Impact
of source and application time of sulphur on the yield, oil content and protein content in
winter oilseed rape
Barbara ČEH , Robert HRASTAR , Anton
TAJNŠEK , Iztok Jože KOŠIR
ABSTRACT
At the experimental field of Slovenian Institute of Hop
Research and Brewing at Žalec an experiment was conducted in 2006/07 to detect the impact
of fertilization by K2SO4 and gypsum on the yield, oil content, oil yield, protein
content, protein yield and fatty acids composition at two different cultivars of oilseed
rape (cultivar Smart and hybrid Toccata). In the conditions of the experiment the source
of sulphur did not impact the yield, but a negative impact of spring fertilization by
sulphur at cultivar Smart was detected. At hybrid Toccata positive impact of gypsum was
detected when it was fertilized at sowing. Oil content was higher at cultivar Smart by
3.32% compared to hybrid Toccata. At cultivar Smart no source of sulphur impacted
significantly the yield of oil, while at the conditions of the experiment positive impact
of spring applications of sulphur on the yield of oil was detected at hybrid Toccata. Oil
yield was higher at cultivar Smart compared to hybrid Toccata. Protein content was not
impacted by sulphur fertilization. The share of linoleic acid was higher at hybrid Toccata
by 2.2% to 2.4%, the share of oleic acid was higher at cultivar Smart by 2.2% to 3.1%, the
shares of other investigated acids did not differ a lot between Smart and Toccata.
IZVLEČEK
VPLIV OBLIKE TER ČASA APLIKACIJE
ŽVEPLA NA PRIDELEK IN VSEBNOST OLJA TER BELJAKOVIN PRI OZIMNI OLJNI OGRŠČICI
Na poskusnem polju Inštituta za hmeljarstvo in
pivovarstvo Slovenije v ?alcu smo v sezoni 2006/07 zastavili poskus, v katerem smo
preizkusili vpliv gnojenja s K2SO4 in sadro na pridelek, vsebnost olja, pridelek olja,
vsebnost beljakovin, pridelek beljakovin in sestavo maščobnih kislin dveh kultivarjev
(kultivar Smart in hibrid Toccata) oljne ogrščice. V danih razmerah različne oblike
gnojenja z žveplom niso imele značilnega vpliva na pridelek, vendar se pri kultivarju
Smart nakazuje negativen učinek spomladanskega gnojenja z gnojili, ki vsebujejo žveplo,
pri hibridu Toccata pa pozitiven učinek gnojenja s sadro, če je bila pognojena ob setvi.
Vsebnost olja je bila pri kultivarju Smart za 3,32% višja kot pri hibridu Toccata. Pri
kultivarju Smart nobena oblika gnojenja z žveplom ni pomembno vplivala na hektarski
pridelek olja, pri hibridu Toccata pa se v danih razmerah nakazuje pozitiven učinek
spomladanskega gnojenja z žveplom na pridelek olja. Hektarski pridelek olja je pomembno
večji pri kultivarju Smart kot pri hibridu Toccata. Na vsebnost beljakovin gnojenje z
žveplom ni imelo vpliva. Delež linolne kisline v olju je bil pri hibridu Toccata višji
za 2,2% do 2,4%, delež oleinske kisline je bil višji pri kultivarju Smart za 2,2 do
3,1%, deleži drugih maščobnih kislin se pri obeh kultivarjih medsebojno le malo
razlikujejo.
