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Usklajenost
slovenske okoljske in kmetijske zakonodaje
na področju ohranjanja genskih virov v
kmetijstvu
Aleksandra
ŽIGO JONOZOVIČ
IZVLEČEK
Biotska
raznovrstnost v kmetijstvu (BRK) vključuje
dele biotske raznovrstnosti, povezane s
kmetijstvom in pridobivanjem hrane, med
katerimi imajo poseben pomen genski viri.
Temeljna izhodišča pravne ureditve varstva
okolja in ohranjanja naravne dediščine so
zapisani v Ustavi Republike Slovenije. V
Sloveniji imamo celosten pristop urejanja
pravnega varstva okolja, pri katerem je na
samem vrhu celostni Zakon o varstvu okolja.
Pod njim so posamezni zakoni, ki
razčlenjujejo njegove določbe ter jih
prilagajajo posebnostim varstvenega
področja. Na področju varstva biotske
raznovrstnosti in naravnih vrednot imamo
Zakon o ohranjanju narave (ZON). Analiza je
pokazala, da Zakon ne obravnava kmetijske
biotske raznovrstnosti ter da se je njeno
varstvo oblikovalo znotraj kmetijske
zakonodaje, neodvisno od okoljske. V
predpisih obeh se uporabljata neodvisni
vrednostni lestvici naravnih dobrin (naravne
vrednote oz. avtohtone sorte in pasme), ki
nista povezani v logično celoto.
Vključevanje varstva biotske raznovrstnosti
v kmetijstvu v sistem okoljske zakonodaje bi
bilo mogoče s spremembo ZON, in sicer z
določilom o prenosu pristojnosti za
agrobiodiverziteto na kmetijsko zakonodajo.
Ustrezna povezava med okoljsko in kmetijsko
zakonodajo na področju varstva genskih virov
v kmetijstvu bi bila smiselna uporaba
statusa naravne vrednote za tiste dele BRK,
ki imajo za Slovenijo določeno kulturno,
zgodovinsko in/ali znanstveno vrednost.
ABSTRACT
ALIGNMENT OF SLOVENIAN ENVIRONMENTAL AND
AGRICULTURAL LEGISLATION IN THE SCOPE OF
AGRICULTURAL GENETIC RESOURCES CONSERVATION
Agricultural
biodiversity (agrobiodiversity) encompasses
components of biodiversity relevant to food
and agriculture, and the genetic resources
are it's important part. The fundamental
premise for legal protection of environment
and conservation of natural heritage in
Slovenia is given by the Constitution. The
Environment Protection Act is an umbrella
act for environmental protection and all
other relevant legal provisions are more
specific regulations adjusted to distinctive
features of particular sectors. Protection
of biodiversity and Slovenia's valuable
natural features is provided by the Nature
Conservation Act (NCA). Analysis of that and
other legal sources shows that NCA does not
regulate agricultural biodiversity, and that
there is no connection between environmental
and agricultural legislation regarding
agrobiodiversity, or more specifically,
agricultural genetic resources. Both
legislations use separate scales for the
validation of natural resources (valuable
natural features vs. autochthonous cultivars
and breeds, respectively). One possible way
of integrating agrobiodiversity aspects into
Slovenian environmental legislation would be
by adding provisions to NCA to transfer
authority for agrobiodiversity to
agricultural legislation. An appropriate way
of linking environmental and agricultural
legislation in the matter of protection of
genetic resources for food and agriculture
would be possible by granting valuable
natural feature status to those parts of
agrobiodiversity which have particular
historical, cultural and/or scientific value
for Slovenia.
Pollinators of Helleborus niger in
Slovenian naturally occurring populations
Andrej
ŠUŠEK, Anton IVANČIČ
ABSTRACT
The study is based on documentation and analysis of
the major visitors and pollinators of the
Christmas rose (Helleborus niger L.)
flowers in Slovenian naturally occurring
populations. The emphasis was put on 5
groups of insects: bees, bumblebees, large
flies, small dipterous flies and pollinators
of minor importance. Systematic observations
took place in March 2003, at two different
locations: on the valley of Bohinjska Bela
and on the Peca Mountain. The first location
was not far from a rural area, while the
second one was in an isolated area,
completely in the wild. The analysis of
insect activity showed that there were
obvious differences in frequency of visits
among the insect groups investigated,
locations and time of day. In the population
of Bohinjska Bela, bees were the most
important pollinators, with the highest
activity occurred between 10 a.m. and 11 a.m.
In the isolated population in Peca the most
frequent visitors were small dipterous
flies. The study suggests that the Christmas
rose is probably an entomophylous (the most
important pollinators are insects, such as
bees and flies) and predominantly
cross-pollinating species. The entomophylous
nature appears to be closely associated with
the specific botanic characteristics of
flowers. Another pollinating agent is
probably wind.
IZVLEČEK
OPRAŠEVALCI ČRNEGA TELOHA (Helleborus
niger) V NARAVNIH POPULACIJAH V
SLOVENIJI
Raziskava je bila opravljena na črnem telohu
(Helleborus niger L.) in obsega
dokumentiranje in analizo glavnih
opraševalcev črnega teloha v naravnih
populacijah. Osredotočili smo se na 5 skupin
insektov: čebele, črmlje, muhe, majhne
dvokrilne insekte in opraševalce manjšega
pomena. Sistematično opazovanje je potekalo
v marcu 2003 na dveh lokacijah: v dolini
Bohinjska Bela in na planini Peca. Prva
lokacija je bila blizu naselja, medtem ko je
bila druga lokacija daleč od ruralnega
okolja v naravi. Analize opraševanja,
povezane z aktivnostjo žuželk, nakazujejo,
da obstajajo očitne razlike v pogostnosti
obiska med proučevanimi skupinami žuželk,
lokacijo in dnevnim časom. V populaciji
Bohinjska Bela so bili najpomembnejši
opraševalci čebele z največjo aktivnostjo
med 10 in 11 uro zjutraj. V populaciji Peca
so bili najpogostejši obiskovalci majhni
dvokrilni insekti. Opazovanja kažejo, da je
črni teloh verjetno prevladujoče tujeprašna,
entomofilna vrsta (najpomembnejši
opraševalci so insekti, predvsem čebele in
muhe). Entomofilna narava je ozko povezana z
botaničnimi lastnostmi cveta. Med možne
opraševalce spada tudi veter.
Poskusi
pridelovanja bratinskega košutnika
(Gentiana
lutea L. subsp. symphyandra Murb.)
na območju zahodne Slovenije
Anita KUŠAR in Dea
BARIČEVIČ
IZVLEČEK
Uvajanje zdravilnih in aromatičnih rastlin v
pridelovanje je pomembna faza pri ohranjanju
naravnih izvorov rastlinskih vrst in
zagotavljanju kakovostnega rastlinskega
materiala kot vhodne surovine za
farmacevtsko in živilsko predelovalno
industrijo. V poskus je bil vključen
bratinski košutnik (Gentiana lutea L.
subsp. symphyandra Murb.), ki je
ogrožena rastlinska vrsta tako na območju
Slovenije kot na območju Evrope. V poskus
pridelovanja sta bila vključena dva ekotipa
(Nanos in Vremščica) bratinskega košutnika.
Pridelovanje je potekalo na treh lokacijah
(Vogrsko, Vremščica in Podkraj), rastline so
bile v nasad sajene v dveh obravnavanih
terminih (pomlad in jesen). V nasadih
bratinskega košutnika smo spremljali
preživetje rastlin po sajenju v nasad,
pridelek in kakovost pridelane droge. Ekotip
rastlin na odstotek preživelih rastlin v
nasadu ni imel statistično značilnega
vpliva, pomembno pa je vplival na pridelek
in njegovo kakovost. Lokacija sajenja na
pridelek korenin ni imela statistično
značilnega vpliva, po dveh letih se je
povprečna potencialna produktivnost nasadov
gibala med 2,3 in 3,1 tone svežih korenin na
hektar. Nasprotno pa je lokacija vplivala na
kakovost pridelane rastlinske droge. Termin
sajenja rastlin je značilno vplival na
preživetje rastlin, na velikost pridelka in
njegovo kakovost pa ni imel značilnega
vpliva.
ABSTRACT
Cultivation
trials of yellow gentian
(Gentiana lutea L. subsp.
symphyandra Murb.)
in west part of Slovenia
Introduction of medicinal and aromatic
plants (MAP) into cultivation has been
recognized as an important step in
conservation of natural resources of MAPs
and in supply of raw materials for
industrial needs. Yellow gentian (Gentiana
lutea L. subsp. symphyandra Murb.),
an endangered plant species in Slovenia and
elsewhere in Europe, was included into the
study. Two ecotypes of yellow gentian (Nanos
and Vremščica), three different locations (Vogrsko,
Vremščica and Podkraj), and two different
transplanting periods (spring and autumn)
were studied with regard to the plants
survival, yield and quality of harvested
roots. Plant’s ecotype did not have any
statistically significant impact on
survival, but it had strong impact on the
yield and the quality of harvested drug. The
location had no significant effect on the
yield. After two years of cultivation the
potential productivity was estimated to be
between 2.3 and 3.1 tones of fresh roots per
hectare. Contrary, the location had a strong
impact on the quality of harvested plant
drug. Transplanting period had strong impact
on plants’ survival, but there was no
influence of transplanting period on the
yield and its quality.
