Growth dynamics and
reproductive activity of annual shoots in
the walnut cultivar 'Elit'
Anita SOLAR, Mitja SOLAR,
Franci ŠTAMPAR
ABSTRACT
An
architectural analysis of a fruiting branch
in the Slovenian variety 'Elit' was
conducted during three successive years. The
fruit bearing branch was constructed of a
three-year-old parent shoot plus all
corresponding two-year-old shoots and annual
shoots (1Y). The construction of the bearing
branch during the time caused a
statistically significant increase in the
number of annual shoots. The basal diameter
and the length of 1Y significantly depended
on a year whereas their angles did not. In
spite of decreasing length of 1Y, the number
of vegetative buds per shoot increased from
the first to the third year of observations.
The number of nodes was closely correlated
with the length of the shoots. Activity
points on the 1Y were most often on the
apical two or three nodes, what was
expressed by a marked acrotony. The number
of active points varied as the tree matured.
The ratio fruit bearing 1Y / total 1Y was
0.47 in year 1; 0.18 in year 2; 0.74 in year
3. It points to the slightly alternance. As
the tree grew the number of flowering buds
per 1Y as well as the number of female
flowers per 1Y increased. The results of the
three-year-long research show some growth
and development rules in the walnut cultivar
‘Elit’, however, they do not allow a
reliable prediction of the following
activities. We assume that this will be
possible after another three-year-long
analysis, with the help of the Hidden Mark
Model.
IZVLEČEK
DINAMIKA RASTI IN RODNOSTI ENOLETNIH
POGANJKOV OREHA SORTE 'ELIT'
Da bi proučili dinamiko rasti in rodnosti enoletnih
poganjkov pri slovenski sorti oreha 'Elit',
smo v treh zaporednih letih izvedli
arhitektonsko analizo rodne veje, zgrajene
iz triletnega nosilnega poganjka in vseh
pripadajočih dveletnih in enoletnih
poganjkov
(1Y).
Z izgradnjo rodne veje se je iz leta v leto
statistično značilno povečevalo število 1Y.
Leto je značilno vplivalo na bazalno
debelino in dolžino 1Y, na njihove kote pa
ne. Čeprav se je dolžina 1Y zmanjševala od
prvega do tretjega leta opazovanj, je
število vegetativnih brstov na 1Y naraščalo.
Število nodijev je bilo v vseh letih v tesni
zvezi z dolžino poganjkov. Aktivna mesta na
1Y so bila najpogosteje na zadnjih dveh ali
treh nodijih, kar se odraža v izraziti
akrotoni razrasti. Število aktivnih mest se
je povečevalo s starostjo drevesa. Razmerje
skupni 1Y/rodni 1Y je bilo v prvem letu
0.47, v drugem letu 0.18, v tretjem letu pa
0.74 in nakazuje rahlo izmenično rodnost. Z
leti sta naraščali število rodnih brstov in
število ženskih cvetov na 1Y. Triletni
rezultati nakazujejo nekatere zakonitosti v
rasti in razvoju oreha sorte ‘Elit’, ne
dopuščajo pa še zanesljivega napovedovanja
nadaljnje aktivnosti. Ocenjujemo, da bo s
pomočjo Markove verige to mogoče po
opravljenih analizah v naslednjem triletnem
ciklusu.
The correlation of the pear (Pyrus
communis L.) cv. 'Williams' yield quality to the foliar nutrition and water
regime
Metka HUDINA,
Franci ŠTAMPAR
Abstract
The influence of the foliar nutrition and
the water regime on the pear fruits quality
(Pyrus communis L.) cv. ‘Williams’
was studied in 1998. We determined the
contents of individual sugars (glucose,
fructose, sucrose and sorbitol) and organic
acids (malic, citric, fumaric and shikimic)
by HPLC (High Performance Liquid
Chromatography). The sizes of the fruits (diameter,
length, weight) were measured as well as the
amounts of soluble solids and titrable acids.
The experiment comprised three treatments:
the foliar nutrition, the irrigation and the
control. In the treatment of the foliar
nutrition the trees were sprayed for five
times (from May 22 to July 7) with a foliar
fertilizer, which contained 15% of P2O5,
20% of K2O, 0.1% of Mn, 0.1% of B
and 0.1% of Mo. In the treatment of
irrigation the trees were watered during the
growth period with 4 l/tree/day. The foliar
nutrition influenced bigger sizes of fruits,
increased contents of glucose, sorbitol,
soluble solids, malic, citric and fumaric
acids, titrable acids and higher pH of juice.
The irrigation had influence on the decrease
in the contents of individual sugars (glucose,
fructose, sucrose, sorbitol), soluble solids,
organic acids (malic, citric, fumaric and
shikimic) and pH of juice as well as on the
bigger sizes of fruits (length, diameter,
weight).
IZVLEČEK
ODVISNOST KAKOVOSTI PRIDELKA HRUŠK (Pyrus
communis L.)
SORTE
‘Viljamovka’ od FOLIARNE PREHRANE IN
PRESKRBE Z VODO
Vpliv foliarne prehrane in preskrbe z vodo
na kakovost plodov smo proučevali v plodovih
hrušk (Pyrus communis L.) sorte
‘Viljamovka’ v letu 1998. Določali smo
vsebnost sladkorjev (glukoze, fruktoze,
saharoze in sorbitola) in organskih kislin (jabolčne,
citronske, fumarne in šikimske) s pomočjo
visokoločljivostne tekočinske kromatografije
(HPLC). Plodovom smo izmerili velikost (premer,
višina, masa), vsebnost suhe snovi in
titrabilnih kislin. V poskus smo vključili 3
obravnavanja: foliarna prehrana, namakano in
kontrola. Pri obravnavanju foliarna prehrana
smo drevesa 5 krat (od 22. maja do 7. julija)
škropili s foliarnim pripravkom Hascon M10
AD, ki je vseboval 15 % P2O5,
20 % K2O, 0,1 % Mn, 0,1 % B in
0,1 % Mo. Pri obravnavanju namakano smo
drevesa namakali med rastno dobo s 4 l/drevo/dan.