Aphids
(Aphididae) and their parasitoids in selected vegetable ecosystems in Slovenia
Katarina KOS , Željko TOMANOVIĆ , Olivera
PETROVIĆ-OBRADOVIĆ , Žiga LAZNIK , Matej VIDRIH , Stanislav TRDAN
ABSTRACT
Sucking insects, which representatives are also aphids,
can cause important economic damage on cultivated and wild-growing plants in vegetable
ecosystems. Our research was based on the aim of biological control, which is to limit or
to control the pests with the use of their natural enemies. From April to November 2006
living aphids and their mummies were sampled together with their host plants in four
locations in Slovenia. The samples have been taken from vegetables, weeds, within-crops
plants and from the plants in the field borders. The occurrence of 18 aphid species was
confirmed - 14 of them were parasitised. In our research 365 parasitoid specimens (17
species from 8 genera - Aphidius, Binodoxys, Diaeretiella, Ephedrus, Lipolexis,
Lysiphlebus, Monoctonus, and Praon - of the family Aphidiidae) were recorded and
identified. The most abundant parasitoid species were Aphidius matricariae (32.2 %) and
Lysiphlebus fabarum (29.3 %). Parasitoid L. fabarum had the widest range of hosts; it
parasitised aphids on the plants from 7 different botanical families. Sex ratio in our
research confirmed the known fact, that in natural ecosystems female parasitoids are more
numerous than the male parasitoids; this ratio in our research was 71 % : 29 %.
IZVLEČEK
PRAVE LISTNE UŠI (Aphididae) IN
NJIHOVI PARAZITOIDI V IZBRANIH VRTNARSKIH EKOSISTEMIH SLOVENIJE
Sesajoče žuželke, med katere spadajo tudi prave listne
uši, lahko povzročajo pomembno gospodarsko škodo na gojenih in samoniklih rastlinah v
vrtnarskih ekosistemih. V naši raziskavi smo se opirali na cilj biotičnega varstva
rastlin, ki je z naravnimi sovražniki omejiti oziroma zatreti škodljivce. Od aprila do
novembra 2006 smo na štirih lokacijah v Sloveniji vzorčili žive listne uši in ušje
mumije na gostiteljskih rastlinah. Vzorce smo nabirali na vrtninah, plevelih, medsevkih in
robnih posevkih. Ugotovili smo zastopanost 18 vrst pravih listnih uši, kar 14 vrst pa je
bilo parazitiranih. V nabranih vzorcev smo identificirali 365 osebkov parazitoidov listnih
uši, ki so pripadali 17 različnim vrstam iz 8 rodov (Aphidius, Binodoxys, Diaeretiella,
Ephedrus, Lipolexis, Lysiphlebus, Monoctonus in Praon) družine Aphidiidae. Najbolj
množično sta se pojavljali vrsti Aphidius matricariae (32,2 %) in Lysiphlebus fabarum
(29,3 %). Vrsta L. fabarum je imela tudi najširši spekter gostiteljev in je parazitirala
uši na rastlinskih vrstah iz 7 različnih botaničnih družin. Če številčno primerjamo
zastopanost spolov, lahko potrdimo znano dejstvo, da je število samic v naravi večje od
števila samcev; v naši raziskavi je bilo omenjeno razmerje 71 % : 29 %.
Influence
of row spacing on the yield of two flax cultivars (Linum usitatissimum L.)