Vpliv rabe tal na botanično sestavo travne
ruše v različnih talnih razmerah
Ljubljanskega barja
Tomaž SINKOVIČ
IZVLEČEK
Floristična sestava travinja opredeljuje
pridelovalno in naravno vrednost travne
ruše. Ker ugodna botanična sestava ruše za
pridelovanje krme pogosto pomeni njeno
vrstno siromašnost, smo ta odnos želeli
preučiti za travnike Ljubljanskega barja.
Leta 1999 smo zasnovali na zvezah
Arrhenatherion (poskus T1) in
Molinion (poskus T2) dva travniška
poskusa v obliki deljenk s štirimi
ponovitvami. Glavne parcele predstavljajo
pogostnost rabe (2 košnji na leto z
zapoznelo in običajno 1. košnjo, 3 košnje in
4 košnje), podparcele pa stopnjo gnojenja
(negnojeno – kontrola, PK in NPK z različni
odmerki N). Rezultati raziskave, ugotovljeni
pred 1. košnjo v 4. letu trajanja poskusov:
V primerjavi s kontrolo ni gnojenje tako s
PK kot NPK gnojili na nobenem poskusu
zmanjšalo rastlinske pestrosti v ruši.
Povprečno je bilo v negnojeni in gnojeni
ruši po 20 vrst. Število vrst v ruši se ni
zmanjšalo niti pri povečanem številu košenj
(19 vrst pri 2 košnjah nasproti 20 vrstam
pri 3 oz. 4 košnjah). Zastopanost metuljnic
se je na obeh poskusih opazno povečala pri
PK gnojenju in ekstenzivni rabi – 2 ali 3
košnjah. Večja pogostnost rabe je pri vseh
postopkih delovala pozitivno na delež trav v
ruši. Na poskusu T1 je gnojenje zmanjšalo
relativno zastopanost močvirske preslice v
travni ruši. Njen delež se je še dodatno
zmanjšal s povečanjem košenj iz dve na tri
oz. štiri. Zastopanost močvirske preslice je
bila največja v negnojeni 2 kosni ruši in
najmanjša v NPK gnojeni 4 kosni ruši.
INFLUENCE OF MANAGEMENT ON HERBAGE BOTANICAL
COMPOSITION OF LJUBLJANA MARSH GRASSLANDS
ABSTRACT
Botanical composition of grasslands
determines agronomic and natural values of
swards. Good grassland management usually
improves herbage value, but on the other
hand frequently decreases plant diversity in
swards. Therefore, we decided to investigate
this relationship in Ljubljana marsh
meadows. In 1999 two field trials in
split-plot design with 4 replicates were
established in Arrhenatherion (trial
T1) and Molinion (trial T2)
alliances. Cutting regimes (2 cuts – with
normal and delayed first cut, 3 and 4 cuts
per year) were allocated on main plots and
fertiliser treatments (zero fertiliser –
control, PK and NPK with 2 or 3 N rates)
were allocated on sub-plots. The results at
1st cutting in the 4th
trial year were as follows: On both trials
fertilising either with PK or NPK regarding
all cutting regimes had no negative effect
on plant diversity. In average 20 species
were listed on unfertilised and fertilised
swards respectively. At this low to moderate
level of defoliation intensity, increased
number of cutting had no negative effect on
plant diversity as well (19 species at 2
cuts vs. 20 species at 3 or 4 cuts). On both
trials PK fertilising increased the
proportion of legumes in herbage within 2
and 3 cuts. The proportion of grasses in
herbage increased at all fertilising
treatments with increased cutting numbers.
Fertiliser treatments reduced considerably
the proportion of Equisetum
palustre in herbage on T1. This effect
was even more pronounced at higher cut
numbers. The proportion of Equisetum
palustre in herbage was the highest in
unfertilised sward within 2 cuts and the
lowest in NPK fertilised sward within 4
cuts.
Comparative study of quality changes in
tomato cv. 'Malike' (Lycopersicon
esculentum Mill.) whilst stored at
different temperatures
Dragan ŽNIDARČIČ, Tomaž
POŽRL
ABSTRACT
The objective of this study was to compare
the effects of storage conditions on the
indeterminate tomatoes (Lycopersicon
esculentum Mill.) cv. 'Malike'. Fruits
were stored at 5 oC and 10 oC
for up to 28 days; to extend their
post-harvest life and maintain fruit quality
parameters. The weight loss, soluble solids,
titrable acidity and skin colour components
of the fruits were recorded weekly. The
weight loss of tomatoes was almost linear at
both storage temperatures. Fruits stored at
10 oC lost weight faster than
those stored at 5 oC. Storage at
lower temperature tended to increase tomato
longevity. At the end of the storage period
the fruits stored at 5 oC
experienced a weight loss of 13.6 % (after
28 days), while those stored at 10 oC
showed values of 14.2 % (after 21 days).
Soluble solids increased slightly from 5.06
% to 6.92 % at 5 oC (during 28
days period) and from 5.06 % to 6.26 % at 10
oC (during 21 days period). There
were only slight changes in soluble solids
content during the stored period studied, as
well as non-significant differences between
the two temperatures. Changes of titrable
acidity during storage were relatively
small. After seven days the content of
titrable acid started to decrease at both
temperatures. There was no significant skin
colour difference between the tomatoes
maintained at different temperatures.
IZVLEČEK
PRIMERJALNA ŠTUDIJA KVALITATIVNIH SPREMEMB
PARADIŽNIKA CV.
'MALIKE' (Lycopersicon esculentum
Mill.), SKLADIŠČENEGA PRI RAZLIČNIH
TEMPERATURAH
Cilj raziskave je bil primerjati, kako
razmere skladiščenja vplivajo na
indeterminantni paradižnik (Lycopersicon
esculentum Mill.) cv. 'Malike'. Plodovi
so bili skladiščeni 28 dni pri temperaturi 5
oC in 10 oC z namenom,
da bi podaljšali trajnost plodov in hkrati
obdržali njihovo kakovost. V enakih
tedenskih intervali smo merili izgubo teže,
vsebnost suhe snovi, vsebnost skupnih kislin
in barvo kože plodov. Izguba teže je bila
skoraj linearna pri obeh temperaturah.
Plodovi, skladiščeni pri 10 oC,
so težo izgubljali hitreje kot tisti,
skladiščeni pri 5 oC. Ob
skladiščenju pri nižji temperaturi se je
pokazala težnja po podaljšanju življenjske
dobe plodov. Na koncu poskusa smo ugotovili,
da so plodovi skladiščeni pri 5 oC
izgubili 13,6 % teže (po 28-ih dneh), medtem
ko so tisti pri 10 oC izgubili
14,2 % teže (po 21-ih dneh). Vsebnost suhe
snovi je počasi naraščala od 5,06 % do 6,92
% pri 5 oC (v obdobju 28 dni) in
od 5,06 % do 6,26 % pri 10 oC (v
obdobju 21 dni).
Ugotovljena je bila majhna, statistično
neznačilna razlika v suhi snovi paradižnikov
med obema temperaturama. Spremembe skupnih
kislin so bile med skladiščenjem relativno
majhne. Po sedmih dneh so skupne kisline
začele upadati pri obeh temperaturah. Med
paradižniki, skladiščenimi pri različnih
temperaturah, tudi ni bilo statistično
značilnih razlik v obarvanosti kože.
Investigation of declared values of iodine
in food supplements on the Slovene market
Andrej
Osterc, Vekoslava
Stibilj
Abstract
The essentiality of iodine for man is well recognized. The
primary sources of iodine in a normal,
balanced diet are fish, shellfish, milk and
iodinated salt. Alternative sources of
iodine meant to complement the normal diet
are food supplements containing iodine. The
complex composition of food supplements, due
to their content of various vitamins and
minerals, makes determination of iodine very
difficult. In our work we employed
radiochemical neutron activation analysis to
determine the content of iodine in different
series of seven different food supplements
available on the Slovene market intended for
adults, children and sportsmen. The levels
of iodine found ranged from 21 to 231 µg/g.
Three food supplements were not in agreement
with the declaration made by the producer
and two food supplements were not in
agreement with the recommendations made by
U.S. Pharmacopoeia that dietary supplements
should contain not less then 90 % and not
more then 200 % of the declared amount of
substance.
Izvleček
preverjanje DEKLARIRANIH VREDNOSTI JODA V
PREHRANSKIH DOPOLNILIH NA SLOVENSKEM TRŽIŠČU
Pomembnost joda za človeka je dobro znana.
