov. 18 % trsov z boleznijo razbrazdanja
lesa, izraženo na podlagah okuženih trsov, je
propadlo že 10 let po sajenju.
Vpeljava in ovrednotenje metode določevanja
mineralnega dušika v tleh
Ugotavljanje
vsebnosti anorganskega oz. mineralnega dušika
(Nmin), ki ga ekstrahiramo iz zemlje z 0,01 M
razt. CaCl2, omogoča izboljšanje
napovedovanja gnojenja z dušikom. V ta namen
smo razvili analitske metode določevanja
amonijevih, nitratnih in nitritnih ionov v
zemlji. Metode smo verificirali; določili smo
točnost, natančnost, mejo zaznavnosti (LOD) in
mejo kvantitativne določitve (LOQ). Točnost
meritev smo dokazali z uspešnim sodelovanjem
laboratorija v mednarodni medlaboratorijski
primerjalni shemi WEPAL (Wageningen Evaluating
Programme for Analytical Laboratories,
Nizozemska). Natančnost meritev (ponovljivost
in obnovljivost) smo izrazili z relativnim
standardnim odmikom (RSD), ki je bil v vseh
primerih pod 2%. Vrednosti LOD in LOQ za
nitratni dušik sta bili 0,05 mg/kg oz. 0,18
mg/kg in za amonijski dušik 0,09 mg/kg oz.
0,31 mg/kg.
INTRODUCTION AND VERIFICATION OF METHODS USED
FOR DETERMINATION OF MINERAL NITROGEN IN SOIL
Determination
of inorganic or mineral nitrogen content (Nmin),
extracted from the soil with the 0.01 M CaCl2
solution, enables improvements of
fertilization recommendations with nitrogen.
For this purpose we have developed analytical
methods for determination of ammonium, nitrate
and nitrite ions in the soil. The methods were
verified; trueness, precision, limit of
detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ)
were determined. The trueness of measurements
was proofed by successful participation of our
laboratory in the international
interlaboratory exchange programme WEPAL (Wageningen
Evaluating Programme for Analytical
Laboratories, Netherland). The precision of
measurements (repeatability and
reproducibility) was expresed as relative
standard deviation (RSD) which was under 2% in
all cases. The values of LOD and LOQ were 0,05
mg/kg and 0,18 mg/kg respectively for nitrate
nitrogen and 0,09 mg/kg or 0,31 mg/kg for
ammonium nitrogen.
Karakteristike sojeva Phomopsis sp.
izolovanih iz izdanaka obolele maline
Momčilo ARSENIJEVIĆ
IZVOD
Ukazano je na pojavu Phomopsis sp.
izolovanog iz izdanaka obolele maline. Date su
karakteristike razvoja dva soja ove gljive pri
gajenju na hranljivoj podlozi. Istaknuto je i
njihovo ponašanje pri veštačkoj inokulaciji
plodova jabuke i višnje kao i izdanaka kupine
u odsustvu maline. Podloge od graška, crnog
luka i krompir-glukozna (PDA) pogodan su
hranljivi supstrat za razvoj kolonija,
stvaranje piknidskih stroma i α i
β-piknospora. Temperaturni optimum za porast
kolonija i fruktifikaciju parazita je 15o-25o
C.
IZVLEČEK
KARAKTERISTIKE
SOJEV Phomopsis sp. IZOLIRANIH
IZ POGANJKOV OBOLELE MALINE
Phomopsis
sp. je bil izoliran iz poganjkov obolele
maline. Ugotovljene so lastnosti dveh sojev
glive, članek poroča o morfoloških lastnostih
glive in kultur. Lastnosti sojev so bile
raziskane z umetno okužbo jabolk in češenj,
kot tudi poganjkov robide namesto maline.
Gojišča z grahom, čebulo in krompir-glukozno
gojišče (PDA) so primerna za razvoj kolonij,
piknidijev ter α in β-piknospor. Temperaturni
optimum za rast kolonij in fruktifikacijo
parazita je med 15o in
25o C.
ABSTRACT
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE Phomopsis sp.
STRAINS ISOLATED FROM RASPBERRY CANES
DIESEASED
The fungus Phomopsis sp. originating
from raspberry canes diseased was isolated and
its two strains (Ph-18 and Ph-19) were
studied. Their morphological and cultural
properties are given in this paper. The
pathogenicity of the strains investigated were
proved by the artificial inoculation of apple
and cherry fruits, as well as using blackberry
instead raspberry canes (Figs. 1-10). Pea
grain agar, onion and PDA were suitable
nutrient source for colony development and the
pycnidial stromata and α and β-pycnidiospores
production. The temperature optimum for colony
growth and pathogen fructification ranged
between 15o-25oC.
Concentration
of suspension
and temperature
as factors of pathogenicity of
entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of
granary weevil, Sitophilus granarius
(L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Stanislav
TRDAN,
Nevenka VALIČ, Gregor UREK,
Lea
MILEVOJ
ABSTRACT
Efficacy
of four species of entomopathogenic nematodes
(Steinernema feltiae, S. carpocapsae,
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, H.
megidis) for the control of granary weevil
adults (Sitophilus granarius)
was tested under laboratory condition.