Darja KOCJAN AČKO , Stanislav TRDAN
ABSTRACT
In the period 2003-2006 we have performed block trials
with two flax (Linum usitatissimum) cultivars: RBK cultivar (domestic flax population from
Raztresen farm in Bela Krajina) and Laura cultivar (fibre-type-flax from the Common
Catalogue of EU). The trial was carried out at the Experimental Field at the Biotechnical
Faculty of Ljubljana (Slovenia). The two cultivars were sown in the first decade of April
with manual sowing machine to the row spacing of 8.5 cm, 17 cm and 34 cm. Crop care was
traditional. The plants were plucked at the end of the yellow maturity (the last decade of
July). There was no significant difference between the average yields of stems produced at
the row spacing of 8.5 cm (1.92 t/ha) and 17 cm (1.99 t/ha), but significantly the lowest
yield was reached at the row spacing of 34 cm (1.52 t/ha). In the period of 4 years the
average yield of stems that was reached by the RBK cultivar was 1.83 t/ha, and the one
reached by the Laura cultivar was unsignificantly lower (1.79 t/ha). Compared to the
average yield of the flaxseed from both cultivars produced at the row spacing of 8.5 cm
(1.34 t/ha) and 34 cm (1.01 t/ha), the average yield of the seeds obtained from the 17 cm
row spacing was significantly the highest (1.52 t/ha); for 0.11 t seed/ha the RBK cultivar
(1.35 t/ha) was significntly more productive than the Laura cultivar. The influence of
growing conditions to the yield of stems and seed was most favourable in the year of the
drought (2003), when - with the cultivar RBK and at the row spacing of 17 cm - we produced
significantly the highest quantity of stems (2.64 t/ha) and seeds (1.93 t/ha). We
discovered that the unbranched stem of the RBK cultivar corresponds to the
fibre-type-flax, the hight of plants (50 to 60 cm), absolute mass (6.3 to 6.8 g) and the
yield of the seed (above 1 t/ha) show good biological capability for the seed production.
Production and processing of flax should not remain just an attractive cultural and
historical presentation of this activity at some turist farms in Bela Krajina (JV of
Slovenia); it should also present a challenge to young farmers to find the place for this
crop in organic production of food and other raw materials with the use of mechanisation
and modern technological procedures. The production and processing of flax presents the
possibility for increased biotic diversity of the cultural landscape and revitalization of
rural areas.
IZVLEČEK
VPLIV MEDVRSTNEGA RAZMIKA NA
PRIDELEK STEBEL IN SEMENA LANU (Linum usitatissimum L.)
Na poskusnem polju Biotehniške fakultete v Ljubljani
(Slovenija) so bili v obdobju 2003-2006 izvedeni bločni poljski poskusi s kultivarjema
lanu (Linum usitatissimum L.) RBK (domača populacija lanu s kmetije Raztresen v Beli
Krajini) in Laura (vlaknati tip lanu iz Skupnega kataloga kultivarjev poljščin EU). Lan
je bil v vseh letih posejan v prvi dekadi aprila z ročno sejalnico na medvrstni razmik
8,5 cm, 17 cm in 34 cm. Oskrba posevka je bila tradicionalna. Rastline smo populili konec
rumene zrelosti (zadnja dekada julija). Med povprečnima pridelkoma stebel pri razmiku 8,5
cm (1,92 t/ha) in 17 cm (1,99 t/ha) ni bilo značilnih razlik, značilno najmanjši
pridelek stebel pa je lan dosegel pri razmiku 34 cm (1,52 t/ha). Povprečni pridelek
stebel v obdobju 4 let je pri kultivarju RBK znašal 1,83 t/ha, pri kultivarju Laura pa je
bil neznačilno manjši, to je 1,79 t/ha. V primerjavi s povprečnim pridelkom semena obeh
kultivarjev pri razmiku 8,5 cm (1,34 t/ha) in 34 cm (1,01 t/ha), je bil povprečni
pridelek semena pri razmiku 17 cm značilno največji (1,52 t/ha); kultivar RBK (1,35
t/ha) je bil za 0,11 t semena/ha značilno produktivnejši od kultivarja Laura. Vpliv
rastnih razmer na pridelek stebel in semena je bil najbolj ugoden v najbolj sušnem letu
(2003), ko smo pri razmiku 17 cm s kultivarjem RBK pridelali značilno največ stebel
(2,64 t/ha) in semena (1,93 t/ha). Ugotovili smo, da nerazvejeno steblo kultivarja RBK
sicer ustreza vlaknatemu tipu lanu, višina rastlin (50 do 60 cm), absolutna masa (6,3 do
6,8 g) in pridelek semena (nad 1 t/ha) pa kažejo na dobro biološko zmogljivost za
pridelavo semen. Pridelava in predelava lanu ne sme ostati le privlačen
kulturno-zgodovinski prikaz te dejavnosti na nekaterih turističnih kmetijah v Beli
Krajini (JV Slovenija), ampak tudi izziv za mlade, da s pomočjo mehaniziranih in sodobnih
tehnoloških postopkov tej poljščini najdejo mesto v ekološki pridelavi hrane in
neprehranskih surovin. Navsezadnje je pridelava in predelava lanu možnost za večjo
biotsko pestrost kulturne krajine in ohranjanje poseljenosti podeželja.
