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Letnik 85

Ljubljana, november 2002

Številka 2


 

Growth dynamics and reproductive activity of annual shoots in the walnut cultivar 'Elit'      

Anita SOLAR,  Mitja SOLAR, Franci ŠTAMPAR

 ABSTRACT

 An architectural analysis of a fruiting branch in the Slovenian variety 'Elit' was conducted during three successive years. The fruit bearing branch was constructed of a three-year-old parent shoot plus all corresponding two-year-old shoots and annual shoots (1Y). The construction of the bearing branch during the time caused a statistically significant increase in the number of annual shoots. The basal diameter and the length of 1Y significantly depended on a year whereas their angles did not. In spite of decreasing length of 1Y, the number of vegetative buds per shoot increased from the first to the third year of observations. The number of nodes was closely correlated with the length of the shoots. Activity points on the 1Y were most often on the apical two or three nodes, what was expressed by a marked acrotony. The number of active points varied as the tree matured. The ratio fruit bearing 1Y / total 1Y was 0.47 in year 1; 0.18 in year 2; 0.74 in year 3. It points to the slightly alternance. As the tree grew the number of flowering buds per 1Y as well as the number of female flowers per 1Y increased. The results of the three-year-long research show some growth and development rules in the walnut cultivar ‘Elit’, however, they do not allow a reliable prediction of the following activities. We assume that this will be possible after another three-year-long analysis, with the help of the Hidden Mark Model.

 IZVLEČEK

DINAMIKA RASTI IN RODNOSTI ENOLETNIH POGANJKOV OREHA SORTE 'ELIT'

Da bi proučili dinamiko rasti in rodnosti enoletnih poganjkov pri slovenski sorti oreha 'Elit', smo v treh zaporednih letih izvedli arhitektonsko analizo rodne veje, zgrajene iz triletnega nosilnega poganjka in vseh pripadajočih dveletnih in enoletnih poganjkov (1Y). Z izgradnjo rodne veje se je iz leta v leto statistično značilno povečevalo število 1Y. Leto je značilno vplivalo na bazalno debelino in dolžino 1Y, na njihove kote pa ne. Čeprav se je dolžina 1Y zmanjševala od prvega do tretjega leta opazovanj, je število vegetativnih brstov na 1Y naraščalo. Število nodijev je bilo v vseh letih v tesni zvezi z dolžino poganjkov. Aktivna mesta na 1Y so bila najpogosteje na zadnjih dveh ali treh nodijih, kar se odraža v izraziti akrotoni razrasti. Število aktivnih mest se je povečevalo s starostjo drevesa. Razmerje skupni 1Y/rodni 1Y je bilo v prvem letu 0.47, v drugem letu 0.18, v tretjem letu pa 0.74 in nakazuje rahlo izmenično rodnost. Z leti sta naraščali število rodnih brstov in število ženskih cvetov na 1Y. Triletni rezultati nakazujejo nekatere zakonitosti v rasti in razvoju oreha sorte ‘Elit’, ne dopuščajo pa še zanesljivega napovedovanja nadaljnje aktivnosti. Ocenjujemo, da bo s pomočjo Markove verige to mogoče po opravljenih analizah v naslednjem triletnem ciklusu.  

 


The correlation of the pear (Pyrus communis L.) cv. 'Williams' yield quality to the foliar nutrition and water regime

Metka HUDINA, Franci ŠTAMPAR

 Abstract

The influence of the foliar nutrition and the water regime on the pear fruits quality (Pyrus communis L.) cv. ‘Williams’ was studied in 1998. We determined the contents of individual sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose and sorbitol) and organic acids (malic, citric, fumaric and shikimic) by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography). The sizes of the fruits (diameter, length, weight) were measured as well as the amounts of soluble solids and titrable acids. The experiment comprised three treatments: the foliar nutrition, the irrigation and the control. In the treatment of the foliar nutrition the trees were sprayed for five times (from May 22 to July 7) with a foliar fertilizer, which contained 15% of P2O5, 20% of K2O, 0.1% of Mn, 0.1% of B and 0.1% of Mo. In the treatment of irrigation the trees were watered during the growth period with 4 l/tree/day. The foliar nutrition influenced bigger sizes of fruits, increased contents of glucose, sorbitol, soluble solids, malic, citric and fumaric acids, titrable acids and higher pH of juice. The irrigation had influence on the decrease in the contents of individual sugars (glucose, fructose, sucrose, sorbitol), soluble solids, organic acids (malic, citric, fumaric and shikimic) and pH of juice as well as on the bigger sizes of fruits (length, diameter, weight).

 IZVLEČEK

ODVISNOST KAKOVOSTI PRIDELKA HRUŠK (Pyrus communis L.) SORTE ‘Viljamovka’ od FOLIARNE PREHRANE IN PRESKRBE Z VODO

Vpliv foliarne prehrane in preskrbe z vodo na kakovost plodov smo proučevali v plodovih hrušk (Pyrus communis L.) sorte ‘Viljamovka’ v letu 1998. Določali smo vsebnost sladkorjev (glukoze, fruktoze, saharoze in sorbitola) in organskih kislin (jabolčne, citronske, fumarne in šikimske) s pomočjo visokoločljivostne tekočinske kromatografije (HPLC). Plodovom smo izmerili velikost (premer, višina, masa), vsebnost suhe snovi in titrabilnih kislin. V poskus smo vključili 3 obravnavanja: foliarna prehrana, namakano in kontrola. Pri obravnavanju foliarna prehrana smo drevesa 5 krat (od 22. maja do 7. julija) škropili s foliarnim pripravkom Hascon M10 AD, ki je vseboval  15 % P2O5, 20 % K2O, 0,1 % Mn, 0,1 % B in 0,1 % Mo. Pri obravnavanju namakano smo drevesa namakali med rastno dobo s 4 l/drevo/dan. Foliarna prehrana je vplivala na večjo velikost plodov, večjo vsebnost fruktoze, sorbitola, suhe snovi, jabolčne, citronske in fumarne kisline, titrabilnih kislin in na večji pH soka. Namakanje je vplivalo na zmanjšanje vsebnosti posameznih sladkorjev (glukoze, fruktoze, saharoze in sorbitola), suhe snovi, organskih kislin (jabolčne, citronske, fumarne in šikimske) in pH soka. Namakanje je imelo pozitiven vpliv na velikost plodov (premer, višina, masa).


Vrednotenje metode PCR za sočasno določanje bakterij rodu Salmonella in vrste Listeria monocytogenes v živilih

 Sonja SMOLE MOŽINA, Anže LENČEK, Barbara JERŠEK

 IZVLEČEK

Salmoneloza in listerioza sta alimentarni infekciji  zato so hitre in zanesljive metode določanja bakterij rodu Salmonella in vrste Listeria monocytogenes pogoj za zagotavljanje varne hrane. Metode na osnovi PCR imajo teoretične prednosti v primerjavi s tradicionalnimi mikrobiološkimi metodami, vendar morajo biti pred rutinsko uporabo ustrezno vrednotene. V prispevku je predstavljeno vrednotenje metode PCR za sočasno določitev bakterij rodu Salmonella in vrste L. monocytogenes  v živilih kot primer validacije alternativne kvalitativne metode glede na referenčne metode. Ustrezna izvedba metode PCR je hitrejša od standardnih mikrobioloških metod, ima enako relativno točnost, relativno občutljivost in relativno specifičnost ter pomeni dobro osnovo za nadaljnje medlaboratorijsko vrednotenje.