Foliarna prehrana je vplivala na večjo
velikost plodov, večjo vsebnost fruktoze,
sorbitola, suhe snovi, jabolčne, citronske
in fumarne kisline, titrabilnih kislin in na
večji pH soka. Namakanje je vplivalo na
zmanjšanje vsebnosti posameznih sladkorjev (glukoze,
fruktoze, saharoze in sorbitola), suhe snovi,
organskih kislin (jabolčne, citronske,
fumarne in šikimske) in pH soka. Namakanje
je imelo pozitiven vpliv na velikost plodov
(premer, višina, masa).
Vrednotenje
metode PCR za sočasno določanje bakterij
rodu Salmonella in vrste Listeria
monocytogenes v živilih
Sonja
SMOLE MOŽINA, Anže LENČEK,
Barbara JERŠEK
IZVLEČEK
Salmoneloza in listerioza sta alimentarni
infekciji zato so hitre in zanesljive
metode določanja bakterij rodu Salmonella
in vrste Listeria monocytogenes pogoj
za zagotavljanje varne hrane. Metode na
osnovi PCR imajo teoretične prednosti v
primerjavi s tradicionalnimi mikrobiološkimi
metodami, vendar morajo biti pred rutinsko
uporabo ustrezno vrednotene. V prispevku je
predstavljeno vrednotenje metode PCR za
sočasno določitev bakterij rodu
Salmonella in vrste L. monocytogenes
v živilih kot primer validacije alternativne
kvalitativne metode glede na referenčne
metode. Ustrezna izvedba metode PCR je
hitrejša od standardnih mikrobioloških metod,
ima enako relativno točnost, relativno
občutljivost in relativno specifičnost ter
pomeni dobro osnovo za nadaljnje
medlaboratorijsko vrednotenje.
ABSTRACT
EVALUATION OF PCR METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS
DETECTION OF Salmonella and
Listeria monocytogenes IN FOODS
Salmonelosis and listeriosis are foodborne
illnesses and therefore the rapid and
accurate detection of Salmonella and
Listeria monocytogenes are important
for food safety assurance. PCR-based methods
offer theoretically many advantages over
traditional microbiological methods but they
should be evaluated prior implementation in
routine testing. The evaluation of PCR
method for simultaneous detection of
Salmonella and L. monocytogenes
in foods is presented as an example of
validation of an alternative qualitative
method against the reference methods.
Appropriate procedure of PCR method is
faster than standard microbiological methods,
it has the same relative accuracy, relative
sensitivity and relative specificity and
means good basis for further interlaboratoy
validation.
Poškodovanost kostanjevih
listov zaradi kostanjevega listnega zavrtača (Cameraria ohridella Deschka&Dimić)
Alenka PIVK,
Lea MILEVOJ
IZVLEČEK
Za potrebe načrtovanja varstva kostanjevih dreves smo
v letih 2003 in 2004 ocenjevali poškodbe, ki
jih povzročajo gosenice kostanjevega
listnega zavrtača (Cameraria ohridella
Deschka&Dimić) na listih divjega kostanja (Aesculus
hippocastanum L.) v parku Tivoli v
Ljubljani. V letu 2003 smo določili stopnjo
napadenosti dreves s pomočjo računalniškega
programa, v letu 2004 pa smo se odločili za
vizualno ocenjevanje napadenosti listov.
Liste smo glede na delež izvrtin uvrstili v
osem razredov. Rezultati poskusa so pokazali,
da so bila drevesa v letu 2003 bolj napadena
s kostanjevim listnim zavrtačem kot v
naslednjem letu. Površina izvrtin v avgustu
2003 je pri več kot 80% listov v povprečju
zavzela od 10% do 50% njihove celotne
površine, v septembru istega leta pa od 50%
do 100%. V letu 2004 so bili listi napadeni
s kostanjevim listnim zavrtačem v obeh
mesecih pod 25%, vendar smo opazili, da so
bili istočasno okuženi z listno sušico
divjega kostanja (Guignardia aesculi
Peck./Stev./) tudi do 50%. Pri spremljanju
napadenosti listov glede na starost
kostanjevih dreves v letu 2003 smo ugotovili,
da obstajajo statistično značilne razlike
med obravnavanji. Podatki kažejo, da so bila
junija najmlajša drevesa manj napadena, v
juliju pa bolj napadena od ostalih dveh
obravnavanj. V avgustu in septembru so bila
drevesa srednje starosti manj napadena od
najmlajših in najstarejših dreves, a hkrati
močno okužena z glivo Guignardia aesculi.
ABSTRACT
DAMAGE TO FOLIAGE OF HORSE CHESTNUT TREES
INDUCED BY THE HORSE CHESTNUT LEAFMINER (Cameraria
ohridella Deschka&Dimić)
In 2003 and 2004 research was carried out in
the Tivoli park in Ljubljana with the aim
of measuring leaf damage caused by horse
chestnut leafminer (Cameraria ohridella
Deschka&Dimić) on horse chestnut trees (Aesculus
hippocastanum L.). In 2003 the area of
mines and leaves was measured by means of
the computer programme. In 2004 visual
evaluation was used, in order to assess leaf
damage. On the basis of calculations, the
leaves were categorised into 8 classes
according to damaged area. The results of
categorization of leaf damage show that, in
2003 trees were more infested by horse
chestnut leafminer than in 2004.