Entomopathogenic
nematode Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) recorded for the
first time in Slovenia
Žiga
LAZNIK , Timea TÓTH , Tamás LAKATOS , Stanislav TRDAN
ABSTRACT
In Slovenia only recently entomopathogenic nematodes were
recorded for the first time. In the beginning of 2007, the presence of Steinernema affine
was confirmed. During the further investigations in the same year Steinernema feltiae was
recorded on the arable field near Cerknica. In the previous year this field was planted
with chicory. In Slovenia, until now the entomopathogenic nematodes had a status of an
exotic agents and their use was allowed only in the laboratory experiments. We expect that
in Slovenia the use of these biological agents against insect pests will become important
alternative to insecticides as it is known in many other countries of the world.
IZVLEČEK
ENTOMOPATOGENA OGORČICA
Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) PRVIČ UGOTOVLJENA V
SLOVENIJI
V Sloveniji so bile entomopatogene ogorčice prvič
ugotovljene šele nedavno. V začetku leta 2007 je bila potrjena zastopanost vrste
Steinernema affine, med nadaljnjimi raziskavami v istem letu pa je bila na njivi v
bližini Cerknice najdena tudi ogorčica Steinernema feltiae. Na omenjenem zemljišču so
leto prej pridelovali radič. Doslej so imele entomopatogene ogorčice v Sloveniji status
tujerodnih organizmov, njihova uporaba pa je bila dovoljena le v laboratorijskih poskusih.
Pričakujemo, da bo v Sloveniji uporaba omenjenih naravnih sovražnikov škodljivih
žuželk postala pomembna alternativa insekticidom, kar je sicer že znano v številnih
drugih državah sveta.
Some
economically important properties of sunflower cultivars (Helianthus annuus L.) in the
field trials performed at Biotechnical faculty
Darja KOCJAN AČKO
ABSTRACT
The basic parameter of re-introduction of this crop into
the crop rotation in Slovenia is testing and trials of sunflower cultivars (Helianthus
annuus L.), that could be suitable for the growing conditions in Slovenia, for the purpose
of organic production and for the production of healthy food for consumers. On the
experimental field at Biotechnical Faculty, in the period from 2002 to 2006, we were
testing certain economically significant properties of five sunflower cultivars: Kernal,
Kongo, Delija, Goleador and Iregi szürke csíkos. Seeds were sown by hand to the parcel
in the size of 3 m x 11.8 m. Under the growing conditions in central Slovenia the genetic
potential of hybrids for the production above 4 t of seed/ha was almost reached and
closely approached by the hybrids Kongo and Kernal with average yields 3.5 t/ha and 3.3
t/ha. Yields of Delija and Goleador hybrids were about 1 to 1.2 tons lower, but mutually
comparable. The lowest yield (1.6 t/ha) was given by Iregi szurke csikos variety, which is
mostly grown by the producers in Slovenia, mainly because it is used and sold as a bird
feed. In the year 2003, the fat content in the seed obtained from the hybrids, reached
from 38 to 42 %, for Iregi szurke csikos variety it was only 33 %, on the other side - in
the year 2005 - the fat content in the seed obtained from the hybrids was higher, that is
39 to 45 %, and for the Iregi szurke csikos variety the average was the same as in the
year 2003. The highest fat content in the seed was reached by highly oleic hybrid
Goleador, that is 42 % in the year 2003 and 45 % in 2005; for this hybrid, during this two
years of the trials the 78- to 79-percent content of oleic acid in the oil was a little
lower than its genetic potential, which is above 80 %. Regarding the use of the crop - for
the cold pressed oil - the most important cultivars are the highly oleic hybrid Goleador
and semi-oleic Delija, and for the bird feed instead of the Iregi szurke csikos variety we
could sow Kongo and Kernal hybrids, not only due to their higher yields, but also due to
higher fat content. Experts can advise producers how they can increase their production of
seeds and oil only on the basis of tested, high quality and accessible sunflower
assortment.