 ABSTRACT

EVALUATION OF PCR METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS DETECTION OF Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes IN FOODS

Salmonelosis and listeriosis are foodborne illnesses and therefore the rapid and accurate detection of Salmonella and Listeria monocytogenes are important for food safety assurance. PCR-based methods offer theoretically many advantages over traditional microbiological methods but they should be evaluated prior implementation in routine testing. The evaluation of PCR method for simultaneous detection of Salmonella and L. monocytogenes in foods is presented as an example of validation of an alternative qualitative method against the reference methods. Appropriate procedure of PCR method is faster than standard microbiological methods, it has the same relative accuracy, relative sensitivity and relative specificity and means good basis for further interlaboratoy validation.


Poškodovanost kostanjevih listov zaradi kostanjevega listnega zavrtača (Cameraria ohridella Deschka&Dimić)

 Alenka PIVK, Lea MILEVOJ

 IZVLEČEK

Za potrebe načrtovanja varstva kostanjevih dreves smo v letih 2003 in 2004 ocenjevali poškodbe, ki jih povzročajo gosenice kostanjevega listnega zavrtača (Cameraria ohridella Deschka&Dimić) na  listih divjega kostanja (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) v parku Tivoli v Ljubljani. V letu 2003 smo določili stopnjo  napadenosti dreves  s pomočjo računalniškega programa, v letu 2004 pa smo se odločili za vizualno ocenjevanje napadenosti listov. Liste smo glede na delež izvrtin uvrstili v osem razredov. Rezultati poskusa so pokazali, da so bila drevesa v letu 2003 bolj napadena s kostanjevim listnim zavrtačem kot v naslednjem letu. Površina izvrtin v avgustu 2003 je pri več kot 80% listov v povprečju zavzela od 10% do 50% njihove celotne površine, v septembru istega leta pa od 50% do 100%. V letu 2004 so bili listi napadeni s kostanjevim listnim zavrtačem v obeh mesecih pod 25%, vendar smo opazili, da so bili istočasno okuženi z listno sušico divjega kostanja (Guignardia aesculi Peck./Stev./) tudi do 50%. Pri spremljanju napadenosti listov glede na starost kostanjevih dreves v letu 2003 smo ugotovili, da obstajajo statistično značilne razlike med obravnavanji. Podatki kažejo, da so bila junija najmlajša drevesa manj napadena, v juliju pa bolj napadena od ostalih dveh obravnavanj. V avgustu in septembru so bila drevesa srednje starosti manj napadena od najmlajših in najstarejših dreves, a hkrati močno okužena z glivo Guignardia aesculi.  

ABSTRACT

DAMAGE TO FOLIAGE OF HORSE CHESTNUT TREES INDUCED BY THE HORSE CHESTNUT LEAFMINER (Cameraria ohridella Deschka&Dimić)

In 2003 and 2004 research was carried out in the Tivoli park in Ljubljana with the aim of   measuring leaf damage caused by horse chestnut leafminer (Cameraria ohridella Deschka&Dimić) on horse chestnut trees (Aesculus hippocastanum L.). In 2003 the area of mines and leaves was measured by means of the computer programme. In 2004 visual evaluation was used, in order to assess leaf damage. On the basis of calculations, the leaves were categorised into 8 classes according to damaged area. The results of categorization of leaf damage show that, in 2003 trees were more infested by horse chestnut leafminer than in 2004.  Information gathered by observation in 2003 showed that, on average, over 80% of foliage was damaged from 10 to 50% in August and from 50 to 100% in September. In 2004 trees were infested less than 25% in all months of observation but at the same time they were also attacked up to 50% by the fungus Guignardia aesculi /Peck./Stev. A comparison of the average damage between individual groups in 2003 shows a difference in leaf damage to be related the age difference. The results showed that in June the youngest trees were less infested than the other two groups, whereas in July the infestation of these trees was more severe. In August and September the group of middle-age trees was considerably less attacked than the other two but at the same time more infected by Guignardia aesculi.


Palm thrips, Parthenothrips dracaenae (Heeger) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), in Slovenia: still a pest of minor importance?

 Stanislav TRDAN, Miloš JOVIĆ, Ljiljana ANDJUS 

Abstract

Palm thrips, Parthenothrips dracaenae (Heeger), is widespread in Europe but it was never found in great number. This thrips lives and feeds on the leaves of different ornamental plants grown in protected places, particularly in domestic environments. In Slovenia up to now the species was recorded on plants from Dracaena and Ficus genera. Larvae and adults suck sap from the leaves of host plants causing silvering of leaves. Palm thrips belongs to the group of pest thrips species which presents 1 % of world thysanopteran fauna, so it deserves special attention. In this paper description of the species, its systematics, bionomics, distribution in Europe, host plants, and potential economic importance in Slovenia are presented.

 IZVLEČEK

Resar Parthenothrips dracaenae (Heeger) je v Evropi splošno razširjena vrsta, a se ne pojavlja v velikem obsegu. Žuželka živi in se prehranjuje na listih različnih okrasnih rastlin, najdemo jo zlasti v bivanjskih prostorih. V Sloveniji je bila vrsta doslej ugotovljena na rastlinah iz rodov Dracaena in Ficus. Resar je svojim gostiteljem škodljiv zaradi sesanja ličink in odraslih osebkov na listih, s čimer prihaja do srebrenja listov. Vrsta P. dracaenae spada med 1 % v svetu gospodarsko škodljivih resarjev in si že zato zasluži pozornost. V prispevku je opisana vrsta, njena sistematika in bionomija, razširjenost v Evropi, gostiteljske rastline in njen potencialni gospodarski pomen v Sloveniji.


Response of leek (Allium porrum L.) to different levels of nitrogen dose under agro-climate conditions of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Lutvija KARIĆ, Smiljka VUKAŠINOVIĆ, Dragan ŽNIDARČIČ

 ABSTRACT

Field experiment was conducted to evaluate growth, yield and quality of leek (Allium porrum L.) under different nitrogen levels, on a heavy clay loam soil in the agro-climate of central Bosnia and Herzegovina. Treatments comprised four nitrogen levels (0, 50, 100 and 200 kg ha-1), using local leek variety Karentan. The levels of 100 and 200 kg ha-1 were repeated in split applications. Results demonstrated that increasing level of nitrogen to 200 kg ha-1 resulted in greater number of leaves per plant (14.4), maximum  leaves weight (194.6 g   plant-1), higher pseudo-stem diameter (36.3 mm), maximum pseudo-stem weight (146.5 g) and highest total yield (91.98 t ha-1). There was a linear increase in total yield from nitrogen fertilization (r2 = 0.87). There was also slight evidence that higher nitrogen amount decrease dry matter. Furthermore, increase in nitrogen levels had no appreciable effect on chemical composition (total and reducing sugars, vitamin C) of leek.