Information gathered by observation in 2003
showed that, on average, over 80% of foliage
was damaged from 10 to 50% in August and
from 50 to 100% in September. In 2004 trees
were infested less than 25% in all months of
observation but at the same time they were
also attacked up to 50% by the fungus
Guignardia aesculi /Peck./Stev. A
comparison of the average damage between
individual groups in 2003 shows a difference
in leaf damage to be related the age
difference. The results showed that
in June the youngest trees were less
infested than the other two groups, whereas
in July the infestation of these trees was
more severe. In August and September the
group of middle-age trees was considerably
less attacked than the other two but at the
same time more infected by Guignardia
aesculi.
Palm thrips, Parthenothrips dracaenae (Heeger)
(Thysanoptera: Thripidae), in Slovenia: still a pest of minor importance?
Stanislav
TRDAN, Miloš JOVIĆ,
Ljiljana ANDJUS
Abstract
Palm thrips, Parthenothrips dracaenae
(Heeger), is widespread in Europe but it was
never found in great number. This thrips
lives and feeds on the leaves of different
ornamental plants grown in protected places,
particularly in domestic environments. In
Slovenia up to now the species was recorded
on plants from Dracaena and Ficus
genera. Larvae and adults suck sap from the
leaves of host plants causing silvering of
leaves. Palm thrips belongs to the group of
pest thrips species which presents 1 % of
world thysanopteran fauna, so it deserves
special attention. In this paper description
of the species, its systematics, bionomics,
distribution in Europe, host plants, and
potential economic importance in Slovenia
are presented.
IZVLEČEK
Resar Parthenothrips dracaenae (Heeger)
je v Evropi splošno razširjena vrsta, a se
ne pojavlja v velikem obsegu. Žuželka živi
in se prehranjuje na listih različnih
okrasnih rastlin, najdemo jo zlasti v
bivanjskih prostorih. V Sloveniji je bila
vrsta doslej ugotovljena na rastlinah iz
rodov Dracaena in Ficus. Resar
je svojim gostiteljem škodljiv zaradi
sesanja ličink in odraslih osebkov na
listih, s čimer prihaja do srebrenja listov.
Vrsta P. dracaenae spada med 1 % v
svetu gospodarsko škodljivih resarjev in si
že zato zasluži pozornost. V prispevku je
opisana vrsta, njena sistematika in
bionomija, razširjenost v Evropi,
gostiteljske rastline in njen potencialni
gospodarski pomen v Sloveniji.
Response of
leek (Allium porrum L.) to different
levels of nitrogen dose under agro-climate
conditions of Bosnia and Herzegovina
Lutvija KARIĆ, Smiljka VUKAŠINOVIĆ,
Dragan ŽNIDARČIČ
ABSTRACT
Field experiment was conducted to evaluate
growth, yield and quality of leek (Allium
porrum L.) under different nitrogen
levels, on a
heavy clay loam
soil in the agro-climate of central Bosnia
and Herzegovina. Treatments comprised four
nitrogen levels (0, 50, 100 and 200 kg ha-1),
using local leek variety Karentan. The
levels of 100 and 200 kg ha-1
were repeated in split applications. Results
demonstrated that increasing level of
nitrogen to 200 kg ha-1 resulted
in greater number of leaves per plant
(14.4), maximum leaves weight (194.6 g plant-1),
higher pseudo-stem diameter (36.3 mm),
maximum pseudo-stem weight (146.5 g) and
highest total yield (91.98 t ha-1).
There was a linear increase in total yield
from nitrogen fertilization (r2 =
0.87). There was also slight evidence that
higher nitrogen amount decrease dry matter.
Furthermore, increase in nitrogen levels had
no appreciable effect on chemical
composition (total and reducing sugars,
vitamin C) of leek.
IZVLEČEK
V
poljskem poskusu na težki ilovnati zemlji v
agroklimatskih razmerah osrednje Bosne in
Hercegovine smo ugotavljali rast, pridelek
in kakovost pora (Allium porrum L.),
gnojenega z različnimi odmerki dušika. V
poskus je bila vključena lokalna sorta
Karentan, ki smo jo gnojili s štirimi
različnimi količinami dušika (0, 50, 100 in
200 kg ha-1). Gnojenje s 100 in
200 kg ha-1 je bilo razdeljeno na
več odmerkov. Rezultati so pokazali, da se
je z naraščanjem količine dušika pri 200 kg
ha-1 povečalo število listov na
rastlino (14,4), listi so dosegli največjo
težo (194,6 g rastlino-1), lažna
stebla so dosegla največji premer (36,3 mm)
in največjo težo (146,5 g). Pri 200 kg
dušika ha-1 je bil največji tudi
skupni pridelek (91,98 t ha-1),
ki je linearno naraščal s količino gnojila
(r2 = 0,87). Opazili smo še rahel
trend upadanja suhe snovi z naraščajočim
gnojenjem. Naraščajoča količina dušika pa ni
zaznavno vpliva na kemično sestavo pora
(skupni in reducirajoči sladkorji,
C-vitamin).