Osnoven vir joda v normalni, uravnoteženi
prehrani predstavljajo ribe, lupinarji
(školjke, polži, raki), mleko in jodirana
sol. Alternativen vir joda so prehranska
dopolnila, ki vsebujejo jod. Njihova uporaba
je upravičena predvsem v primerih, kadar je
težko zagotoviti uravnoteženo prehrano in so
nepogrešljivi med nosečnostjo ter v času
bolezni, poškodb, izrednega stresa ali
telesnih obremenitev. Vsakršno prekomerno
ali nesorazmerno vnašanje v zdravo telo pa
je zanj le obremenitev metabolizma ali pa
celo vodi v kopičenje v določenih organih,
kjer povzročajo nekateri elementi celo
toksične učinke. Prehranska dopolnila imajo
kompleksno sestavo, saj vsebujejo številne
vitamine in minerale, kar precej otežuje
določanje joda. Pri našem delu smo uporabili
radiokemijsko nevtronsko aktivacijsko
analizo ter določili vsebnost joda v sedmih
različnih prehranskih dopolnilih, iz
različnih proizvodnih serij, ki so
dosegljiva na slovenskem tržišču in so
namenjena odraslim, otrokom in športnikom.
Vsebnost joda je bila v območju od 21 do 231
μg g-1. Pri treh prehranskih
dopolnilih se določena vrednost joda ni
ujemala z deklarirano vrednostjo
proizvajalca, pri dveh pa se določena
vrednost ni ujemala z priporočilom U.S.
Pharmacopoeia, ki navaja, da prehranska
dopolnila naj ne bi vsebovala manj kot 90 %
in ne več kot 200 % deklarirane vrednosti
določene sestavine.
Effect of added rosemary extract on
oxidative stability
of Camelina sativa oil
Helena ABRAMOVIČ and Veronika ABRAM
ABSTRACT
The protective effect of added rosemary extract (RE) on the
oxidative stability of highly unsaturated
Camelina sativa oil was followed by
periodic determination of its peroxide value
(PV) during storage in darkness at
room temperature. In camelina oil containing
RE, a peroxide value of 10 mmol O2 / kg,
the upper limit for unrefined oils, was not
attained after 11 months’ storage. Compared
to unprotected camelina oil the formation of
hydroperoxides in oil containing RE was
reduced by more than 40 %. The effect of RE
against oxidation of camelina oil was also
measured by the Rancimat test. In fresh
camelina oil treated with RE the induction
period was extended by 60 % as compared to
untreated oil. Also, RE was more effective
in preventing oil from oxidation when the
oil was stored in darkness than in daylight.
IZVLEČEK
UČINEK ROŽMARINOVEGA EKSTRAKTA NA
OKSIDATIVNO STABILNOST OLJA NAVADNEGA RIČKA
(Camelina sativa)
Zaščitni učinek rožmarinovega ekstrakta (RE) na oksidativno
stabilnost olja navadnega rička smo
ugotavljali tako, da smo periodično določali
peroksidno število (PV) olja, ki smo
ga skladiščili v temi pri sobni temperaturi.
Po enajstih mesecih skladiščenja vrednost
peroksidnega števila v olju navadnega rička,
ki je vsebovalo rožmarinov ekstrakt, ni
dosegla najvišje dovoljene vrednosti za
nerafinirana olja. Dodatek rožmarinovega
ekstrakta je upočasnil tvorbo
hidroperoksidov v olju za 40 %. Učinek
rožmarinovega ekstrakta na odpornost olja do
oksidacije smo določali tudi z Rancimat
testom. Ugotovili smo, da rožmarinov
ekstrakt v svežem olju za 60 % podaljša
indukcijsko periodo. Rožmarinov ekstrakt je
učinkoviteje zaščitil pred oksidacijo olje
skladiščeno v temi kot olje skladiščeno na
svetlobi.
Ocena bioaerosolov v delovnih prostorih
Barbara JERŠEK, Tina ZORMAN
IZVLEČEK
V različnih prostorih na fakulteti in v zdravstvenem
domu smo ocenili bioaerosole. Za vzorčenje
bioaerosolov smo uporabili vzorčevalec
Mas-100. Na fakulteti je bila v zraku
določena povprečna koncentracija bakterij
423±842
cfu/m3 in povprečna koncentracija
plesni 142±374
cfu/m3. Glede na rezultate o
povprečni koncentraciji bioaerosolov in
identifikaciji glavnih rodov plesni sta bila
kot neustrezna določena le dva od 26
preiskanih prostorov. Statistično značilna
korelacija je bila določena med
koncentracijo bakterij in številom ljudi v
posameznem prostoru. V zdravstvenem domu je
bila povprečna koncentracija bakterij 405±206
cfu/m3 in povprečna koncentracija
plesni 73±56
cfu/m3. Koncentracije
bioaerosolov določene v zdravstvenem domu,
ki ima umeten način prezračevanja (sistem
HVAC), se statistično niso razlikovale od
koncentracij bioaerosolov na fakulteti. Ker
je bilo v zdravstvenem domu vzorčeno le
omejeno število bioaer
ABSTRACT
ESTIMATION OF BIOAEROSOLS IN WORK
ENVIRONMENTS
Bioaerosols were evaluated in different
places at the faculty and in the health
centre. Mas-100 Air Sampler was used for
bioaerosol collection. Average bacterial and
fungal concentrations
at the faculty
were 423±842
cfu/m3 and 142±374
cfu/m3,
respectively. These data together with data
of moulds identification indicated that only
2 indoor environments among 26 examined
places at the faculty contained unacceptable
bioaerosols. Statistically significant
correlation was found between the bacterial
concentrations and the numbers of present
persons. Average bacterial and fungal
concentrations in the health centre were 405±206
cfu/m3 and 73±56
cfu/m3,
respectively. Bioaerosols concentrations in
the health centre with HVAC system
statistically did not differ from the ones
obtained at the faculty. As only limited
numbers of bioaerosols were examined in the
health centre further investigations are
necessary to evaluate efficiency of HVAC
system.
Odziv kmetijskih rastlin na UV-B sevanje
Mateja GERM
IZVLEČEK
UV-B sevanje vpliva na strukturo in
anatomijo lista, fotosintezna barvila, UV-B
absorbirajoče snovi, fotosintezo, rast,
razvoj in produkcijo. V naravi so rastline
izpostavljene tudi drugim okoljskim
dejavnikom, ki imajo na rastline skupaj z UV-B
sevanjem sinergističen ali antagonističen
vpliv. Večina raziskav o vplivu UV-B sevanja
je bila kratkotrajnih, narejenih v
nadzorovanih razmerah v laboratorijih,
rastlinjakih in rastnih komorah, kjer je
bilo UV-B sevanje zelo močno, UV-A sevanje
in PAR pa prešibko.
Rastline so bolj občutljive na UV
sevanje, če je vidna svetloba (PAR)
zmanjšana. Klimatske spremembe bodo vplivale
na produktivnost kulturnih rastlin, ki so
zaradi procesov žlahtnjenja mnogokrat še
občutljivejše na spremembe v okolju.
ABSTRACT
The response of cultivated plants to ultraviolet
(UV)-B radiation
UV-B radiation affects leaf ultrastructure
and anatomy, photosynthetic pigments, UV-B
absorbing compounds, photosynthesis, growth
and development, and yield. Plants are
exposed in their natural environment to many
ecological factors that have together with
UV-B radiation synergistic or antagonistic
influence on plants. The majority of UV
research was short term conducted on
controlled conditions in the laboratories
and greenhouses, where plants were exposed
to strong UV-B radiation, while UV-A and PAR
radiation were too weak. Plants are more
sensitive to UV radiation if PAR is low.
Climate change is going to affect
differently crop productivity in different
areas of the world, although regional
climatic variations and differences in
availability of natural resources (e.g.
water) make difficult the assessment of crop
response at a local level, based on global
models.
Časovna analiza nekaterih klimatskih
spremenljivk v Sloveniji
Tina ŽAGAR, Lučka
KAJFEŽ-BOGATAJ, Zalika ČREPINŠEK
IZVLEČEK
Na podlagi dolgoletnih podatkov o temperaturi zraka,
padavinah, trajanju snežne odeje, pretokih
rek in fenoloških podatkov, smo proučevali
trend nekaterih klimatskih spremenljivk v
Sloveniji za obdobje zadnjih petih
desetletij. Iz nizov mesečnih podatkov smo
izračunali letna in polletna povprečja.
Rezultati neparametričnega preizkusa
Mann-Whitney-Pettit, s katerim smo določali
prelomne točke trendov, so pokazali, da se
je naraščanje temperatur zraka, krajše
trajanje snežne odeje in zgodnejše cvetenje
navadne breze ter navadne leske začelo
približno po letu 1987. Upadanje povprečnega
srednjega pretoka rek se je začelo konec
80.let in upadanje padavin konec 60.let.
Ničelno domnevo, da do prelomnega leta ni
prišlo, smo zavrnili (a=0,05),
in zaključili, da je prišlo do sprememb
klimatskih spremenljivk v Sloveniji zaradi
globalnega segrevanja.
ABSTRACT
CHANGE-POINT ANALYSIS OF SOME CLIMATE
VARIABLES IN SLOVENIA
When studying observed climate changes it is often
important to test stationarity of a given
meteorological time series. The classical
change-point problem is to test for the
existence of a change-point and estimate its
location if it exists.
The study of climate trend in Slovenia is
based on long-term records of air
temperature, precipitation, duration of
snow-cover, stream-flow and phenological
data over the last five decades. For all
data sets, the annual and half year time
series were computed. The
Mann-Whitney-Pettit test was used to test
the null hypothesis and to determine the
change-point. The results of
Mann-Whitney-Pettit test indicate the
increase in annual air temperature, the
shorter duration of snow cover and earlier
flowering of plants after year 1987.