Suspensions of nematodes were applied in three
concentrations (5.000, 10.000, and 20.000 IJs
per ml) at three temperatures (15oC,
20oC and 25oC). After
one week mortality of the beetles was
assessed. No significant differences in the
percentage of mortality were determined
between treatments with S. feltiae,
S. carpocapsae and H. bacteriophora,
while H. megidis was the least
efficient. Mortality of the beetles was
statistically significantly higher at 20 and
25 oC. Influence of the
concentration of the nematode suspension was
proved to be less important in biological
activity of biological agents in question.
IZVLEČEK
KONCENTRACIJA
SUSPENZIJE IN TEMPERATURA KOT DEJAVNIKA
PATOGENOSTI ENTOMOPATOGENIH OGORČIC PRI
ZATIRANJU ČRNEGA ŽITNEGA ŽUŽKA, Sitophilus
granarius (L.) (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae)
V laboratorijskih razmerah smo preučevali
učinkovitost štirih vrst entomopatogenih
ogorčic (Steinernema feltiae, S.
carpocapsae, Heterorhabditis
bacteriophora, H. megidis) za
zatiranje odraslih osebkov črnega žitnega
žužka (Sitophilus granarius). Tri
različne koncentracije suspenzije (5.000,
10.000 in 20.000 infektivnih ličink/ml) smo
aplicirali pri treh različnih temperaturah (15oC,
20oC in 25oC). Po enem
tednu smo ugotavljali smrtnost hroščkov. Med
vrstami S. feltiae, S. carpocapsae
in H. bacteriophora nismo ugotovili
značilnih razlik v vplivu na smrtnost hroščkov,
vrsta H. megidis pa je v tej zvezi
pokazala najmanjšo učinkovitost.
Smrtnost hroščkov je bila statistično značilno
največja pri temperaturah 20 in 25 oC.
Ugotavljamo, da je koncentracija suspenzije, v
primerjavi s temperaturo okolja, manj pomemben
dejavnik biotičnega delovanja entomopatogenih
ogorčic na hroščke črnega žitnega žužka.
Stročnice v kolobarju slovenskih ekoloških
kmetij
Darja KOCJAN AČKO, Špelca TOLAR,
Igor ŠANTAVEC
IZVLEČEK
Analiza prisotnosti stročnic v kolobarju
slovenskih ekoloških kmetij temelji na
anketah, poslanih 30-im gospodarjem ekoloških
kmetij konec leta 2002 in 2004 in na preučitvi
sestave kolobarja na treh ekoloških kmetijah
na Gorenjskem v obdobju 2001 do 2004.
Rezultati anket kažejo, da je večini kmetov
znan pomen stročnic pri ohranjanju in
izboljšanju rodovitnosti tal, kljub temu pa
stročnicam pri sestavi njivskih kolobarjev ne
namenjajo pozornosti zaradi nepoznavanja vrst
in tehnologije pridelave na njivi ter neznanja
pri uporabi zrnja in zelinja za prehrano ljudi
in živali. S preučitvijo sestave štiriletnih
njivskih kolobarjev na treh ekoloških kmetijah
je bilo ugotovljeno, da je delež okopavin v
kolobarju na kmetiji A 48 %, na kmetiji B 57 %
in na kmetiji C 41 %, kar v primerjavi z
norfolkškim kolobarjem presega ustrezen
25-odstotni delež okopavin, nasprotno pa je
delež žit v kolobarjih teh kmetij veliko
manjši od ustreznih 50 % in sicer na kmetiji
C jih je 34 %, na kmetiji A 29 %, na kmetiji B
pa komaj 18 %; od stročnic so v njivskem
kolobarju le detelje v mešanicah s travami
(kmetija A 23 %, kmetija B 25 %, kmetija C 41
%), kar pomeni, da imata kmetiji A in B v
kolobarju pomembno manj stročnic, ki bi morale
v čistem posevku pokrivati 25 % zemljišč. V
predlogu izboljšanih kolobarjev je večji delež
žit in manjši delež okopavin ter setev
stročnic v smeri čistih posevkov detelj in
debelo zrnatih stročnic za krmo živali v
čistih posevkih (grah, soja) in v mešanih
posevkih (ovsiga), ekološki kmetje pa bi
morali razmisliti tudi o širjenju debelo
zrnatih stročnic za prehrano ljudi iz gredic
na njive.
ABSTRACT
LEGUMES IN CROP ROTATION OF SLOVENIAN
ORGANIC FARMS
Analysis
of legumes, included in the crop rotation of
Slovenian organic farms was based on the
questionnaire, sent to the farmers on 30
organic farms in the end of 2002 and 2004 and
on the study of crop rotation composition on
three organic farms in Gorenjska region in the
period from 2001 to 2004. The results of the
study showed that most farmers were well
acquainted with the importance of legumes in
keeping and improving the soil fertility,
although they still have not put enough
attention to the inclusion of the legumes into
the crop rotation due to lack of knowledge on
different types of legumes and field
production technologies and due to unawareness
of the grain and herbage usage in human
consumption and animal nutrition. With the
study of four-year crop rotation composition
on three organic farms it was ascertained that
the share of root crops in the crop rotation
on farm A was 48 %, on farm B 57 % and on farm
C 41 %. These figures exceeded the suitable 25
% share of root crops in Norfolk's crop
rotation. On the contrary, the share of
cereals in crop rotation was much lower than
the most suitable one of 50 % - on farm C 34
%, on farm A 29 % and on farm B only 18 %.