 IZVLEČEK

 ODVISNOST PORA (Allium porrum L.) OD GNOJENJA Z DUŠIKOM V AGROKLIMATSKIH RAZMERAH OSREDNJE BOSNE IN HERCEGOVINE

 V poljskem poskusu na težki ilovnati zemlji v agroklimatskih razmerah osrednje Bosne in Hercegovine smo ugotavljali rast, pridelek in kakovost pora (Allium porrum L.), gnojenega z različnimi odmerki dušika. V poskus je bila vključena lokalna sorta Karentan, ki smo jo gnojili s štirimi različnimi količinami dušika (0, 50, 100 in 200 kg ha-1). Gnojenje s 100 in 200 kg ha-1 je bilo razdeljeno na več odmerkov. Rezultati so pokazali, da se je z naraščanjem količine dušika pri 200 kg ha-1 povečalo število listov na rastlino (14,4), listi so dosegli največjo težo (194,6 g rastlino-1), lažna stebla so dosegla največji premer (36,3 mm) in največjo težo (146,5 g). Pri 200 kg dušika ha-1 je bil največji tudi skupni pridelek (91,98 t ha-1), ki je linearno naraščal s količino gnojila (r2 = 0,87). Opazili smo še rahel trend upadanja suhe snovi z naraščajočim gnojenjem. Naraščajoča količina dušika pa ni zaznavno vpliva na kemično sestavo pora (skupni in reducirajoči sladkorji, C-vitamin).


Uravnavanje kislosti belih in rdečih vin s kemijskim razkisom

Tatjana KOŠMERL

 IZVLEČEK

Zmanjšanje skupnih kislin in s tem povezano povečanje pH v kislinsko bogatih moštih ali vinih ima za vinarje zelo velik pomen in tudi posledice. Uravnavanje kislosti lahko izvedemo s kemijskim razkisom (s kalcijevim karbonatom ali kalijevim hidrogenkarbonatom) ali pa z biološko razgradnjo (pretvorbo jabolčne kisline v mlečno kislino z mlečnokislinskimi bakterijami). Kemijski razkis s karbonati je bolj priporočljivo izvesti v moštih kot v vinih. Obseg kemijskega razkisa naj temelji na določevanju želene vsebnosti skupnih kislin in pH, ne le na podlagi senzorične ocene. Pufrna kapaciteta ter razmerje med vinsko in jabolčno kislino pomembno vplivajo na obseg kemijskega razkisa. Poudariti je potrebno, da je zaznava kislosti ali omlednosti vina odvisna predvsem od vsebnosti skupnih kislin, medtem ko vrednost pH določa mikrobiološko stabilnost.

ABSTRACT

ACIDITY ADJUSTMENT OF WHITE AND RED WINES BY CHEMICAL DEACIDIFICATION

The reduction of titratable acidity and the accompanying rise in pH value of high acid grape must or wine has important consequences for winemakers. The acidity adjustment can be made by chemical deacidification (with calcium carbonate or potassium hydrogencarbonate) or by biological degradation (conversion of malic acid to lactic acid with lactic acid bacteria). It is generally accepted that a must treatment by carbonate is preferred that a wine treatment. The adjustments will generally be based on target values of titratable acidity and pH rather than by sensory evaluation. The ability to obtain the desired level of deacidification is very much influenced by the natural variation in the buffer capacity and the proportion between tartaric and malic acid. We have to emphasis that the perception of sourness or flatness becomes from the titratable acidity, but the microbial stability of the wine is primarily influenced by the pH.


Preiskovalna raziskava pripravljenosti kmetov za izvajanje socialnih storitev kot dopolnilne dejavnosti na kmetiji

 Katja Vadnal

Izvleček

V preiskovalni raziskavi so proučevali pripravljenost slovenskih kmetov za razvoj ponudbe socialnih storitev za osebe z motnjo v duševnem razvoju kot dopolnilne dejavnosti na kmetiji. Uporabili so metodo ankete in metodo intervjuja. Rezultati ankete na neslučajnostnem vzorcu  155 kmetov kažejo, da bi se jih okoli 10 % za tako dejavnost najverjetneje odločilo. Pri tem sta jim oblika in intenzivnost storitve manj pomembni. Na kmetijo bi sprejeli 1-2 osebi ne glede na spol. Razmerje med kmetom in uporabnikom bi moralo biti urejeno s pogodbo. Pred sklenitvijo pogodbe bi bilo potrebno preizkusno obdobje od 1 do 2 mesecev. Kmet in oseba z motnjo bi morala opraviti program usposabljanja, ki naj bi potekal na domači kmetiji. V tem, da kmetje te dejavnosti ne poznajo, vidijo anketirani glavni razlog, da kmetije še niso vključene v slovenski sistem socialnega varstva. Na podlagi rezultatov ankete in izkušenj kmeta, ki že tri leta poskusno vključuje osebe z motnjo v delo na svoji kmetiji, so oblikovali model uvajanja oziroma izvajanja socialnih storitev kot dopolnilne dejavnosti na slovenskih kmetijah. Model izhaja iz sodelovanja med kmetom in lokalno socialno-varstveno institucijo in temelji na načelih postopnosti, partnerstva, poslovnosti in preglednosti.

Abstract

The exploratory research on a readiness of the farmers to start a provision of the social services as an on-farm supplementary activity

Readiness of the farmers to start a provision of the social services for mentally disabled as an on-farm supplementary activity was studied by an exploratory research, using methods of survey and interview. The results of survey on non-probability sample of 155 farmers show that about 10 % would most probable opt for such an activity. They attach minor importance to a form and an intensity of a service. They are ready to accept 1 – 2 persons, irrespective of their gender. The relations between the farmer and the user have to be defined by a contract, preceded by a probation period of 1 to 2 months. The farmer and the mentally disabled have to undergo training that have to take place at home farm. They see a fact that Slovene framers are not informed about a care farming as the main reason for farms not being included into system of social care in Slovenia. From the results of a survey, as well as from the experiences of the farmer, experimentally working with mentally disabled on his farm for three years, the model of introduction and implementation of provision of social cervices as a supplementary on-farm activity is suggested. Model anticipates cooperation between a farmers and a local social welfare institution and is based upon principles of gradualness, partnership, business and transparency.


Identifikacija potencialnih nosilcev razvoja sadjarstva v Sloveniji

Katja VADNAL, Vesna ALIČ, Petra ZIHERL

Izvleček

Prispevek predstavlja rezultate empirične raziskave, katere cilj je bil ugotavljanje razlik v ocenjevanju  pomena ključnih dejavnikov odločanja (poslovni cilji, zaznavanje tržnih razmer in vzvodov ter dejavnikov konkurenčnosti) med slovenskimi sadjarji. Raziskava je bila izvedena po metodi ankete z osebnim spraševanjem vseh, v register sadovnjakov vpisanih pravnih in fizičnih oseb. Z metodo faktorske analize so identificirali ključne spremenljivke pri opazovanih indikatorjih, na podlagi katerih so z metodami razvrščanja v skupine identificirali tipične skupine opazovanih sadjarjev. Rezultati kažejo, da se glede na cilje sadjarji delijo v dve skupini: ciljno orientirani in ciljno dezorientirani. Njihove zaznave tržnih razmer in trga določajo trije faktorji: trženjska konkurenčnost, organizacija pridelovalcev in tržna moč kupcev, po katerih jih je mogoče deliti v tri skupine: pristaše organizacije pridelovalcev, usmerjene h kupcu in netržno usmerjene. Razumevanje dejavnikov konkurenčnosti pojasnjujeta dva faktorja, upravljanje in sredstva, ki delita opazovane sadjarje v tri skupine: sadjarji tradicionalisti, sadjarji previdneži in sadjarji podjetniki. Potencialni nosilci razvoja so sadjarji podjetniki, ki so ciljno orientirani in usmerjeni h kupcu ali k organizaciji pridelovalcev. Teh je 38 % vseh sadjarjev, vpisanih v register sadovnjakov.