Uravnavanje kislosti
belih in rdečih vin s kemijskim razkisom
Tatjana KOŠMERL
IZVLEČEK
Zmanjšanje skupnih kislin in s tem povezano
povečanje pH v kislinsko bogatih moštih ali
vinih ima za vinarje zelo velik pomen in
tudi posledice. Uravnavanje kislosti lahko
izvedemo s kemijskim razkisom (s kalcijevim
karbonatom ali kalijevim hidrogenkarbonatom)
ali pa z biološko razgradnjo (pretvorbo
jabolčne kisline v mlečno kislino z
mlečnokislinskimi bakterijami). Kemijski
razkis s karbonati je bolj priporočljivo
izvesti v moštih kot v vinih. Obseg
kemijskega razkisa naj temelji na
določevanju želene vsebnosti skupnih kislin
in pH, ne le na podlagi senzorične ocene.
Pufrna kapaciteta ter razmerje med vinsko in
jabolčno kislino pomembno vplivajo na obseg
kemijskega razkisa. Poudariti je potrebno,
da je zaznava kislosti ali omlednosti vina
odvisna predvsem od vsebnosti skupnih kislin,
medtem ko vrednost pH določa mikrobiološko
stabilnost.
ABSTRACT
ACIDITY
ADJUSTMENT OF WHITE AND RED WINES BY
CHEMICAL DEACIDIFICATION
The reduction of titratable acidity and the
accompanying rise in pH value of high acid
grape must or wine has important
consequences for winemakers. The acidity
adjustment can be made by chemical
deacidification (with calcium carbonate or
potassium hydrogencarbonate) or by
biological degradation (conversion of malic
acid to lactic acid with lactic acid
bacteria). It is generally accepted that a
must treatment by carbonate is preferred
that a wine treatment. The adjustments will
generally be based on target values of
titratable acidity and pH rather than by
sensory evaluation. The ability to obtain
the desired level of deacidification is very
much influenced by the natural variation in
the buffer capacity and the proportion
between tartaric and malic acid. We have to
emphasis that the perception of sourness or
flatness becomes from the titratable
acidity, but the microbial stability of the
wine is primarily influenced by the pH.
Preiskovalna raziskava
pripravljenosti kmetov za izvajanje socialnih storitev kot dopolnilne dejavnosti
na kmetiji
Izvleček
V preiskovalni raziskavi so proučevali
pripravljenost slovenskih kmetov za razvoj
ponudbe socialnih storitev za osebe z motnjo
v duševnem razvoju kot dopolnilne dejavnosti
na kmetiji. Uporabili so metodo ankete in
metodo intervjuja. Rezultati ankete na
neslučajnostnem vzorcu 155 kmetov kažejo,
da bi se jih okoli 10 % za tako dejavnost
najverjetneje odločilo. Pri tem sta jim
oblika in intenzivnost storitve manj
pomembni. Na kmetijo bi sprejeli 1-2 osebi
ne glede na spol. Razmerje med kmetom in
uporabnikom bi moralo biti urejeno s pogodbo.
Pred sklenitvijo pogodbe bi bilo potrebno
preizkusno obdobje od 1 do 2 mesecev. Kmet
in oseba z motnjo bi morala opraviti program
usposabljanja, ki naj bi potekal na domači
kmetiji. V tem, da kmetje te dejavnosti ne
poznajo, vidijo anketirani glavni razlog, da
kmetije še niso vključene v slovenski sistem
socialnega varstva. Na podlagi rezultatov
ankete in izkušenj kmeta, ki že tri leta
poskusno vključuje osebe z motnjo v delo na
svoji kmetiji, so oblikovali model uvajanja
oziroma izvajanja socialnih storitev kot
dopolnilne dejavnosti na slovenskih kmetijah.
Model izhaja iz sodelovanja med kmetom in
lokalno socialno-varstveno institucijo in
temelji na načelih postopnosti, partnerstva,
poslovnosti in preglednosti.
Abstract
The exploratory research on a readiness of
the farmers to start a provision of the
social services as an on-farm supplementary
activity
Readiness of the farmers to start a
provision of the social services for
mentally disabled as an on-farm
supplementary activity was studied by an
exploratory research, using methods of
survey and interview. The results of survey
on non-probability sample of 155 farmers
show that about 10 % would most probable opt
for such an activity. They attach minor
importance to a form and an intensity of a
service. They are ready to accept 1 – 2
persons, irrespective of their gender. The
relations between the farmer and the user
have to be defined by a contract, preceded
by a probation period of 1 to 2 months. The
farmer and the mentally disabled have to
undergo training that have to take place at
home farm. They see a fact that Slovene
framers are not informed about a care
farming as the main reason for farms not
being included into system of social care in
Slovenia. From the results of a survey, as
well as from the experiences of the farmer,
experimentally working with mentally
disabled on his farm for three years, the
model of introduction and implementation of
provision of social cervices as a
supplementary on-farm activity is suggested.
Model anticipates cooperation between a
farmers and a local social welfare
institution and is based upon principles of
gradualness, partnership, business and
transparency.
Identifikacija potencialnih nosilcev razvoja
sadjarstva v Sloveniji
Katja VADNAL,
Vesna ALIČ,
Petra
ZIHERL
Izvleček
Prispevek predstavlja rezultate empirične
raziskave, katere cilj je bil ugotavljanje
razlik v ocenjevanju pomena ključnih
dejavnikov odločanja (poslovni cilji,
zaznavanje tržnih razmer in vzvodov ter
dejavnikov konkurenčnosti) med slovenskimi
sadjarji. Raziskava je bila izvedena po
metodi ankete z osebnim spraševanjem vseh, v
register sadovnjakov vpisanih pravnih in
fizičnih oseb. Z metodo faktorske analize so
identificirali ključne spremenljivke pri
opazovanih indikatorjih, na podlagi katerih
so z metodami razvrščanja v skupine
identificirali tipične skupine opazovanih
sadjarjev. Rezultati kažejo, da se glede na
cilje sadjarji delijo v dve skupini: ciljno
orientirani in ciljno dezorientirani.