Decrease in stream-flow appears at the end
of 80s and decrease in precipitation at the
end of 60s. We can reject null hypothesis
with significance level of
a=0.05
and conclude that there was a change in
Slovenian climate due to global warming.
Metode za razvrščanje enot v skupine;
osnove in primer
Katarina KOŠMELJ, Lidija
BRESKVAR ŽAUCER
IZVLEČEK
Članek predstavlja osnove hierarhičnih in
optimizacijskih metod za razvrščanje enot v
skupine. Podana je ilustracija na enostavnem
zgledu ter primer, ki se nanaša na
razvrščanje meteoroloških postaj. Članek je
namenjen študentom in raziskovalcem, ki se
prvič srečujejo s to problematiko.
ABSTRACT
METHODS FOR CLUSTER ANALYSIS; INTRODUCTION
AND A CASE STUDY
The paper deals with cluster analysis. It is
focused on hierarchical and optimization
clustering methods. A simple example is
worked-out for illustration, a case-study on
19 meteorological stations in Slovenia is
presented. The paper presents elementary
ideas and is meant for beginners.
Die Ausdünnung bei einigen neuen tragwiligen
Zwetschgensorten
Pakeza DRKENDA, Lukas BERTSCHINGER
ABSTRACT
Chemical thinning of some new high
quality plum varieties
Modern training and production systems of
plum allow a more efficient production. The
aim of this experiment was to optimize the
crop load and fruit quality of some new plum
cultivars (‘Cacac beauty’ and ‘Hanita’) by
using chemical fruit thinning (ATS, Armothin
and Etephon-Amid). Amonium-thio-sulphate (ATS)
can be recommended for fruit thinning of
plum cultivars ‘Cacac beauty’ and ‘Hanita’
in the full bloom. The concentration of 1%,
5% ATS has proved to be enough good
according to strongly improvement of fruit
quality and reducing of crop load. Armothine,
applied in the full bloom can be used for
thinning of the examined plum cultivars. As
a good concentration could be recommended
concentration of 1 and 5 % according fruit
quality and affecting the fruit dropping. It
was observed a significant better
improvement of fruit quality in the cultivar
‘Hanita’ than in ‘Cacac beauty’ cultivar.
Ethephon-Amid, compared to ATS and Armothin
appeared to be worse thinner for the
examined cultivars. A special attention
should be paid to the concentration and
sensibility of cultivars. The concentration
of 120 ppm caused to intensive fruit
dropping of the ‘Cacac beauty’ cultivar.
IZVLEČEK
Redčenje pri nekaterih dobro rodnih sortah
češpelj
Moderne gojitvene oblike in sistemi sajenja
omogočajo pri češpljah gospodarno pridelavo.
Namen poskusa je bil optimizacija nastavka
in kakovosti plodov pri nekaterih novih
sortah češpelj (‚Čačanska lepotica’ in ‚Hanita’)
ob uporabi kemičnega redčenja (ATS, Armothin
in Etephon-amid). Amonium tiosulfat (ATS)
priporočamo pri kemičnem redčenju sort
češpelj ‚Čačanska lepotica’ in ‚Hanita’ med
polnim cvetenjem. 1 in 5 % koncentracija ATS
omogočata povečanje kakovosti plodov in
nastavka. Atmothin lahko pri proučevanih
sortah uporabljamo med polnim cvetenjem. Z
vidika kakovosti plodov in odpadanja
plodičev priporočamo 1 in 5 % koncentracijo
Armothina. Pri sorti ‚Hanita’ smo ugotovili
pri Armothinu večji vpliv na kakovost plodov
kot pri sorti ‚Čačanska lepotica’. Kot
najmanj učinkovito sredstvo pri proučevanih
sortah se je pokazal Etephon-amid. Posebno
pozornost moramo nameniti koncentraciji in
občutljivosti posameznih sort. Koncentracija
120 ppm je pri sorti ‚Čačanska lepotica’
povzročila premočno odpadanje plodičev.
Urban landscape as a restorative
environment: preferences and design
considerations
Tanja SIMONIČ
ABSTRACT
In this paper, the idea of considering
public preferences in design of urban
landscapes as restorative environments is
explored. A visual landscape preference
research was conducted among user groups in
Slovenia. In the study, a questionnaire was
used, which was based on a selection of
landscape scenes. These represented
different types of naturalistic and natural
landscapes. Possibilities of applying
findings about public visual preference for
landscape scenes and preferences for
selected uses of those landscapes to the
landscape design process are discussed. A
particular attention is given to restorative
and experiential quality of landscapes.
Findings clearly suggest that the particular
character, spatial organisation, and the
character of present natural elements in the
landscape influence preference for certain
uses and selection of landscape scenes as
restorative environments.
IZVLEČEK
MESTNA KRAJINA KOT OBNOVITVENO OKOLJE:
VŠEČNOST IN OBLIKOVALSKI VIDIKI
V članku so predstavljene možnosti za
vključevanje doživljajskih vidikov in
všečnosti krajine v načrtovanje obnovitvenih
okolij. Vidno zaznavna študija všečnosti
urbanih krajin je bila izvedena med
uporabniki prostora v Sloveniji. V raziskavi
je bila uporabljena metoda anketnega
ocenjevanja, ki je temeljila na ocenjevanju
krajinskih prizorišč. Ta so predstavljala
različne tipe oblikovane in naravne krajine.
Obravnavane so možnosti vključevanja
spoznanj o vidno zaznavni všečnosti krajin
in zaželenosti krajinskih prizorišč za
izbrane rabe v načrtovalski proces, s
poudarkom na obnovitveni in doživljajski
kakovosti krajin. Rezultati kažejo, da so
specifične značilnosti krajinskega
prizorišča, njegova prostorska organizacija
ter značilnosti prisotnih naravnih prvin
pomembeni v izboru krajinskih prizorišč kot
obnovitvenih okolj.
Significant perceptual properties of outdoor
ornamental plants
Nika KRAVANJA
ABSTRACT
This research deals with the perception of
outdoor ornamental plants. It examines
whether methods used for perception research
in the social sciences may also be applied
to such specific material as outdoor
ornamental plants. In an experiment
involving 56 participants we tested the use
of an adjective checklist, which consisted
of 78 adjectives describing the features of
15 outdoor ornamental plants. The
participants chose the adjectives suitable
for describing individual plants with
varying frequency; in subsequent research
only those properties were considered which
were chosen in more than 10% of the cases.
An examination of the frequency of chosen
features showed that people are favorably
disposed towards plants; properties with
negative meanings were rarely marked. By
using statistical methods of classification
into groups we determined which features of
outdoor ornamental plants aggregate into
larger, semantically similar groups.
IZVLEČEK
POMEMBNEJŠE PERCEPCIJSKE LASTNOSTI PARKOVNIH
RASTLIN
Raziskava se ukvarja s percepcijo parkovnih
rastlin. Preverja, če je možno metode, ki se
za raziskovanje percepcije uporabljajo v
psihologiji in družboslovju uporabiti tudi
pri zelo specifičnem gradivu, to je pri
parkovnih rastlinah. V poskusu z 56
udeleženci smo testirali uporabo
pridevniškega seznama, sestavljenega iz 78
pridevnikov, ki so opisovali lastnosti 15
parkovnih rastlin. Anketiranci so
pridevnike, primerne za opis posamezne
rastline izbirali različno pogosto; pri
nadaljnji obdelavi smo upoštevali samo
tiste, ki so bili označeni v več kot 10%.
Pregled pogostosti izbranih lastnosti
pokaže, da na rastline ljudje gledajo z
naklonjenostjo, lastnosti z slabšalnim
pomenom so označevali zelo redko. Katere
značilnosti parkovnih rastlin se med seboj
družijo v večje, pomensko podobne skupine,
smo ugotovili z uporabo statističnih metod
razvrščanja v skupine.
Tehnično stanje traktorjev na slovenskih kmetijah
Tomaž POJE,
Viktor JEJČIČ, Tomaž CUNDER
IZVLEČEK
Na osnovi vzorčne ankete na 562 kmetijah
smo analizirali opremljenost slovenskih
kmetij s traktorji. Iz tehnološkega vidika
je traktorski vozni park v Sloveniji
zastarel, saj je povprečna starost
traktorjev 18,8 let. Z obratoslovnega vidika
pa sedanji traktorski vozni park navidezno
še vedno zadošča. Traktorji na kmetijah
letno naredijo v povprečju 280 delovnih ur.
V strukturi predstavljajo traktorji z letnim
izkoristkom do 200 ur kar 55,9 %. Slabih 10
% traktorjev nima ne kabine ne loka, tako da
so velika potencialna nevarnost za
uporabnika. 57 % lastnikov sami vzdržujejo
traktorje, 84 % lastnikov pa sami menjajo
olje. S proizvodno tehničnega vidika je
potrebna modernizacija traktorjev, ta pa
mora predvsem odpraviti pogosto neracionalno
in neučinkovito izrabo traktorjev ter nizko
raven njihove tehnične opremljenosti.