ABSTRACT

Identification of the potentially propulsive fruit growers in Slovenia

The paper represents the results of an empirical research aimed to detect how the Slovene fruit growers differ with regard to an appraisal of the relevant key factors of a decision making (business aims, perceptions of market situation and forces, and factors of competitiveness). The research was carried out by a personal inquiry of all fruit growers, corporations and farms, registered in the Slovene orchards’ register. Factor analysis was applied to identify the key variables of the studied indicators that were used for clustering of the surveyed fruit growers into typical groups, thereafter. The results show that in terms of aims there are two groups of the fruit growers: end-oriented and end-disoriented ones. Their perceptions of a market situation and forces are defined by three factors, competitiveness in term of marketing, producers’ organization and market power of buyers, which divide them into three typical groups: supporters of a producers’ organization, oriented to a buyer and off-market oriented ones. Understanding of the factors of competitiveness is described by two factors: management and resources that cluster the surveyed fruit growers into three groups: traditionalists, cautious ones and entrepreneurs. Among the supporters of a producers' organization the end-disoriented, as well as traditionalist and cautious fruit growers prevail. The most propulsive group consists of the end-oriented entrepreneurs, who are oriented to a buyer and in favor to producers’ organization. This group of the fruit growers represents 38 % of all surveyed fruit growers.


Modeliranje fenološkega razvoja pri rastlinah

 Zalika ČREPINŠEK, Lučka KAJFEŽ-BOGATAJ

IZVLEČEK

Proučevali smo možnosti napovedovanja fenološkega razvoja gojenih in samoniklih rastlin na osnovi meteoroloških spremenljivk v Sloveniji za obdobje 1955-2000. Povezanost med fenološkim razvojem in meteorološkimi spremenljivkami smo proučevali s korelacijsko analizo in z multiplo linearno regresijo. Vrednosti korelacijskih koeficientov med nastopom fenofaz ter povprečji temperatur zraka dveh ali treh zaporednih mesecev pred nastopom fenofaz so bile visoke (0,60 do 0,85). Statistično značilne so bile tudi korelacije med zimskim indeksom severno atlantskega nihanja in povprečno temperaturo zraka od decembra do marca ter nastopom pomladanskih fenofaz, na čas pojava večine fenofaz v obravnavanih letih količina padavin ni imela značilnega vpliva. Spodnjo temperaturo praga za izračun termalnega časa smo določili s statistično metodo najmanjšega standardnega odklona temperaturnih vsot; variabilnost izračunanih vsot med leti je bila velika (10% do 30%). Uporaba fototermalnega časa za Ljubljano je značilno izboljšala delež pojasnjene variabilnosti v primerjavi s termalnim časom. Z metodo multiple linearne regresije smo oblikovali fenološke in fenoklimatske modele za napoved nastopa fenofaz. Izmed obravnavanih rastlin so bili najboljši fenološki indikatorji breza, regrat ter divji kostanj. S fenološkimi modeli smo lahko pojasnili med 50% in 79%, s fenoklimatskimi pa v povprečju 86% variabilnosti. V fenoklimatskih modelih so bile največkrat vključene meteorološke pojasnjevalne spremenljivke termalni čas, povprečne mesečne temperature ter za Ljubljano v vseh primerih fototermalni čas. Izdelane modele smo preverili z metodo navzkrižnega preverjanja, modelne napovedi so bile dokaj natančne in možne za najmanj pet dni vnaprej.

ABSTRACT

MODELLING OF PLANT PHENOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

Possibilities of predicting phenological development of wild vegetation and cultivated plants were studied, based on meteorological parameters in Slovenia for the period 1955-2000. Correlation analysis and linear multiple regression were used to establish the relationship among phenological development and meteorological parameters. Correlation coefficients between the starting dates of phenological phases with the air temperature of the previous 2-3 months were relatively high (0.6 to 0.85). North Atlantic Oscillation Index was also statistically significant correlated with average air temperatures from December to March and spring phenophases appearance; however the amount of monthly precipitation in actual conditions was not significantly correlated to mostly of discussing phenophases. Lower threshold temperatures were determined with the least standard deviation of growing degree-days. Variability of calculated heat sums among years was relatively high (10% to 30%). The inclusion of photothermal time for location Ljubljana significant improved the models. With linear multiple regression we formed phenological and phenoclimatic models. The most frequently included independent variables of phenological models were birch, dandelion and horse chestnut, we can state that they were phenological indicators in given conditions. We could explain from 50% to 79% of variability with phenological models, respectively 86% on average with phenoclimatic models. Thermal time, mean monthly temperatures and photothermal time for Ljubljana were most frequently included variables in phenoclimatic models. We tested models with cross validation method; predictions were quite accurate with at least 5 days foresight period.


Petinpetdeset let fenoloških opazovanj v Sloveniji, 1951-2005

Zalika ČREPINŠEK, Ciril ZRNEC

IZVLEČEK

Sistematična fitofenološka opazovanja potekajo v Sloveniji od leta 1951 v okviru Agencije republike Slovenije za okolje, oziroma nekdanjega Hidrometeorološkega zavoda Slovenije. Trenutna fenološka mreža obsega 61 postaj, ki so razporejene po različnih slovenskih regijah in nadmorskih višinah, spremlja pa se 36 fenoloških faz za 64 različnih rastlin (41 negojenih in 23 gojenih rastlin, ki vključujejo tudi podatek o sortah). Podan je pregled posameznih področij, za katere je pomembna uporaba fenologije, kot so kmetijstvo in gozdarstvo, medicinska meteorologija, biotska raznovrstnost, turizem, proučevanje podnebnih sprememb in modeliranje razvoja rastlin. Fenološki podatki so v zadnjih dveh desetletjih služili kot podatkovna baza za številne raziskave.

  ABSTRACT

FIFTY-FIVE YEARS OF PHENOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS IN SLOVENIA, 1951-2005

Systematic phenological data have been collected in Slovenia since 1951 by Evironmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia, former Hydrometeorological institute of Slovenia. Nowadays, 36 phenological phases are studied by observing 64 different plants (41 non cultivated and 23 cultivated extended on varieties) at 61 stations in various Slovene regions and altitudes. Several areas that deal with phenological processes are delineated, like agriculture, forestry, medical meteorology, biodiversity, tourism, climate change studies and plant development modelling. Phenological records were used as data base for numerous investigations in past two decades.