Njihove zaznave tržnih razmer in trga
določajo trije faktorji: trženjska
konkurenčnost, organizacija pridelovalcev in
tržna moč kupcev, po katerih jih je mogoče
deliti v tri skupine: pristaše organizacije
pridelovalcev, usmerjene h kupcu in netržno
usmerjene. Razumevanje dejavnikov
konkurenčnosti pojasnjujeta dva faktorja,
upravljanje in sredstva, ki delita opazovane
sadjarje v tri skupine: sadjarji
tradicionalisti, sadjarji previdneži in
sadjarji podjetniki. Potencialni nosilci
razvoja so sadjarji podjetniki, ki so ciljno
orientirani in usmerjeni h kupcu ali k
organizaciji pridelovalcev. Teh je 38 % vseh
sadjarjev, vpisanih v register sadovnjakov.
ABSTRACT
Identification of the potentially propulsive
fruit growers in Slovenia
The paper represents the results of an
empirical research aimed to detect how the
Slovene fruit growers differ with regard to
an appraisal of the relevant key factors of
a decision making (business aims,
perceptions of market situation and forces,
and factors of competitiveness). The
research was carried out by a personal
inquiry of all fruit growers, corporations
and farms, registered in the Slovene
orchards’ register. Factor analysis was
applied to identify the key variables of the
studied indicators that were used for
clustering of the surveyed fruit growers
into typical groups, thereafter. The results
show that in terms of aims there are two
groups of the fruit growers: end-oriented
and end-disoriented ones. Their perceptions
of a market situation and forces are defined
by three factors, competitiveness in term of
marketing, producers’ organization and
market power of buyers, which divide them
into three typical groups: supporters of a
producers’ organization, oriented to a buyer
and off-market oriented ones. Understanding
of the factors of competitiveness is
described by two factors: management and
resources that cluster the surveyed fruit
growers into three groups: traditionalists,
cautious ones and
entrepreneurs. Among the supporters
of a producers' organization the
end-disoriented, as well as traditionalist
and cautious fruit growers prevail. The most
propulsive group consists of the
end-oriented
entrepreneurs, who are oriented to a
buyer and in favor to producers’
organization. This group of the fruit
growers represents 38 % of all surveyed
fruit growers.
Modeliranje fenološkega razvoja pri rastlinah
Zalika ČREPINŠEK,
Lučka KAJFEŽ-BOGATAJ
IZVLEČEK
Proučevali smo možnosti napovedovanja
fenološkega razvoja gojenih in samoniklih
rastlin na osnovi meteoroloških spremenljivk
v Sloveniji za obdobje 1955-2000. Povezanost
med fenološkim razvojem in meteorološkimi
spremenljivkami smo proučevali s
korelacijsko analizo in z multiplo linearno
regresijo. Vrednosti korelacijskih
koeficientov med nastopom fenofaz ter
povprečji temperatur zraka dveh ali treh
zaporednih mesecev pred nastopom fenofaz so
bile visoke (0,60 do 0,85). Statistično
značilne so bile tudi korelacije med zimskim
indeksom severno atlantskega nihanja in
povprečno temperaturo zraka od decembra do
marca ter nastopom pomladanskih fenofaz, na
čas pojava večine fenofaz v obravnavanih
letih količina padavin ni imela značilnega
vpliva. Spodnjo temperaturo praga za izračun
termalnega časa smo določili s statistično
metodo najmanjšega standardnega odklona
temperaturnih vsot; variabilnost izračunanih
vsot med leti je bila velika (10% do 30%).
Uporaba fototermalnega časa za Ljubljano je
značilno izboljšala delež pojasnjene
variabilnosti v primerjavi s termalnim časom.
Z metodo multiple linearne regresije smo
oblikovali fenološke in
fenoklimatske modele za napoved nastopa
fenofaz. Izmed obravnavanih rastlin so bili
najboljši fenološki indikatorji breza,
regrat ter divji kostanj. S fenološkimi
modeli smo lahko pojasnili med 50% in 79%, s
fenoklimatskimi pa v povprečju 86%
variabilnosti. V fenoklimatskih
modelih so bile največkrat vključene
meteorološke pojasnjevalne spremenljivke
termalni čas, povprečne mesečne temperature
ter za Ljubljano v vseh primerih
fototermalni čas. Izdelane modele smo
preverili z metodo navzkrižnega preverjanja,
modelne napovedi so bile dokaj natančne in
možne za najmanj pet dni vnaprej.
ABSTRACT
MODELLING OF PLANT PHENOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT
Possibilities of predicting phenological
development of wild vegetation and
cultivated plants were studied, based on
meteorological parameters in Slovenia for
the period 1955-2000. Correlation analysis
and linear multiple regression were used to
establish the relationship among
phenological development and meteorological
parameters. Correlation coefficients between
the starting dates of phenological phases
with the air temperature of the previous 2-3
months were relatively high (0.6 to 0.85).
North Atlantic Oscillation Index was also
statistically significant correlated with
average air temperatures from December to
March and spring phenophases appearance;
however the amount of monthly precipitation
in actual conditions was not significantly
correlated to mostly of discussing
phenophases. Lower threshold temperatures
were determined with the least standard
deviation of growing degree-days.
Variability of calculated heat sums among
years was relatively high (10% to 30%). The
inclusion of photothermal time for location
Ljubljana significant improved the models.