ABSTRACT
Technical level of tractors on farms in
Slovenia
Based on a sample survey conducted on 562
farms the technical level of equipment of
Slovene farms with tractors was analysed.
From the technological point of view the
tractor stock in Slovenia is out-of-date,
since the average age of tractors is 18.8
years. From the farm management aspect the
present tractor stock is apparently still
sufficient. The tractors are operating 280
working hours on the average on farms
yearly. 55.9 % of all tractors have to 200
working hours per year. About 10 % of
tractors are not equipped with either cabin
or roll bar so that they present a great
danger to the user. 57 % of the owners
maintain their tractors by themselves, also,
84 % of the owners change motor oil by
themselves. From the productional-technical
aspect the modernisation of tractors is
necessary in order to eliminate the frequent
irrational and ineffective utilization of
tractors, and the low level of their
technical equipment.
Rastlina kot obnovljivi vir energije (OVE)
Rajko BERNIK, Aleš ZVER
IZVLEČEK
Potrebe prebivalstva po energiji so vedno večje, na
drugi strani kopnijo zaloge fosilnih goriv.
Grozi nam pomanjkanje energije. Delna
rešitev problema je izkoriščanje obnovljivih
virov energije (OVE), med katere spada tudi
pridobivanje bioplina iz biomase. V Evropi
se v zadnjih desetletjih srečujemo s
presežki hrane in z opuščanjem obdelave
kmetijskih zemljišč. V raziskavo smo
vključili sudansko travo kot testno rastlino
ter facelijo in japonski dresnik kot
alternativni rastlini za proizvodnjo
bioplina. Na osnovi kemičnih analiz rastlin
smo izračunali teoretično količino
proizvedenega bioplina.
ABSTRACT
PLANT AS RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCE (RES)
The population demand for energy is
increasing day by day; fossil fuel supply,
on the other hand, is on the verge of
running out. Consequently, we could be
facing a lack of energy. Partial solution to
the problem is the exploitation of renewable
energy sources (RES), including acquiring
biogas from biomass. In Europe, we are
confronted by food excess and abandonment of
some cultivated land. In our research, we
have analysed plants Sudan grass, Phacelia
and Japanese knotweed as energy sources. On
the basis of chemical analysis we have
calculated teoretical production of biogas.
Analiza vpliva tehnične zakonodaje in trga
na nesreče s traktorji v zadnjih 15 letih
Rajko BERNIK, Marjan
DOLENŠEK
IZVLEČEK
Število nesreč s traktorji s smrtnim izidom se je v
zadnjih 15 letih vstrajno zmanjševalo, a še
vedno ostaja na visoki povprečni ravni 34
mrtvih letno. Močno se je zmanjšalo število
prometnih nesreč s traktorji, veliko manj pa
delovnih. Število novo registriranih
traktorjev se vsako leto zmanjšuje, povečuje
pa se njihova povprečna moč. Prodaja
vzhodnoevropskih traktorjev se je močno
zmanjšala, povečala pa zahodnoevropskih.
Leta 1984 je bila predpisana obvezna uporaba
kabine, leta 2004 pa ugotavljanje skladnosti
(homologacija) traktorjev. Med vzroki nesreč
sta najpomembnejša tehnična neustreznost
starejših traktorjev (nad 30000 jih nima
kabine ali loka) in neustrezno ravnanje
voznikov.
ABSTRACT
Analysis of technical legislation and
tractors market influence on tractor
accidents in the last 15 years
Although the number of fatal tractor
accidents has been constantly decreasing
during the last 15 years, it still remains
at a high average level of 34 yearly. While
the number of tractor-involved traffic
accidents has dropped considerably, work
accidents have not been distinctly reduced.
The number of new tractor registrations is
decreasing every year, and the average power
of tractors is increasing. The sale of
East-European tractors has been reduced a
great deal, and the sale of West-European
tractors has gone up. Obligatory use of
tractor cabin was directed in 1984, and
tractor homologation in 2004. The most
important causes of tractor accidents are
technical insuitability of older tractors
(more than 30000 are without a cabin or
safety arch) and inadequate handling of
drivers.
Effect of powdery mildew attack on quality
parameters and experimental bread baking of
wheat
Vesna SAMOBOR, Marija
VUKOBRATOVIĆ and Marijan JOŠT
ABSTRACT
The research of powdery mildew impact on bread making
quality of wheat was conducted on seven
divergent wheat cultivars/lines, in
factorial treatment designs (T0 -
untreated and T1 - with fungicide
Duett treated variants) at Križevci, Croatia.
Test weight, grain protein content, wet
gluten, sedimentation value and rheological
parameters, as well as experimental bread
baking were examined during two years (2000
and 2001).
Two years average test weight and grain protein
content readings are significantly lower at
untreated (T0) variants
(diff. = 1.01 kg/hl** and
0.5 %**
respectively).
In wet
gluten content
there was no significant difference between
the two variants,
while average sedimentation value was significantly higher at untreated (T0)
variant (diff. =
2.6 ml**).
Farinographic indicators of quality (dough
development and stability, resistance,
degree of softening) as well as indicators
of extensograph (energy and resistance) were
also better at untreated (T0)
variants.
Dough yield, one of test-baking parameters, was bigger
in treated (T1) variants, while
the volume contribution was higher in
untreated (T0) variants. Contrary
to expectations, untreated resistant,
moderately infected, or even susceptible
variants had better quality parameters,
offering speculation about eventual negative
side-effect of applied fungicide Duett (epoxiconazole
12.5%
+ carbendazim 12.5%). Due to an interaction
between numbers of different factors the
speculation should be additionally checked
and revised.
IZVLEČEK
VPLIV
OKUŽBE
S
PEPELASTO PLESNIJO
PŠENICE
NA
DEJAVNIKE
KAKOVOSTI
IN
REZULTATE
POSKUSNE
PEKE
KRUHA
V Križevcih
(Hrvaška),
je dve leti (2000
in
2001) potekal poskus s sedmimi
sortami/linijami pšenice v
faktorskem poskusu
(T0
–
netretirana in T1 –
s fungicidom Duett tretirana varianta)
za raziskavo vpliva okužbe s pepelasto
plesnijo na kazalce pekovske kakovosti
pšenice (hektolitrska masa, vsebnost
beljakovin in vlažnega
glutena,
sedimentacijska vrednost,
reološki
parametri in rezultati poskusne peke kruha).
Povprečna
hektolitrska masa in
vsebnost beljakovin
sta bili značilno
nižji
pri netretiranih
(T0)
variantah
(razlike = 1,01 kg/hl** in 0,5 %**). Glede
na vsebnost vlažnega glutena ni bilo
značilnih razlik med proučevanimi
variantami, medtem ko je bila ugotovljena
povprečna vrednost sedimentacije značilno
višja pri netretiranih (T0)
variantah (razlika = 2,6** ml).
Farinografski pokazatelji kakovosti
(razvoj
testa,
stabilnost,
odpor,
stopnja
mehčanja)
kot tudi pokazatelji ekstenzografa
(energija
in odpor)
so
bili
ugodnejši pri
netretiranih variantah.
Pri poskusni pripravi kruha in peki je bil
nastanek testa večji
pri tretiranih
(T1)
variantah,
medtem, ko je bil volumen kruha večji pri
netretiranih (T0)
variantah.
V nasprotju s pričakovanji so imele
na pepelasto plesen odporne,
delno občutljive
in občutljive
pšenice
boljše
parametre kakovosti,
kar omogoča sklepanje o možnem stranskem
negativnem
učinku
fungicida Duett
(epoxiconazol
12.5% +
carbendazim
12,5%).
Zaradi kompleksnih interakcij
številnih dejavnikov vključenih v
uravnavanje teh mehanizmov, bi bilo potrebno
ta rezultat še
dodatno
raziskati in preveriti.
Sistematični nadzor šarke v Sloveniji v
letih 1998 - 2005
Mojca VIRŠČEK MARN, Irena
MAVRIČ, Helena WEILGUNY
IZVLEČEK
Šarka, ki jo povzroča Plum pox potyvirus
(PPV), je gospodarsko najpomembnejše virusno
obolenje koščičarjev. Od leta 1988 v
Sloveniji redno spremljamo njeno navzočnost,
v letu 1998 pa smo zaradi vse pogostejših
okužb v drevesnicah uvedli uradni
sistematični nadzor za preprečevanje
širjenja te bolezni. Nadzor je v letih 1998
- 2005 vključeval preglede in vzorčenja
gostiteljskih rastlin iz rodu Prunus
v drevesnicah, matičnih nasadih in
zarodiščih, njihovih varovalnih pasovih, na
ogroženem območju, ob uvozu oz. vnosu in pri
končnih uporabnikih uvoženih rastlin. V
obdobju 1998 - 2000 smo dodatno vzorčili
tudi izven objektov za pridelovanje
razmnoževalnega materiala ter njihovih
varovalnih pasov. Ugotovili smo, da je šarka
prisotna v vseh pridelovalnih območjih
Slovenije. Obseg okužbe drevesnic, matičnih
nasadov in zarodišč je naraščal do leta
2001, nato pa je pričel upadati. Okužbo smo
v letih 2000 in 2001 ugotovili tudi ob uvozu
cepičev in leta 2003 ob uvozu sadik.