Vpliv bakrovih spojin na količino ogljikovih hidratov v različnih rastlinskih delih trte (Vitis vinifera L.)

Denis RUSJAN, Robert VEBERIČ, Zora KOROŠEC-KORUZA

IZVLEČEK

S poskusom smo ugotavljali vpliv bakrovih spojin na sintezo ogljikovih hidratov pri vinski trti (Vitis vinifera L.) sorte 'Merlot' v vinorodnem okolišu Goriška brda v letu 2003. Poskusnemu vinogradu smo priredili bločni poskus: obravnavanje z dvokratno (IPG), večkratno (BB) aplikacijo Cu spojin in (K) brez uporabe bakrovih spojin. Vsebnost ogljikovih hidratov v listih je bila večja pri K, medtem ko v skorji enoletnega lesa pri obravnavanju BB. Pozicija lista na mladiki ne vpliva na količino ogljikovih hidratov v listih. Z aplikacijo bakrovih spojin vplivamo na slabšo kakovost grozdja, saj smo povprečno najmanjše količine ogljikovih hidratov v grozdju dobili v grozdju tretiranem z bakrovimi fungicidi.

 ABSTRACT

 INFLUENCE OF COPPER COMPOUNDS ON THE CARBOHYDRATE CONTENTS IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF VINE (Vitis vinifera L.)

The influence of copper (Cu) on synthesis of carbohydrate content in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. ‘Merlot’ was tested in Goriška brda winegrowing district. In 2003 three different treatments with Cu-compounds were applied as follows: IPG (integrated control with 1 Cu treatment), BB (with several Cu treatments) and K (no Cu treatment). The carbohydrate content was higher in vine leaves with no Cu treatment, but also in shoot bark of vines with BB treatment. The leaf position on the shoot tip has not influence on carbohydrate content in leaves. Carbohydrate content in grape was lower in grape treated with Cu fungicide.


Comparison of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) cultivars and the effect of covering beds

Marijana JAKŠE and Nina KACJAN MARŠIĆ

 ABSTRACT

Five hybrid cultivars ('Boonlim', 'Cipres', 'Dariana', 'Franklim' in 'Steline') of white asparagus were tested on 4 locations in Slovenia (Celje, Logarovci, Nova Gorica and Novo mesto). The plantations were 7 years old when some of the raised beds were covered with black PE mulch and the yield was compared to the yield of uncovered beds. The planting space was 2.2 m between rows and 0.33 m between crowns in the row. Each cultivar had 2 covered and 2 uncovered repetitions with 15 plants (11 m2). The yield and number of spears were measured. For 6 days, white spears were divided into 4 groups based on their thickness (4-8 mm; 8-12 mm; 12-16 mm; over 16 mm), counted and weighed in order to determine the proportion and quality of marketable yield. 'Steline' (3.44 t/ha) had the lowest average yield and 'Boonlim' (6.78 t/ha), which was the best performing cultivar in Logarovci and Nova Gorica, the best. In Novo mesto there were no significant differences among cultivars and in Celje, earlier cultivars 'Franklim', 'Cipres' and 'Dariana' performed better. 'Franklim' had more spears on average but  the weight of the spears was best with 'Boonlim' (46.24 g) and worst with 'Steline' (32.03 g). The mulch influenced the yield, which was 5.27 t/ha on uncovered beds and 6.25 t/ha on covered ones. It also influenced the average weight of spears, which increased from 38.15 g to 40.88 g. The mulch did not increase either the number of spears or their thickness.

 IZVLEČEK

PRIMERJAVA SORT ŠPARGLJA (Asparagus officinalis L.) IN UČINEK PREKRIVANJA GREBENOV

Testirali smo 5 hibridnih sort obeljenega šparglja ('Boonlim', 'Cipres', 'Dariana', 'Franklim' in 'Steline') na 4 lokacijah po Sloveniji (Celje, Logarovci, Nova Gorica in Novo mesto). Nasadi so bili v 7. letu rasti, ko smo del grebenov prekrili s črno PE zastirko in primerjali pridelke na pokritih in neprekritih grebenih. Razdalje med rastlinami so bile 33 cm v vrsti in 2,2 m med vrstami. Pri vsaki sorti smo imeli 2 ponovitvi po 15 rastlin (11 m2) brez zastirke in 2 z zastirko. Merili smo maso in število poganjkov v času 6 tedenskega pobiranja. V 6 zaporednih dneh smo poganjke še razporedili v 4 razrede glede na premer poganjkov: 4-8 mm debeline, 8-12 mm, 12-16 mm in nad 16 mm. Kot najslabša sorta se je izkazala 'Steline' (3,44 t/ha), najboljši pridelek pa je v povprečju dosegla 'Boonlim' (6,78 t/ha), ki je imela tudi največji pridelek v Logarovcih in Novi Gorici. V Novem mestu ni bilo signifikantnih razlik med sortami, v Celju pa so bile boljše zgodnejše sorte 'Franklim', 'Cipres' in 'Dariana'. 'Franklim' je imela v povprečju največ poganjkov. Največjo maso so imeli poganjki pri sorti 'Boonlim' (46,24 g), najmanjšo pa 'Steline' (32,03 g). Zastirka je signifikantno povečala povprečni pridelek od 5,27 t/ha na 6,25 t/ha. Povečala se je tudi povprečna masa poganjka iz 38,15 g na grebenih brez zastirke na 40,88 g pri grebenih z zastirko. Zastirka ni signifikantno vplivala na število ne na delež debelih poganjkov.


Evaluation of ten cultivars of determinate tomato (Lycopersicum  esculentum Mill.), grown under different climatic conditions

Nina KACJAN MARŠIĆ, Jože OSVALD, Marijana JAKŠE

ABSTRACT

The influence of different climatic conditions on fruit yield and quality of 10 determinate tomato cultivars (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) was studied. The experiments were conducted in the mediteranean and central regions of Slovenia. The plants were grown on an open field in the Dragonja valley and Ljubljana and in a low tunnel in Ljubljana. Data indicated that the marketable yield was significantly higher in the Dragonja valley than in Ljubljana. The average yield per plant grown in the Dragonja valley was 3.02 kg, grown on the field in Ljubljana 0.6 kg and in the low tunnel 1.0 kg. The highest marketable yield among the salad tomatoes was obtained with ‘Stormy F1’ (4.05 kg per plant) and among the processing tomatoes with  ‘Hypeel 108 F1’ (4.7 kg per plant) and ‘Centurion F1’(4.1 kg per plant). Those cultivars had some good quality characteristics, important for their application (firmness, redness of skin, thickness of pericarp and succulence). Our research documented a significant yield enhancement of determinate tomato in low tunnel production for the central part of Slovenia.