With linear multiple regression we formed
phenological and phenoclimatic
models. The most frequently included
independent variables of phenological
models were birch, dandelion and horse
chestnut, we can state that they were
phenological indicators in given conditions.
We could explain from 50% to 79% of
variability with phenological models,
respectively 86% on average with
phenoclimatic models. Thermal time, mean
monthly temperatures and photothermal time
for Ljubljana were most frequently included
variables in phenoclimatic models. We
tested models with cross validation method;
predictions were quite accurate with at
least 5 days foresight period.
Petinpetdeset let fenoloških opazovanj v
Sloveniji, 1951-2005
Zalika ČREPINŠEK, Ciril ZRNEC
IZVLEČEK
Sistematična fitofenološka opazovanja potekajo v
Sloveniji od leta 1951 v okviru Agencije
republike Slovenije za okolje, oziroma
nekdanjega Hidrometeorološkega zavoda
Slovenije. Trenutna fenološka mreža obsega
61 postaj, ki so razporejene po različnih
slovenskih regijah in nadmorskih višinah,
spremlja pa se 36 fenoloških faz za 64
različnih rastlin (41 negojenih in 23
gojenih rastlin, ki vključujejo tudi podatek
o sortah). Podan je pregled posameznih
področij, za katere je pomembna uporaba
fenologije, kot so kmetijstvo in gozdarstvo,
medicinska meteorologija, biotska
raznovrstnost, turizem, proučevanje
podnebnih sprememb in modeliranje razvoja
rastlin. Fenološki podatki so v zadnjih dveh
desetletjih služili kot podatkovna baza za
številne raziskave.
ABSTRACT
FIFTY-FIVE YEARS OF PHENOLOGICAL
OBSERVATIONS IN SLOVENIA, 1951-2005
Systematic phenological data have been collected in
Slovenia since 1951 by Evironmental Agency
of the Republic of Slovenia, former
Hydrometeorological institute of Slovenia.
Nowadays, 36 phenological phases are studied
by observing 64 different plants (41 non
cultivated and 23 cultivated extended on
varieties) at 61 stations in various Slovene
regions and altitudes. Several areas that
deal with phenological processes are
delineated, like agriculture, forestry,
medical meteorology, biodiversity, tourism,
climate change studies and plant development
modelling. Phenological records were used as
data base for numerous investigations in
past two decades.
Vpliv bakrovih spojin na količino
ogljikovih hidratov v različnih rastlinskih delih trte (Vitis vinifera
L.)
Denis RUSJAN,
Robert VEBERIČ,
Zora KOROŠEC-KORUZA
IZVLEČEK
S poskusom smo ugotavljali vpliv bakrovih
spojin na sintezo ogljikovih hidratov pri
vinski trti (Vitis vinifera L.) sorte
'Merlot' v vinorodnem okolišu Goriška brda v
letu 2003. Poskusnemu vinogradu smo
priredili bločni poskus: obravnavanje z
dvokratno (IPG), večkratno (BB) aplikacijo
Cu spojin in (K) brez uporabe bakrovih
spojin. Vsebnost ogljikovih hidratov v
listih je bila večja pri K, medtem ko v
skorji enoletnega lesa pri obravnavanju BB.
Pozicija lista na mladiki ne vpliva na
količino ogljikovih hidratov v listih. Z
aplikacijo bakrovih spojin vplivamo na
slabšo kakovost grozdja, saj smo povprečno
najmanjše količine ogljikovih hidratov v
grozdju dobili v grozdju tretiranem z
bakrovimi fungicidi.
ABSTRACT
INFLUENCE OF COPPER COMPOUNDS ON THE
CARBOHYDRATE CONTENTS IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF
VINE (Vitis vinifera L.)
The influence of copper (Cu) on synthesis of
carbohydrate content in grapevine (Vitis
vinifera L.) cv. ‘Merlot’ was tested in
Goriška brda winegrowing district. In 2003
three different treatments with Cu-compounds
were applied as follows: IPG (integrated
control with 1 Cu treatment), BB (with
several Cu treatments) and K (no Cu
treatment). The carbohydrate content was
higher in vine leaves with no Cu treatment,
but also in shoot bark of vines with BB
treatment. The leaf position on the shoot
tip has not influence on carbohydrate
content in leaves. Carbohydrate content in
grape was lower in grape treated with Cu
fungicide.
Comparison of
asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) cultivars and the effect of covering
beds
Marijana
JAKŠE and
Nina KACJAN MARŠIĆ
ABSTRACT
Five hybrid cultivars ('Boonlim', 'Cipres',
'Dariana', 'Franklim' in 'Steline') of white
asparagus were tested on 4 locations in
Slovenia (Celje, Logarovci, Nova Gorica and
Novo mesto). The plantations were 7 years
old when some of the raised beds were
covered with black PE mulch and the yield
was compared to the yield of uncovered beds.
The planting space was 2.2 m between rows
and 0.33 m between crowns in the row. Each
cultivar had 2 covered and 2 uncovered
repetitions with 15 plants (11 m2).
The yield and number of spears were measured.
For 6 days, white spears were divided into 4
groups based on their thickness (4-8 mm;
8-12 mm; 12-16 mm; over 16 mm), counted and
weighed in order to determine the proportion
and quality of marketable yield. 'Steline'
(3.44 t/ha) had the lowest average yield and
'Boonlim' (6.78 t/ha), which was the best
performing cultivar in Logarovci and Nova
Gorica, the best. In Novo mesto there were
no significant differences among cultivars
and in Celje, earlier cultivars 'Franklim',
'Cipres' and 'Dariana' performed better. 'Franklim'
had more spears on average but the weight
of the spears was best with 'Boonlim' (46.24
g) and worst with 'Steline' (32.03 g). The
mulch influenced the yield, which was 5.27
t/ha on uncovered beds and 6.25 t/ha on
covered ones. It also influenced the average
weight of spears, which increased from 38.15
g to 40.88 g. The mulch did not increase
either the number of spears or their
thickness.