Rezultati kažejo, da je z neprekinjenim
intenzivnim delom in ob dobrem sodelovanjem
številnih inštitucij, vključenih v
sistematični nadzor, možno zagotoviti
pridelavo s PPV neokuženega razmnoževalnega
materiala tudi
na močno
okuženem območju, kakršno je Slovenija.
SYSTEMATIC SURVEY OF SHARKA IN SLOVENIA FROM 1998 TO 2005
ABSTRACT
Sharka, caused by Plum pox potyvirus
(PPV),
is the most devastating viral diseases of
stone fruits. In Slovenia the monitoring
started in 1988. Due to the high incidence
of PPV infection in nurseries a systematic
survey of PPV was initiated in 1998 to
prevent and control the spread of sharka.
From 1998 to 2005 host plants were inspected
and sampled in nurseries, stoolbeds and
mother tree orchards, their buffer zones,
endangered areas and import consignments. In
the first three years of the systematic
survey the presence of PPV was monitored
also outside plant propagation material
production sites and their buffer zones. The
results showed an overall presence of PPV
infection in all stone fruit producing
areas. The incidence of sharka in nurseries,
stoolbeds and mother tree orchards increased
until 2001 and started to decrease in 2002.
PPV was also detected in consignments of
graftwood material in 2000 and 2001 and on
imported plants for planting in 2003.
Results of Slovene systematic survey
indicate that it is possible to produce
sharka free propagation material also in
regions with high incidence of PPV if
constant and intensive inspections, regular
sampling and testing are performed and
followed by eradication measures.
Sensory evaluation of different walnut
cultivars (Juglans regia L.)
Mateja COLARIČ,
Franci
Štampar,
Metka
Hudina,
Anita
Solar
ABSTRACT
Sensory characteristics of walnut fruits
were tested by students and employees at
the Biotechnical faculty, separately, to
determine the differences among
cultivars ‘Chandler’, ‘Adams’, ‘Cisco’,
‘Fernette’, ‘Fernor’, ‘Franquette’, ‘Rasna’,
‘Alsószentiváni 117’ (‘A-117’) and ‘Elit’.
First of all, visual properties of
inshell walnuts (shell smoothness, shell
colour and seam closeness) and
appearance of kernel (pellicle colour,
internal colour of a kernel, and kernel
brightness) were evaluated, then the
kernel was tasted to assess its flavour,
bitterness, astringency, texture,
crispness and oiliness. Visual
appearance of inshell walnuts was
evaluated similarly by both groups of
assessors. ‘Rasna’ and ‘Fernor’ walnuts
had the roughest shell. ‘Rasna’ also had
the least brightness of the kernel, the
darkest pellicle and it was one from
among the least crispy cultivars. Shell
colour of ‘Fernette’, as well as
pellicle and internal colour of ‘Fernor’
were the lightest. However, each group
of assessors had quite different
perceptions for tasting internal traits
of the kernels. In the present study
useful data of sensory characteristics
of walnut fruits were obtained. Some of
12 descriptors, which were evaluated in
the research, could be used as a custom
method for testing and introducing of
new walnut varieties in Slovenia.
IZVLEČEK
SENZORIČNO OCENJEVANJE RAZLIČNIH SORT
OREHA (Juglans regia L.)
Študentje in uslužbenci Biotehniške
fakultete so ločeno ocenjevali
senzorične lastnosti plodov oreha, da bi
ugotovili razlike med sortami
‘Chandler’, ‘Adams’, ‘Cisco’, ‘Fernette’,
‘Fernor’, ‘Franquette’, ‘Rasna’,
‘Alsószentiváni 117’ (‘A-117’) in ‘Elit’.
Najprej so ocenjevali vidne lastnosti
orehov v luščini (gladkost luščine,
barva luščine, zaprtost šiva) in zunanji
izgled jedrc (barva povrhnjice, notranja
barva jedrc, lesk jedrc). Zatem so
ocenjevalci jedrca okušali, da so
določili njihov vonj, grenkost, trpkost,
teksturo, hrustljavost in oljnatost.
Plodovi sort ‘Rasna’ in ‘Fernor ’ so
imeli najbolj razbrazdano luščino. Sorta
'Rasna' je bila ocenjena kot ena izmed
najmanj hrustljavih sort. Njena jedrca
so imela najšibkejši lesk in najtemnejšo
povrhnjico. Luščina sorte ‘Fernette’ ter
povrhnjica in notranjost jedrca sorte
‘Fernor’ so bile med najsvetlejšimi. Obe
skupini ocenjevalcev sta dokaj podobno
ocenili izgled neoluščenih orehov in
izluščenih jedrc, pri zaznavanju
notranjih lastnosti jedrc pa smo
določili precejšnje razlike med
skupinama. Pri raziskavi smo pridobili
uporabne podatke o senzoričnih
lastnostih različnih sort oreha.
Nekatere izmed 12 uporabljenih
deskriptorjev bi lahko vključili v
veljavno metodo preizkušanja in uvajanja
novih sort oreha v Sloveniji.
Adenine sulphate induced high
frequency shoot organogenesis in
callus and in vitro flowering
of Cichorium intybus L. cv.
Focus - a potent medicinal plant
S. NANDAGOPAL, B.D.
RANJITHA KUMARI
ABSTRACT
An efficient protocol has been developed for the in
vitro plant regeneration and
flowering achieved from young leaf
explants of chicory (Cichorium
intybus L. cv. Focus). The
callus induction and shoot
multiplication was obtained on
Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Gamborgs
(B5) media supplemented
with different concentrations and
combinations of Indole-3-acetic acid,
6-Benzylaminopurine,
6-Furfurylaminopurine and Adenine
sulphate. The highest percentage of
callus induction and multiple shoots
proliferation was observed on MS+B5
medium containing
6-benzylaminopurine (6.66 µM) +
indole-3-acetic acid (2.852 µM) +
adenine sulphate (1.360 µM). For
root induction regenerated shoots
were transferred to MS+B5
medium containing Indole-3-acetic
acid, Indole-3-butyric acid and
α-Naphthalene acetic acid that were
developed roots. In vitro
flowers were also noticed in the
in vitro raised plantlets in the
same medium under 16 h light and 8 h
dark condition. The regenerated
plantlets have been successfully
established in vermiculite and
subsequently shifted to the field.
IZVLEČEK
USPEŠNO IN VITRO INDUCIRANJE
ORGANOGENEZE POGANJKOV RADIČA
Cichorium intybus L. cv. Focus Z
ADENIN SULFATO
Razvita je bila metoda uspešne in vitro
regeneracije radiča (Cichorium
intybus L. cv. Focus) iz
listnih delov; doseženo je bilo
cvetenje regeneriranih rastlin.
Induciranje kalusa in razmnoževanje
poganjkov sta bili doseženi z
Murashige in Skoog (MS) ter Gamborgovim
(B5) gojiščem,
dopolnjenima z različnimi
koncentracijami indol-3-ocetne
kisline, 6-benzilaminopurina,
6-furfurilaminopurina in adenin
sulfata. Največji odstotek
induciranja kalusa ter največje
število poganjkov sta bila dosežena
na gojišču MS+B5, ki je
vsebovalo 6-benzilaminopurin (6.66
µM) + indol-3-ocetno kislino (2.852
µM) + adenin sulfat (1.360 µM). Za
indukcijo korenin na poganjkih so ti
bili prenešeni na gojišče MS+B5,
ki je vsebovalo indol-3-ocetno
kislino, indol-3-masleno kislino in
α-naftalen ocetno kislino, kar je
omogočilo uspešno zasnovo korenin.
Opazili smo tudi in vitro
cvetove pri in vitro
vzgojenih rastlinicah v istem
gojišču, pri razmerah 16 h
osvetlitve in 8 h teme. Rast
regeneriranih rastlinic se je
uspešno nadaljevala v vermikulitu in
kasneje po presaditvi tudi na
prostem.
Robust CTAB-activated charcoal
protocol for
plant DNA extraction
Mitja KRIŽMAN, Jernej JAKŠE Dea
BARIČEVIČ, Branka JAVORNIK,
Mirko PROŠEK
ABSTRACT
DNA extracted from plants rich
in polyphenols and/or
polysaccharides is often
problematic when subjected to
polymerase chain reaction,
especially when mature tissues
are used for DNA extraction. In
order to overcome the problems
associated with poor-quality DNA
extracted from such plant
samples, a protocol has been
developed, availing on a high
salt concentration and on the
combination of
polyvinylpyrrolidone and
activated charcoal in the
extraction buffer, in order to
prevent the solubilization of
polysaccharides and polyphenols
in the DNA extract. Mild
temperature conditions during
extraction and precipitation
were also recognized as
important parameters. Besides
DNA purity, mild precipitation
conditions were found to be
beneficial in obtaining less
low-molecular mass nucleic acids
in the final DNA extract. The
homogenization step and the
amount of sample extracted were
also found to be crucial in
keeping the extraction procedure
robust.