 IZVLEČEK 

VREDNOTENJE DESETIH KULTIVARJEV NIZKEGA PARADIŽNIKA (Lycopersicum esculentum L.), GOJENEGA V RAZLIČNIH KLIMATSKIH RAZMERAH

V raziskavi smo proučevali vpliv različnih klimatskih razmer na pridelek in kvaliteto plodov 10 kultivarjev nizkega paradižnika (Lycopersicum esculentum L.). Poskusa sta potekala na prostem v dolini reke Dragonje, v Ljubljani pa na prostem in  pod nizkim tunelom.  Rezultati kažejo, da je bil tržni pridelek, pobran v dolini reke Dragonje statistično značilno večji od pridelka rastlin, ki so bile gojene v Ljubljani. Povprečen pridelek v dolini Dragonje je bil 3,02 kg/rastlino, v Ljubljani na prostem 0,6 kg/rastlino in pod nizkim tunelom 1,0 kg/rastlino. Med kultivarji solatnega tipa nizkega paradižnika smo največji tržni pridelek ugotovili pri ’Stormy F1’(4,05 kg na rastlino), med kultivarji nizkega paradižnika za predelavo pa pri kultivarjih ‘Hypeel 108 F1’(4,7 kg na  rastlino)  in ‘Centurion F1’(4,1 kg na rastlino). Pri omenjenih kultivarjih smo ugotovili tudi dobre lastnosti plodov, pomembne za namen uporabe, kot so čvrstost, obarvanost kožice, debelina perikarpa in sočnost. V Ljubljani je bil pridelek paradižnika gojenega v nizkem tunelu statistično značilno večji in kakovostnejši v primerjavi z gojenjem na prostem.


Selenium treatment affected respiratory potential in Eruca sativa

Mateja GERM, Jože OSVALD

ABSTRACT

The effect of selenium on Eruca sativa Miller was studied. The flows of electrons in the photosynthetic apparatus and in the respiratory chain were measured in control plants and in plants obtained from selenium treated seeds. The potential and effective quantum yields of photosystem II were unaffected by selenium treatment. The respiratory potential of Eruca sativa, measured by electron transport system (ETS) activity, significantly increased in plants, grown from selenium treated seeds.

IZVLEČEK

VPLIV SELENA NA RESPIRATORNI POTENCIAL PRI RUKOLI (Eruca sativa)

V članku je opisan vpliv selena na fiziološke lastnosti rukole Eruca sativa Miller. Pretok elektronov v fotosinteznem aparatu in v dihalni verigi smo merili v kontrolnih rastlinah in rastlinah, ki so zrastle is semen, tretiranih s selenom. Potencialna in dejanska fotokemična učinkovitost nista bili odvisni od tretiranja s selenom. Respiratorni potencial rukole, merjen s pomočjo aktivnosti elektronskega transportnega sistema (ETS), je bil značilno večji pri rastlinah, ki so zrastle iz semen, tretiranih s selenom.


Combined impact of solar UV-B radiation and selenium treatment on respiratory potential in pumpkins (Cucurbita pepo L.)

 Mateja GERM 

ABSTRACT

The effects of ambient and filtered solar UV-B radiation and of selenium treatment on respiratory potential measured by electron transport system (ETS) activity in pumpkins, Cucurbita pepo L. were studied. Measurements were conducted three times in the growth period. Solar UV-B radiation decreased ETS activity in plants, regardless selenium treatment. The results suggested that the solar UV-B radiation impaired flow of electrons in the respiratory chain. Selenium decreased ETS activity in plants exposed to solar UV-B radiation in the end of the vegetation period.

IZVLEČEK

 VPLIV SONČNEGA UV-B SEVANJA IN SELENA NA DIHALNI POTENCIAL PRI NAVADNI BUČI (Cucurbita pepo L.)

V raziskavi smo preučevali vpliv UV-B sevanja in selena na dihalni potencial ocenjen s pomočjo meritev elektronekega transportnega sistema (ETS) pri navadni buči Cucurbita pepo L.. Rastline smo izpostavili naravnemu sevanju in sevanju, kjer smo s pomočjo ustreznih filtrov onemogočili prehajanje UV-B žarkom. Ob istem času so bile rastline listno gnojene s selenom. Meritve dihalnega potenciala so bile opravljene trikrat v rastni sezoni. Sončno UV-B sevanje je povzročilo znižanje aktivnosti ETS pri rastlinah, ne glede na dodatek selena. Rezultati kažejo, da je UV-B sevanje povzročilo motnje pri pretoku elektronov v dihalni verigi. Rastline, ki smo jim dodali selen, so imele nižjo aktivnost ETS v primeru, ko so bile istočasno izpostavljene naravnemu sevanju ob koncu vegetacijske sezone.


A carlavirus serologically closely related to Carnation latent virus in Slovenian garlic

 Irena Mavrič and Maja Ravnikar 

ABSTRACT

 Three carlaviruses have been reported in garlic: Garlic common latent virus (GCLV), Shallot latent virus (SLV) and a virus closely related to Carnation latent virus (CLV), this last reported in Argentina. We found a carlavirus related to CLV (abbreviation CG) in two Slovenian varieties of garlic that reacted to the homologous titre in EM decoration tests with antisera to CLV but reacted less strongly with antiserum to GCLV. A CLV antiserum absorbed with isolate of GCLV still clearly differentiated between CG, CLV and GCLV. The virus could not be separated from GCLV by mechanical inoculation to differential test plants, but the GCLV/CG mixture gave only local lesions on Chenopodium quinoa and C. murale, and did not infect Nicotiana clevelandii whereas CLV from carnation systemically infects both plants. CG particles were present at a level of about 2 % compared with particles of GCLV and may have been overlooked by other investigators, especially as they react quite strongly with GCLV antiserum.

 IZVLEČEK

 KARLAVIRUS, SEROLOŠKO SORODEN LATENTNEMU VIRUSU NAGELJA, V SLOVENSKEM ČESNU

Česen okužujejo trije karlavirusi, navadni latentni virus česna (GCLV), latentni virus šalotke (SLV) in virus soroden latentnemu virusu nagelja (CLV). Virus soroden CLV je bil na česnu prvič najden v Argentini. V prispevku poročamo o karlavirusu (v nadaljevanju kot CG) iz dveh slovenskih sort česna. Z imunsko elektronsko mikroskopijo smo ugotovili, da virus reagira do homolognega titra z antiserumom proti CLV in slabše s antiserumom proti GCLV. CLV antiserum, absorbiran z izolatom GCLV, jasno loči med CG, CLV in GCLV. Z mehansko inokulacijo testnih rastlin nismo uspeli ločiti CG od GCLV. Mešanico  GCLV/CG smo našli v  lokalnih poškodbah na Chenopodium quinoa in C. murale, nismo pa je našli na inokuliranih rastlinah Nicotiana clevelandii, za razliko od CLV iz nagelja, ki obe omenjeni rastlini okužuje sistemsko. Delež CG v mešanici CG/GCLV je bil le okrog 2 % in delci so se močno dekorirali z antiserumom proti GCLV, zato je možno, da je CG prisoten tudi drugod po svetu, vendar so ga zaradi omenjenih lastnosti spregledali.
 

Detection of the reporter and selection genes in transformed hop (Humulus lupulus L.)