Among legume crops, included in the crop
rotation, there was only the clover mixed with
grass (farm A 23 %, farm B 25 %, farm C 41 %).
It has been shown that, especially in farms A
and B, the share of legumes in the crop
rotation was significantly lower than the
recommended one (25 % of the land measured as
the single crop). In our proposal for the
improved crop rotation a bigger share of
cereals and smaller share of root crops was
anticipated as well as the changes in the
legumes’ structure, directing the clover
sowing in unmixed crops and grain legumes for
animal nutrition in pure crops (pea, soya)
and/or in mixed crops. Organic farmers should
also consider the spread of grain legumes for
human consumption from garden beds level to
the fields.
The response of sunflower to acute disturbance
in water availability
Mateja GERM, Olga URBANC
BERČIČ,
Darja KOCJAN AČKO
ABSTRACT
The influence of disturbance in water
availability to electron flow in photosystem
II was studied in five cultivars of sunflower.
The results showed unaffected optimal
quantum yield
of photosystem II in the plants exposed to
limited water supply, indicating
the short-term
tolerance of photosynthetic processes to acute
water deficiency. Effective quantum
yield of
photosystem II was affected by interruption of
water flow through the plants. Cultivar Labud
exhibited the greatest sensitivity to water
deficiency.
IZVLEČEK
ODZIV
SONČNIC NA AKUTNO POMANJKANJE VODE
Pri petih kultivarjih sončnic smo preučevali
vpliv omejene preskrbe z vodo na pretok
elektronov v fotosistemu II. Prekinitev
vodnega toka skozi rastlino ni vplivala na
optimalno fotokemično učinkovitost fotosistema
II, kar kaže na odpornost procesa fotosinteze
na akutno zmanjšano preskrbljenost rastlin z
vodo. Dejanska fotokemična učinkovitost
fotosistema II se ob akutni motnji preskrbe z
vodo zmanjša. Odziv kultivarja Labud kaže
največjo občutljivost.
Influence of foliar-applied phosphorus and
potassium on photosynthesis and transpiration
of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple leaves (Malus
domestica Borkh.)
Abstract
The influence of foliar-applied phosphorus (P)
and potassium (K) on leaf photosynthesis,
transpiration and water use efficiency during
the season was studied in Malus domestica
‘Golden Delicious’. The research was carried
out on 14-year-old trees on M9 rootstocks.
Trees were either sprayed with PK (Hascon M 10
AD), P (Radicon) or K fertiliser (Krad) or
left unsprayed (control). PK spraying improved
leaf potassium content and postponed the
seasonal decrease in leaf potassium
concentration. In other treatments, on the
other hand, fertilizers were less effective in
terms of leaf nutrient concentration
enhancement. In general P, and to a lesser
extent PK, spraying resulted in reduced leaf
photosynthesis and transpiration to the K and
control treatments. High leaf photosynthetic
and transpiration rates were measured in the
control. Trees sprayed with PK showed the
highest water use efficiency during the summer
period, which could be a benefit in response
to water stress, frequently experienced under
given climate.
Izvleček
Vpliv foliarno nanešenega fosforja in kalija
na fotosintezo in transpiracijo listov jablane
(Malus domestica Borkh.) ‘ZLATI DELIŠES’
Proučevali
smo vpliv foliarno dodanega fosforja (P) in
kalija (K) na fotosintezo, transpiracijo in
učinkovitost izrabe vode listov jablane (Malus
domestica Borkh.) ‘Zlati delišes’. Poskus
je bil zasnovan na 14 let starih drevesih
cepljenih na podlago M9. Drevesa smo
poškropili s PK (Hascon M 10 AD), P (Radicon),
K gnojilom (Krad) in jih primerjali z
neškropljenimi drevesi (kontrola). Škropljenje
s PK je vplivalo predvsem na večjo vsebnost
kalija v listih ter zmanjšalo sezonski padec v
vsebnosti tega elementa. Druga obravnavanja so
se izkazala kot manj učinkovita z vidika
povečanja vsebnosti elementov v listih. V
primerjavi s K škropljenimi drevesi in
kontrolnimi drevesi, je škropljenje s P in
nekoliko manj s PK zmanjšalo fotosintezo in
transpiracijo listov. Drevesa škropljena s PK
so kazala v poletnem času največjo vrednost
parametra učinkovitosti izrabe vode, kar bi
lahko bilo pomembno z vidika zmanjševanja
sušnega stresa, s katerim se pogosto srečamo v
naših krajih v tem obdobju.
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