IZVLEČEK
ROBUSTEN PROTOKOL ZA EKSTRAKCIJO
RASTLINSKE DNK S POMOČJO CTAB IN
AKTIVNEGA OGLJA
DNK, ekstrahirana iz rastlin z
visoko vsebnostjo polifenolov
in/ali polisaharidov, je pogosto
problematična z vidika uporabe
le-te v polimerazno verižni
reakciji, še posebej če je bila
DNK ekstrahirana iz zrelih tkiv.
V izogib težavam, povezanih s
slabo kakovostjo ekstrahirane
DNK, smo razvili ekstrakcijski
protokol, ki temelji na
ekstrakcijskem pufru z visoko
vsebnostjo soli ter kombinirane
uporabe polivinilpirolidona in
aktivnega oglja. Taka sestava
ekstrakcijskega pufra preprečuje
sočasno raztapljanje
polisaharidov in polifenolov z
DNK. Kot odločilen dejavnik pri
postopku izolacije DNK smo
identificirali tudi blage
temperaturne razmere v stopnjah
ekstrakcije in obarjanja. Poleg
ugodnega vpliva na čistost, so
blage razmere obarjanja pomebne
tudi zaradi vpliva na manjšo
vsebnost nukleinskih kislin z
nižjimi molekulskimi masami v
končnem DNK ekstraktu. Ugotovili
smo tudi, da na robustnost
postopka pomembno vplivata tako
količina ekstrahiranega vzorca
kot njegova homogenizacija.
Influence of microbial
culture in combination with
micronutrient in improving
the groundnut productivity
under alluvial soil of India
Manisha BASU, P. B. S.
BHADORIA and S. C. MAHAPATRA
ABSTRACT
A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of
cobalt, Rhizobium and
phosphobacterium
inoculations on growth,
yield and nutrient uptake of
summer groundnut in an
alluvial soil at three
levels of cobalt viz., zero,
0.21 kg and 0.42 kg ha-1
with four levels of
inoculations viz.,
uninoculation, inoculation
with Rhizobium,
inoculation with
phosphobacterium and
inoculation with both
Rhizobium and
phosphobacterium. Results
indicated that combined
application of Rhizobium
and
phosphobacterium inoculation
promoted higher dry matter
production, pod yield, oil
content and nutrient uptake
as compared to application
of either of the
inoculations. Cobalt @ 0.21
kg ha-1 proved to
be better to other doses of
cobalt. The percent increase
in pod yield of different
treatment combinations over
untreated control varied
from, 2.4% with no
inoculation + cobalt @ 0.42
kg ha-1 to 35.6%
with Rhizobium +
phosphobacterium + cobalt @
0.21 kg ha-1. The
uptake of N, P and K by
groundnut was significantly
higher in the treatments
receiving both inoculation
and cobalt at 0.21 kg ha-1
than sole application
of either inoculation or
cobalt.
IZVLEČEK
VPLIV MIKROBNE KULTURE IN
MIKROHRANIL NA IZBOLJŠANJE
PRIDELOVANJA ZEMELJSKIH
OREŠKOV NA ALUVIJALNIH TLEH
V INDIJI
Poljski poskus je bil
izveden, da bi raziskali
vpliv kobalta, Rhizobium-a
in fosfornih bakterij na
rast, pridelek in privzem
hranil zemeljskih oreškov,
pridelanih na aluvijalnih
tleh, s tremi nivoji
gnojenja s kobaltom (brez,
0,21 kg in 0,42 kg ha-1
) in štirimi različnimi
inokulacijami (kontrola,
inokulacija z Rhizobium-om,
inokulacija s fosfornimi
bakterijami in kombinirana
inokulacija z obojim).
Rezultati kažejo, da
kombinirana inokulacija
najbolj vpliva na povečanje
pridelka sušine, pridelek
strokov, vsebnost olja in
privzem hranil. Odmerek
gnojenja s 0.21 kg ha-1
kobalta je bil optimalen.
Privzem N, P in K je bil pri
zemeljskih oreških značilno
večji pri kombinirani
inokulaciji ter pri odmerku
0.21 kg ha-1
kobalta v primerjavi z
drugimi kombinacijami
tretiranj.
Root aerenchyma –
formation and function
Urška
VIDEMŠEK,
Boris TURK, Dominik
VODNIK
ABSTRACT
The formation of root
aerenchyma, the
prominent air spaces in
the root cortex which
are normally induced by
waterlogging, has an
important role in
providing an internal
pathway for oxygen
transport between roots
and the aerial
environment. Along this
pathway, O2
is supplied to the roots
and rhizosphere, while
CO2, ethylene,
etc. move from the soil
to the shoot and the
atmosphere. The
aerenchyma are formed
either as part of normal
development, or in
response to stress (e.g.
hypoxia, nutrient
deficiency), by two
known mechanisms:
schizogeny and lysigeny.
Aerenchyma formation
increases porosity above
the levels that appear
in the usual
intercellular spaces.
IZVLEČEK
Aerenhimi V koreniNAH RASTLIN – nastanek in
funkcija
Aerenhimi, zračni
prostori v primarni
skorji korenine, se
razvijejo zaradi
zasičenosti tal z vodo
oz. poplavljenosti tal,
ko pride do pomanjkanja
kisika v tleh. Omogočajo
transport kisika znotraj
rastline od nadzemnega
dela do korenin in s tem
zagotavljajo zadostno
količino kisika za
normalno opravljanje
metabolnih funkcij.
Hkrati se omogoča
oksigenacija rizosfere
in odstranitev številnih
plinov (npr. CO2,
etilena) iz nje. Znana
sta predvsem dva načina
njihovega nastanka:
shizogeni in lizogeni
način. Njihov nastanek
poveča poroznost korenin
nad vrednost, ki je
dosežena z običajnmi
intercelularji.
2-D separation of
Verticillium
albo-atrum proteins
Polona JAMNIK, Sebastjan
RADIŠEK, Branka
JAVORNIK, Peter RASPOR
ABSTRACT
Verticillium albo-atrum is a phytopathogenic fungus that causes
wilt disease in a wide
range of crops. A
proteomic approach is
needed to obtain a
comprehensive overview
of the proteins related
to the infection process.
We report here on the
optimisation of
electrophoretic analysis
of total proteins of
V. albo-atrum
in terms of the
extraction of fungus
total proteins, removal
of interfering compounds
and separation of
proteins by two-dimensional
electrophoresis.
IZVLEČEK
Verticillium
albo-atrum je
fitopatogena gliva, ki
povzroča uvelost pri
različnih rastlinah.
Analiza proteoma lahko
nudi celosten vpogled v
mehanizme, ki so
vključeni v infekcijski
proces. V prispevku je
predstavljena
optimizacija
elektroforetske analize
celokupnih proteinov
glive V. albo-atrum
s povdarkom na
ekstrakciji celokupnih
proteinov, čiščenju
ekstrakta in ločevanju
proteinov z dvo-dimenzionalno
elektroforezo.
Mikrooksidacija vina
modri pinot
Marko
Lesica,
Tatjana
Košmerl
IZVLEČEK
Mlada rdeča vina izpostavljena kisiku lahko pod določenimi
pogoji pridobijo na
kakovosti. Proces
mikrooksidacije je
osnovna metoda, s
katero lahko
vplivamo na fenolno
strukturo vin, ki
skuša prilagajati
količino dodanega
kisika vinu z
namenom povečati
stabilnost barve,
zmehčanja trpkih
taninov in
zmanjšanja
neprijetnih arom.
Proučevali smo vpliv
mikrooksidacije na
spremembo barve in
vsebnosti fenolnih
spojin vina modri
pinot. Analize so
vključevale
določanje skupnih
fenolov, taninov,
netaninov,
flavonoidov in
neflavonoidov,
antocianov,
intenzitete barve,
tona barve, deleža
rdeče barve pri
posameznih valovnih
dolžinah (420, 520
in 620 nm), oceno
koncentracije
pigmenta odpornega
na SO2
ter primerjavo
končnega in
kontrolnega vzorca v
kemijskih parametrih
(pH, prosti in
vezani SO2,
alkohol, skupni suhi
ekstrakt, skupne,
titrabilne in hlapne
kisline). Rezultati
so pokazali, da je
mikrooksidacija
povzročila spremembo
barvnega značaja,
izboljšanje
intenzitete barve
procesiranega vzorca
v primerjavi s
kontrolnim,
vzpodbudila tvorbo
polimernih barvil in
kopigmentiranih
kompleksov, s tem pa
mehčanje taninov
(polimerizacija
fenolnih spojin) in
stabilizacijo barve,
ki je odporna na
vezavo z SO2.
ABSTRACT
MICROOXIDATION OF
PINOT NOIR WINE
Under controlled
conditions, young
red wine can benefit
from the exposure to
oxygen.
The process of
microoxidation is
basically a way to
manipulate the
phenolic structures
in wine, which
attempts to control
the amount of oxygen
added to wine to
enhance colour
stability, soften
hard tannins, and
decrease the
perception of off-flavours.