Suzana Škof, Zlata LUTHAR

 Abstract

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of hop nodal explants with meristems was used for the introduction of a gus reporter gene and nptII plant selection gene into Slovenian hop cv. Aurora. Emerging hop regenerants were previously tested for the gus gene expression by histochemical analysis of β-glucoronidase (GUS) activity. Approximately six months after the transformation procedure, PCR molecular analysis of shoots originating from previously GUS positive regenerants was performed to check integration of the reporter and selection genes into the hop genome. We also compared whether there were any differences in transgene integration in relation to the intensity of gus gene expression (intensive blue coloration on a larger proportion of the leaf surface or just a few blue spots) revealed by GUS-assay. In both cases, the majority of shoots had both transgenes integrated (47.7 or 55.3%) and in smaller number of shoots both transgenes were missing (38.6 or 18.8%). The fewest shoots analyzed showed just gus (2.3 or 8.9%) and slightly more nptII (11.4 or 17.0%) gene presence.

Izvleček

DOLOČANJE testnega in selekcijskega gena v transformiranem hmelju (humulus lupulus L.)

Z metodo posredne transformacije z Agrobacterium tumefaciens smo vnesli testni gus gen in rastlinski selekcijski nptII gen v meristeme nodijev hmelja cv. Aurora. V nastalih regenerantih smo predhodno testirali izražanje testnega gus gena z metodo histokemičnega testa aktivnosti β-glukuronidaze (GUS). Šest mesecev po transformaciji smo z molekulsko analizo poganjkov, ki so nastali na predhodno GUS pozitivnih regenerantih, s PCR metodo preverili vključenost testnega in selekcijskega gena v rastlinski genom.  Primerjali smo tudi, če obstajajo razlike v vključenosti transgenov v poganjke glede na intenzivnost izražanja gus gena (intenzivnejše modro obarvanje na večji površini lista ali le nekaj modrih točk) z GUS testom. V obeh primerih je imela večina poganjkov vključena oba transgena (47.7 oz. 55.3% poganjkov), manj poganjkov ni imelo nobenega transgena (38.6 oz. 18.8%), najmanj pa le gus (2.3 oz. 8.9%) ali nptII (11.4 or 17.0%) gen.
 

Comparison of laboratory TDR soil water measurements

Vesna ZUPANC, Gregor ADAM, Marina PINTAR

ABSTRACT

Reliable soil moisture sensors are essential for agricultural application. Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) is a useful method for nondestructive, continuous measurements of soil water content. Laboratory measurements of soil volumetric water content by the TDR 100 Time Domain Reflectometer were compared to gravimetric measurements in three soils, Clay Loam, Silt Loam and Sand soil. Comparison between original and homemade 10 cm and 20 cm rods was made. TDR 100 gave good results in Clay Loam and Silt Loam soil and over estimated VWC in Sand soil. Results showed little or no difference between original and homemade sensor measurements.

IZVLEČEK

PRIMERJAVA LABORATORIJSKIH MERITEV VODE V TALNEM SUBSTRATU S TDR

Zanesljivi senzorji za merjenje vlage v tleh so v kmetijstvu nujni. Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) je metoda, ki omogoča kontinuirano merjenje vlage v tleh brez rušenja talnega profila. Laboratorijske meritve volumske vsebnosti vode, izvedene s TDR 100 Reflectometrom, smo primerjali z gravimetrično metodo v glinasto ilovnatih, meljasto ilovnatih ter peščenih tleh. Primerjali smo meritve narejene z izvirnimi ter doma narejenimi 10 cm in 20 cm sondami. TDR 100 je pokazal dobre rezultate v glinasto ilovnatih in meljasto ilovnatih tleh, v peščenih tleh so bile izmerjene vrednosti višje od standarda. Rezultati kažejo malo ali nič razlik med meritvami, opravljenimi z izvirnimi in doma narejnimi sondami.
 

Učinkovitost različnega števila feromonskih vab na nalet poljske pokalice (Agriotes lineatus L.)

Lea MILEVOJ, Stanislav GOMBOC, Aleksander BOBNAR, Tina MIKUŠ, Tjaša GRIL  

IZVLEČEK

Poljska pokalica (Agriotes lineatus L.) je v letu 2004 rojila v okolici Ljubljane od 20. tedna v maju (10. maj) do 36. tedna (30. avgust), s kulminacijo v 25. tednu (14. in 17. junij), ko se je v enem samem tednu ulovilo na eno feromonsko vabo (tip Yatlor) 876 pokalic. V letu 2005 je rojila od 17. tedna (28. april) do 34. tedna (25. avgust), s kulminacijo v 21. in 22. tednu (23., 26. maj in 30. maj, 2. junij) ter 26. teden (27. in 30. junij), ko je bilo 27. junija v vabi 569 hroščev. Višja temperatura zraka in tal je vzpodbudila njeno aktivnost, manj so nanjo vplivale deževne padavine. V poskusu množičnega lova pokalic A. lineatus s ciljem zmanjševanja populacije, se je največ osebkov lovilo v varianti z osmimi feromonskimi vabami (leta 2004 skupaj 2940, leta 2005 skupaj 1444 osebkov), sledi varianta z dvema vabama (leta 2004 skupaj 1268, leta 2005, 752 osebkov) in tej varianta s štirimi vabami (leta 2004 skupaj 1120, leta 2005, 664 osebkov). Najmanj pokalic se je lovilo na eno vabo (leta 2004 skupaj 505, leta 2005 pa 178 osebkov). V letih 2004 in 2005 je bila ugotovljena statistično značilna razlika v številčnem naletu pokalic (Agriotes lineatus) pri varianti z osmimi feromonskimi vabami.

ABSTRACT

EFFICACY OF DIFFERENT DENSITY OF PHEROMONE TRAPS ON AN ATTACK OF LINED CLICK BEETLES (AGRIOTES LINEATUS L.)

In 2004 lined click beetles (Agriotes lineatus L.) were swarming in the vicinity of Ljubljana from the 20th to the 36th week (May 10 -August 30) with a catch peak in the 25th week (on June 14 and 17), when 876 lined click beetles were captured by a single pheromone trap (type Yatlor) within a single week. In 2005 they were swarming from the 17th to the 34th week (April 28 - August 25) with a catch peak in the 21st and 22nd week (on May 23, 26 and 30, and June 2) and in the 26th week (on June 27 and 30), when 569 lined click beetles were captured by a bait trap on June 27. An increase in their activity was influenced by higher temperatures of air and soil, while precipitation did not seem to have a significant effect. In order to reduce their population levels, mass trapping was used. Results show that most specimens were captured in a field trial with eight pheromone traps (2940 specimens in total in 2004, and 1444 specimens in total in 2005), which was followed by a field trial with two traps (1268 specimens in total in 2004, and 752 specimens in 2005) and by a field trial with four traps (1120 specimens in 2004, and 664 specimens in 2005). The lowest number of lined click beetles were caught by a single bait trap (505 specimens in 2004, and 178 specimens in 2005). A statistically significant difference in the number of Agriotes lineatus captured was found in results obtained in 2004 and in 2005 in the field trial with eight pheromone traps
 

Pregled požlahtnjenih slovenskih sort kmetijskih rastlin

 Ludvik ROZMAN, Zinka HUREMAGIĆ, Vladimir MEGLIČ

IZVLEČEK

Na podlagi literature ter uradnih sortnih list bivše Jugoslavije in samostojne Slovenije je narejen celoten pregled vzgojenih slovenskih sort kmetijskih rastlin. Nekatere sorte kmetijskih rastlin niso bile vpisane v uradne sortne liste, a so bile kljub temu nekaj časa v proizvodnji oz. na trgu (jablane, oreh, mandljevec), nekatere pa so bile v sortni listi samo krajši čas. Največ slovenskih sort je bilo vzgojenih pri krompirju (17 sort) in hmelju (11) ter v zadnjem obdobju pri vinski trti (26). Slovenske sorte imamo tudi pri nekaterih poljščinah, travah in deteljah, vrtninah, predvsem fižolu (8), radiču (4) in motovilcu (3) ter pri nekaterih sadnih vrstah. Glede na obsežno gensko banko nekaterih kmetijskih rastlin obstajajo velike možnosti za intenzivnejše žlahtnjenje slovenskih sort.