IZVLEČEK
PRIMERJAVA SORT ŠPARGLJA
(Asparagus officinalis L.)
IN UČINEK PREKRIVANJA GREBENOV
Testirali smo 5 hibridnih sort obeljenega
šparglja ('Boonlim', 'Cipres', 'Dariana', 'Franklim'
in 'Steline') na 4 lokacijah po Sloveniji
(Celje, Logarovci, Nova Gorica in Novo
mesto). Nasadi so bili v 7. letu rasti, ko
smo del grebenov prekrili s črno PE zastirko
in primerjali pridelke na pokritih in
neprekritih grebenih. Razdalje med
rastlinami so bile 33 cm v vrsti in 2,2 m
med vrstami. Pri vsaki sorti smo imeli 2
ponovitvi po 15 rastlin (11 m2)
brez zastirke in 2 z zastirko. Merili smo
maso in število poganjkov v času 6
tedenskega pobiranja. V 6 zaporednih dneh
smo poganjke še razporedili v 4 razrede
glede na premer poganjkov: 4-8 mm debeline,
8-12 mm, 12-16 mm in nad 16 mm. Kot
najslabša sorta se je izkazala 'Steline'
(3,44 t/ha), najboljši pridelek pa je v
povprečju dosegla 'Boonlim' (6,78 t/ha), ki
je imela tudi največji pridelek v Logarovcih
in Novi Gorici. V Novem mestu ni bilo
signifikantnih razlik med sortami, v Celju
pa so bile boljše zgodnejše sorte 'Franklim',
'Cipres' in 'Dariana'. 'Franklim' je imela v
povprečju največ poganjkov. Največjo maso so
imeli poganjki pri sorti 'Boonlim' (46,24
g), najmanjšo pa 'Steline' (32,03 g).
Zastirka je signifikantno povečala povprečni
pridelek od 5,27 t/ha na 6,25 t/ha. Povečala
se je tudi povprečna masa poganjka iz 38,15
g na grebenih brez zastirke na 40,88 g pri
grebenih z zastirko. Zastirka ni
signifikantno vplivala na število ne na
delež debelih poganjkov.
Evaluation of ten cultivars of
determinate tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.), grown under
different climatic conditions
ABSTRACT
The influence of different climatic
conditions on fruit yield and quality of 10
determinate tomato cultivars (Lycopersicum
esculentum Mill.) was studied. The
experiments were conducted in the
mediteranean and central regions of Slovenia.
The plants were grown on an open field in
the Dragonja valley and Ljubljana and in a
low tunnel in Ljubljana. Data indicated that
the marketable yield was significantly
higher in the Dragonja valley than in
Ljubljana. The average yield per plant grown
in the Dragonja valley was 3.02 kg, grown on
the field in Ljubljana 0.6 kg and in the low
tunnel 1.0 kg. The highest marketable yield
among the salad tomatoes was obtained with
‘Stormy F1’ (4.05 kg per plant) and among
the processing tomatoes with ‘Hypeel 108
F1’ (4.7 kg per plant) and ‘Centurion
F1’(4.1 kg per plant). Those cultivars had
some good quality characteristics, important
for their application (firmness, redness of
skin, thickness of pericarp and succulence).
Our research documented a significant yield
enhancement of determinate tomato in low
tunnel production for the central part of
Slovenia.
IZVLEČEK
VREDNOTENJE DESETIH KULTIVARJEV NIZKEGA
PARADIŽNIKA
(Lycopersicum esculentum L.),
GOJENEGA V RAZLIČNIH KLIMATSKIH RAZMERAH
V raziskavi smo proučevali vpliv različnih klimatskih
razmer na pridelek in kvaliteto plodov 10
kultivarjev nizkega paradižnika (Lycopersicum
esculentum L.). Poskusa sta potekala na
prostem v dolini reke Dragonje, v Ljubljani
pa na prostem in pod nizkim tunelom.
Rezultati kažejo, da je bil tržni pridelek,
pobran v dolini reke Dragonje statistično
značilno večji od pridelka rastlin, ki so
bile gojene v Ljubljani. Povprečen pridelek
v dolini Dragonje je bil 3,02 kg/rastlino, v
Ljubljani na prostem 0,6 kg/rastlino in pod
nizkim tunelom 1,0 kg/rastlino. Med
kultivarji solatnega tipa nizkega
paradižnika smo največji tržni pridelek
ugotovili pri ’Stormy F1’(4,05 kg na
rastlino), med kultivarji nizkega
paradižnika za predelavo pa pri kultivarjih
‘Hypeel 108 F1’(4,7 kg na rastlino) in
‘Centurion F1’(4,1 kg na rastlino). Pri
omenjenih kultivarjih smo ugotovili tudi
dobre lastnosti plodov, pomembne za namen
uporabe, kot so čvrstost, obarvanost kožice,
debelina perikarpa in sočnost. V Ljubljani
je bil pridelek paradižnika gojenega v
nizkem tunelu statistično značilno večji in
kakovostnejši v primerjavi z gojenjem na
prostem.