We examined the
influence of
microoxidation on
colour changing and
content of phenolic
compounds in Pinot
Noir wine. We
determined the
content of total
phenols, tannins,
non-tannins,
flavonoids, non-flavonoids,
anthocyanins, colour
density, colour hue,
degree of red
pigment colouration
at different
wavelength (420, 520
and 620 nm),
estimation of SO2
resistant pigments
concentration, and
comparison in
chemical parameters
between control and
microoxidated sample
(pH, free and
bounded SO2,
ethanol, total dry
extract, total,
titratable and
volatile acids).
Results showed that
microoxidation
caused changes in
colour
characteristics,
improved the wine
colour density as
compared to the
control, encouraged
the formation of
polymeric pigments
and copigment
complex as a result
of softer tannins (polymerization
of phenolic
compounds) and more
stable colour which
is resistant to the
bleaching effect of
SO2.
CAP reform and
redistribution
of direct
payments in
Slovenia
Emil ERJAVEC,
Miroslav REDNAK,
Tina VOLK, Maja
KOŽAR
ABSTRACT
The paper
attempts to
estimate the
redistribution
of direct
payments under
different
alternatives of
the 2003 reform
of the EU Common
Agricultural
Policy (CAP)
among the
agricultural
holdings in
Slovenia. The
scenario
analysis is
based on a
static
deterministic
model of
agricultural
holdings and
includes 58,776
agricultural
holdings which
applied for
direct payments
in 2002. The
distribution of
direct payments
under different
alternatives of
CAP reform was
compared against
the distribution
of standard
scheme with 100
% EU level of
payments.
Introduction of
a net regional
scheme with a
defined single
area payment
would result in
a drop in
budgetary
transfers to
13,684 holdings
(23.3 %) in
comparison with
the standard
scheme. These
holdings receive
a bulk of direct
payments (46 %)
under the
standard scheme.
Estimated
impacts by
sectors reveal
that the
negative
distributive
effects occur
mainly in the
beef and milk
sectors. If the
policy makers
seek to minimize
the
redistribution
effects, the
specific
compensatory
payments as well
as gradual
introduction of
single payments
could be
introduced.
However, the
question is if
in this case the
aims of policy
changes are
fulfilled and
new public
concerns about
agriculture are
met
satisfactorily.
IZVLEČEK
REFORMA
SKP IN
PRERAZDELITEV
NEPOSREDNIH
PLAČIL V
SLOVENIJI
V
prispevku so
prikazane ocene
prerazdelitve
direktnih plačil
v okviru
različnih shem
reforme Skupne
kmetijske
politike (SKP)
Evropske unije
iz leta 2003 v
Sloveniji.
Scenarijska
analiza je bila
opravljena na
podatkih o
vlogah za
neposredna
plačila za
58.776
kmetijskih
gospodarstev, ki
so zaprosila za
neposredna
plačila v letu
2002. Analiza je
bila opravljena
s pomočjo za te
namene razvitega
statičnega
determinističnega
modela
kmetijskih
gospodarstev.
Primerjana je
porazdelitev
neposrednih
plačil v okviru
različnih
reformnih shem s
porazdelitvijo
neposrednih
plačil po
standardni shemi
s plačili na
ravni 100 % v
primerjavi z EU.
Uvedba
regionalne sheme
z enotnim
plačilom na
površino bi
povzročila padec
obsega
proračunskih
transferjev za
13.684
kmetijskih
gospodarstev
(23,3 %) glede
na standardno
shemo. Ta
kmetijska
gospodarstva v
okviru
standardne sheme
prejemajo
pomemben del
mase neposrednih
plačil (46 %).
Ocena učinkov po
sektorjih
pokaže, da so
prerazdelitveni
učinki najmanj
ugodni za
sektorja
govejega mesa in
mleka. Če
nosilci
odločanja
stremijo k
minimiziranju
redistributivnih
učinkov, imajo
možnost poseči
po specifičnih
izravnalnih
plačilih. Tudi
postopna uvedba
enotnih plačil
ob hkratnem
zmanjšanju
specifičnih
plačil lahko
prispeva k
znižanju
negativnih
učinkov reforme
SKP iz leta
2003. A
vprašanje je, če
je s tem
zadoščeno ciljem
reforme, ki želi
ukrepe
prilagoditi
spremenjenim
zahtevam
javnosti do
kmetijstva.
Scientometrična
analiza
pojavnosti mest
Ljubljana in
Maribor v
bibliografskih
poljih naslov in
izvleček v
izbranih
mednarodnih
podatkovnih
zbirkah v
obdobju
1990-2005
Tomaž BARTOL
IZVLEČEK
Scientometrično smo ocenili in pregledali globalne
bibliografske
podatkovne
zbirke, kot so
as ISI Web of
Knowledge-Web of
Science (WoS,
Science Citation
Index Expanded,
Social Sciences,
and Arts &
Humanities),
BIOSIS Previews
(Biological
Abstracts,
biologija), CAB
Abstracts
(biotehnika-kmetijstvo),
Chemical
Abstracts (CA,
CAplus; kemija,
biokemija),
Compendex+Inspec
(fizika,
elektrotehnika,
tehnika,
informacijske
tehnologije),
Francis
(humanistika,
ekonomija),
GeoRef
(geografija,
geologija,
pedologija),
Medline
(medicina,
biomedicina),
Pascal
(naravoslovje na
splošno,
biologija,
medicina),
Sociological
Abstracts
(sociologija,
družboslovje)
glede na
pojavnost imen
mest Ljubljana
in Maribor v
bibliografskih
poljih naslov/Title
in izvleček/Abstract
v obdobju
1990-2005 ter
razkropljenost
tematike v
naštetih
zbirkah.
Pozornost smo
namenili tudi
zgradbi
podatkovnih
zbirk ter
značilnostim in
tehnikam
iskanja.
Pojavnost
Ljubljane je
precej višja kot
pri Mariboru.
Največ zadetkov
je pri zbirki
WoS (največja
globalna
podatkovna
zbirka za vsa
področja
znanosti),
sledita Francis
ter CAB
Abstracts.
Tipični
konteksti
pojavnosti so
npr.
podnebje/klima,
ekološke oz.
okoljske
razmere,
tipizacija
krajine, urbana
krajina,
prostorsko
načrtovanje,
urbani gozd,
mednarodno
sodelovanje,
okolje, odpadne
vode,
onesnaževanje
ipd. Mesta se
lahko pojavljajo
kot kraj
razsikovanja pa
tudi kot
samostojni
predmet
raziskovanja.
Omembe se lahko
nanašajo na
različne skupine
populacije, kot
so študenti,
pacienti ipd.
Podatkovne
zbirke
izkazujejo
podobne
značilnosti,
vendar pa je
potrebno paziti
na posamezne
značilnosti, kot
so npr.
odsotnost
možnosti iskanja
natanko po
izvlečku (WoS)
ali vnos
podatkov za
avtorjev poštni
naslov v polje
naslov/Title pri
zbirkah Francis
ter Pascal,
zaradi česar je
potrebno kar
nekaj naknadnega
ročnega
urejanja, preden
se lahko izvede
končna
scientometrična
ocena.
ABSTRACT
SCIENTOMETRIC
ANALYSIS OF CITY
TERMS LJUBLJANA
AND MARIBOR IN
BIBLIOGRAPHIC
FIELDS TITLE AND
ABSTRACT IN
SELECTED
INTERNATIONAL
DATABASES DURING
1990-2005
We
scientometrically
evaluated and
reviewed
principal global
bibliographic
databases, such
as ISI Web of
Knowledge's Web
of Science
(Science
Citation Index
Expanded, Social
Sciences, and
Arts &
Humanities
Citation Index),
BIOSIS Previews
(Biological
Abstracts,
biology), CAB
Abstracts
(agriculture),
Chemical
Abstracts (CA,
CAplus;
chemistry,
biochemistry),
Compendex+Inspec
(physics,
electronics,
technology,
information
technologies),
Francis
(humanities,
economics),
GeoRef
(geography,
geology,
pedology),
Medline
(medicine,
biomedicine),
Pascal (life
sciences,
biology),
Sociological
Abstracts
(sociology,
social sciences)
with regard to
occurrence of
city names
Ljubljana and
Maribor in the
bibliographic
fields Title and
Abstract during
the period
1990-2005, and
scatter in the
respective
databases.
Attention was
also paid to the
database
architecture and
possible
retrieval
techniques and
search
characteristics.
Ljubljana, the
capital and
principal
university city
of Slovenia,
exhibits a much
higher
occurrence rate
than Maribor,
the second
Slovenian
university and
research hub.
The highest
occurrences were
observed in Web
of Science (by
far the largest
global
database),
followed by
Francis and CAB
Abstracts. Some
typical topical
contests are
e.g.
climate,
ecological
conditions,
townscape, urban
forestry,
international
cooperation,
environment,
wastewater,
pollution etc.
City can come
about as a place
of research or
as a research
topic in its own
right.
occurrence is
frequently
related to
different
population
groups, such as
students,
patients etc.
The databases
show some common
characteristics,
however, it is
necessary to pay
some attention
to retrieval
particularities,
such as a
non-existence of
Abstract field
in the Web of
Science, or
inclusion of
postal address
in the database
Francis or
Pascal what
requires some
manual editing
prior to
conclusive
scientometric
assessment.
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