ABSTRACT

OVERVIEW OF SLOVENIAN CULTIVARS OF AGRICULTURAL PLANTS

On the base of literature overview and on the base of the official National List of Varieties the comprehensive list of Slovenian cultivars was made. Some of new cultivars of agricultural plants were not entered to the official variety list in spite of that in practice were sown. The most of Slovenian cultivars of grapevine (26 cultivars), potatoes (17) and of hop (11) were bred in Slovenia. Slovenia has also some own cultivars of some field crops, grasses, legumes and vegetables, first of all of bean (8), chicory (4) and lamb's lettuce (3), but also has cultivars of some fruit trees. Taking into account, that Slovenia has comprehensive gene bank of some agricultural plants, there exists a great possibility for further effective plant breeding.
 

Priprava ajdovih keksov za prehranske poskuse

Blanka VOMBERGAR in Darinka GOSTENČNIK

IZVLEČEK

Avtorji poročajo o poskusih izdelave ajdovih keksov za prehranske študije. Sprejemljivi keksi so bili izdelani iz moke navadne in tatarske ajde, brez uporabe dodatka pšenične moke. V članku so opisane metode za izdelavo ajdovih keksov, primernih za prehranske poskuse. 

ABSTRACT

PRODUCTION OF BUCKWHEAT BISCUITS FOR NUTRITIONAL STUDIES

Experimental production of biscuits, produced from common and tartary buckwheat, without any addition of wheat flour, for nutritional studies is reported. The production of acceptable biscuits is reported.
 

The propagation of chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) nodal explants

Gregor OSTERC, Marjeta ZAVRL FRAS, Tomaž VODENIK, Zlata LUTHAR

 
ABSTRACT

Chestnut is a woody species, which is difficult to propagate either generatively by seed or vegetatively by grafting or cuttings. The experiment of vegetative propagation included in vitro propagated shoots of the chestnut clone ‘Sobota’ from the northeast area of Slovenia. Propagation MS-½NO3 medium contained basic (macro- and microelements) MS medium with a half concentration of two nitrates (KNO3 and NH4NO3) and 100 mg/l inositol, 1 mg/l thiamine, 30 g/l sucrose, and 8 g/l agar. The propagation BW medium consisted of half strength broad leaved tree BT medium and half strength woody plant WP medium. Both propagation media contained 1 mg/l BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) or 1 mg/l zeatin. The in vitro shoots developed much better when propagated on medium containing BAP. With BAP irrespective of the medium, clusters developed significantly more shoots (average 2.1 per cluster) and showed a trend of more vigorous growth with the inclusion of BAP. Shoots grown on BW medium were of poorer quality, with high browning or necrosis and extremely highly intensive hyperhydration ratios. 

IZVLEČEK

RAZMNOŽEVANJE KOSTANJA (Castanea sativa Mill.) IZ NODIJSKIH IZSEČKOV

Pravi kostanj (Castanea sativa Mill.) je lesnata rastlina, ki se težje razmnožuje tako generativno s semenom, kot tudi vegetativno s cepljenjem in potaknjenci. V poskus vegetativnega razmnoževanja so bili vključeni in vitro razmnoženi poganjki oz. nodiji pravega kostanja klon ‘Sobota’ iz območja severovzhodne Slovenije. Razmnoževalno MS-½NO3 gojišče je vsebovalo bazalno (makro- in mikroelemente) MS gojišče s polovično koncentracijo dveh nitratov (KNO3 in NH4NO3) ter 100 mg/l inozitola, 1 mg/l tiamina, 30 g/l saharoze in 8 g/l agarja. Razmnoževalno BW gojišče je vsebovalo polovični koncentaciji gojišč za listavce BT in lesnate rastline WP. Obe gojišči sta vsebovali 1 mg/l BAP (6-benzilaminopurin) oz. 1 mg/l zeatina. Poganjki in vitro so se razvijali veliko boljše, če je gojišče vsebovalo citokinin BAP. Ne glede na vrsto gojišča se je ob prisotnosti BAP razvilo statistično značilno več poganjkov (v povprečju 2,1 v skupku), ki so kazali trend močnejše rasti. Poganjki, ki so rasli na obeh BW gojiščih so bili slabše kvalitete, zaradi večjega odstotka porjavenja oz. pojavljanja nekroz in zelo močne vitrifikacije.
 

Genetske in biotehnološke osnove kakovosti škroba v rastlinskih pridelkih in živilih

 Vida ŠKRABANJA

IZVLEČEK

V delu je pregled problemov sinteze škroba v rastlinah, pomen amilopektina in amiloze. Na prehransko kakovost škroba vpliva amiloza in možnost nastanka retrogradiranega škroba. Opisane so genetske osnove sinteze škroba in možni biotehnološki posegi, ki lahko vplivajo na spremembo količine in kakovosti škroba.  

ABSTRACT

GENETIC AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPROACH TO STARCH QUALITY IN PLANT PRODUCTS AND FOODS

Starch (amylose and amylopectin) synthesis in plants is reviewed. Nutritional importance of retrograded starch is pointed out. Genetic and biotechnological approach of starch quality in plant materials and products is discussed.
 

A case study of Chinese agro-technical extension system

 Linhai MEI

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the paper is to provide a better understanding of organizational patterns and service functions of Chinese AES (Agriculture Extension System) through dissecting the real live situations of extension organization at county level. By analyzing present institution and organizational constitution, the following points are discovered: extension system at county level is completed in organization and strong in functions. Administrative interventions in most extension activities and financial deficiency are primary barriers to develop client-orient extension methods. Too fragmented system and inflexible methods are principal reasons for lowering efficiency and effectiveness of extension performance. Improving farmers’ decision-making ability and promoting farmers’ participation in extension activities are expected. 

IZVLEČEK

RAZISKAVA SISTEMA  AGRO-TEHNIČNEGA POSPEŠEVANJA NA KITAJSKEM 

Namen dela je raziskava in predstavitev organizacijske sheme in nalog  kitajske pospeševalne službe, z razčlenjenjem dejanskih situacij v okrožjih. Ugotovimo lahko, da je organizacija izpopolnjena in ustrezno učinkovita. Pomanjkanje finančnih sredstev omejuje možnosti razvoja pospešpevalnih metod, prijaznih do uporabnika. Preveč razdrobljena organizacijska shema in razmeroma toge  metode omejujejo učinkovitost delovanja. Pričakuje se izboljšanje procesa odločanja pri kmetih in njihovo ustreznejše sodelovanje pri procesih pospeševanja.