Selenium treatment affected respiratory
potential in Eruca sativa
Mateja
GERM,
Jože OSVALD
ABSTRACT
The effect of selenium on Eruca sativa
Miller was studied. The flows of electrons
in the photosynthetic apparatus and in the
respiratory chain were measured in control
plants and in plants obtained from selenium
treated seeds. The potential and effective
quantum yields of photosystem II were
unaffected by selenium treatment. The
respiratory potential of Eruca sativa,
measured by electron transport system (ETS)
activity, significantly increased in plants,
grown from selenium treated seeds.
IZVLEČEK
VPLIV SELENA NA RESPIRATORNI POTENCIAL PRI
RUKOLI (Eruca sativa)
V članku je opisan vpliv selena na
fiziološke lastnosti rukole Eruca sativa
Miller. Pretok elektronov v fotosinteznem
aparatu in v dihalni verigi smo merili v
kontrolnih rastlinah in rastlinah, ki so
zrastle is semen, tretiranih s selenom.
Potencialna in dejanska fotokemična
učinkovitost nista bili odvisni od
tretiranja s selenom. Respiratorni potencial
rukole, merjen s pomočjo aktivnosti
elektronskega transportnega sistema (ETS),
je bil značilno večji pri rastlinah, ki so
zrastle iz semen, tretiranih s selenom.
Combined impact of solar UV-B
radiation and selenium treatment on respiratory potential in pumpkins (Cucurbita
pepo L.)
Mateja
GERM
ABSTRACT
The effects of ambient and filtered solar
UV-B radiation and of selenium treatment on
respiratory potential measured by electron
transport system (ETS) activity in pumpkins,
Cucurbita pepo L. were studied.
Measurements were conducted three times in
the growth period. Solar UV-B radiation
decreased ETS activity in plants, regardless
selenium treatment. The results suggested
that the solar UV-B radiation impaired flow
of electrons in the respiratory chain.
Selenium decreased ETS activity in plants
exposed to solar UV-B radiation in the end
of the vegetation period.
IZVLEČEK
VPLIV
SONČNEGA UV-B SEVANJA IN SELENA NA DIHALNI
POTENCIAL PRI NAVADNI BUČI (Cucurbita
pepo L.)
V raziskavi smo preučevali vpliv UV-B
sevanja in selena na dihalni potencial
ocenjen s pomočjo meritev elektronekega
transportnega sistema (ETS) pri navadni buči
Cucurbita pepo L.. Rastline smo
izpostavili naravnemu sevanju in sevanju,
kjer smo s pomočjo ustreznih filtrov
onemogočili prehajanje UV-B žarkom. Ob istem
času so bile rastline listno gnojene s
selenom. Meritve dihalnega potenciala so
bile opravljene trikrat v rastni sezoni.
Sončno UV-B sevanje je povzročilo znižanje
aktivnosti ETS pri rastlinah, ne glede na
dodatek selena. Rezultati kažejo, da je UV-B
sevanje povzročilo motnje pri pretoku
elektronov v dihalni verigi. Rastline, ki
smo jim dodali selen, so imele nižjo
aktivnost ETS v primeru, ko so bile
istočasno izpostavljene naravnemu sevanju ob
koncu vegetacijske sezone.
A
carlavirus
serologically closely related to
Carnation latent virus in Slovenian
garlic
Irena
Mavrič and Maja
Ravnikar
ABSTRACT
Three carlaviruses have been reported in garlic:
Garlic common latent virus (GCLV),
Shallot latent virus (SLV) and a virus
closely related to Carnation latent virus
(CLV), this last reported in Argentina. We
found a carlavirus related to CLV (abbreviation
CG) in two Slovenian varieties of garlic
that reacted to the homologous titre in EM
decoration tests with antisera to CLV but
reacted less strongly with antiserum to GCLV.
A CLV antiserum absorbed with isolate of
GCLV still clearly differentiated between
CG, CLV and GCLV. The virus could not be
separated from GCLV by mechanical
inoculation to differential test plants, but
the GCLV/CG mixture gave only local lesions
on Chenopodium quinoa and C.
murale, and did not infect Nicotiana
clevelandii whereas CLV from carnation
systemically infects both plants. CG
particles were present at a level of about 2
% compared with particles of GCLV and may
have been overlooked by other investigators,
especially as they react quite strongly with
GCLV antiserum.
IZVLEČEK
KARLAVIRUS,
SEROLOŠKO SORODEN LATENTNEMU VIRUSU NAGELJA,
V SLOVENSKEM ČESNU
Česen okužujejo trije karlavirusi, navadni
latentni virus česna (GCLV), latentni virus
šalotke (SLV) in virus soroden latentnemu
virusu nagelja (CLV). Virus soroden CLV je
bil na česnu prvič najden v Argentini. V
prispevku poročamo o karlavirusu (v
nadaljevanju kot CG) iz dveh slovenskih sort
česna. Z imunsko elektronsko mikroskopijo
smo ugotovili, da virus reagira do
homolognega titra z antiserumom proti CLV in
slabše s antiserumom proti GCLV. CLV
antiserum, absorbiran z izolatom GCLV, jasno
loči med CG, CLV in GCLV. Z mehansko
inokulacijo testnih rastlin nismo uspeli
ločiti CG od GCLV. Mešanico GCLV/CG smo
našli v lokalnih poškodbah na
Chenopodium quinoa in C. murale,
nismo pa je našli na inokuliranih rastlinah
Nicotiana clevelandii, za razliko od
CLV iz nagelja, ki obe omenjeni rastlini
okužuje sistemsko. Delež CG v mešanici CG/GCLV
je bil le okrog 2 % in delci so se močno
dekorirali z antiserumom proti GCLV, zato je
možno, da je CG prisoten tudi drugod po
svetu, vendar so ga zaradi omenjenih
lastnosti spregledali.
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