IZVLEČEK
NEKATERE GOSPODARSKO POMEMBNE
LASTNOSTI KULTIVARJEV SONČNICE (Helianthus annuus L.) V POLJSKIH POSKUSIH BIOTEHNIŠKE
FAKULTETE
Preizkušanje kultivarjev sončnice (Helianthus annuus
L.), ki bodo ustrezali rastnim razmeram v Sloveniji, potrebam sonaravne pridelave in
potrošnikom zdrave hrane, je temelj ponovnega uvajanja te poljščine v kolobar. Na
poskusnem polju Biotehniške fakultete smo v obdobju 2002 do 2006 preučevali nekatere
gospodarsko pomembne lastnosti petih kultivarjev sončnice: Kernal, Kongo, Delija,
Goleador in Iregi szürke csíkos. Seme smo posejali ročno na parcelo velikosti 3 m x
11,8 m. Genskemu potencialu hibridov za pridelek nad 4 t semena/ha sta se v rastnih
razmerah osrednje Slovenije najbolj približala hibrida Kongo in Kernal s povprečnima
pridelkoma 3,5 t/ha in 3,3 t/ha. Pridelek hibridov Delija in Goleador je bil za 1 do 1,2
toni manjši, vendar med seboj primerljiv. Najmanjši pridelek je dala sorta Iregi szurke
csikos (1,6 t/ha), ki jo pridelovalci sončnice v Sloveniji sejejo največ, ker je v
prodaji za krmo ptic. Vsebnost olja v semenu v letu 2003 je bila pri hibridih od 38 do 42
%, pri sorti Iregi szurke csikos pa le 33 %, nasprotno pa je bila oljnatost semena v letu
2005 pri hibridih večja, to je 39 do 45 %, pri sorti Iregi szurke csikos pa približno
enaka kot v letu 2003. Največjo vsebnost olja v semenu je imel visoko oleinski hibrid
Goleador, in sicer 42 % v letu 2003 in 45 % v letu 2005; 78- do 79-odstotna vsebnost
oleinske kisline v olju pa je bila v obeh letih nekoliko manjša od njegovega genskega
potenciala za to lastnost, ki je nad 80 %. Glede na namen uporabe pridelka sta za hladno
stisnjeno olje najprimernejša visoko oleinski hibrid Goleador in pol oleinski Delija, za
krmo ptic pa bi lahko namesto sorte Iregi szurke csikos sejali hibrida Kongo in Kernal, ne
le zaradi večje rodnosti, ampak tudi zaradi večje vsebnosti maščob. Le na podlagi
preizkušenega, kakovostnega in dostopnega sortimenta sončnice bodo lahko strokovnjaki
svetovali pridelovalcem, tako, da bodo ti pridelali več semena in maščob.
Corn
salad (Valerianella olitoria L.) yield response to cell size of plug trays
Dragan ŽNIDARČIČ , Nina KACJAN-MARŠIĆ
ABSTRACT
The research was undertaken to determine if the plug tray
cell size had an impact on plant characteristics and yield of corn salad (Valerianella
olitoria L.). Seeds of four cultivars ('Ljubljanski', 'Holandski', 'Flavor' and 'Masse')
were sown in styrofoam plug trays with 40 cells (60 ml cell-1), 84 cells (35 ml cell-1)
and 160 cells (20 ml cell-1). Plants growth generally increased with cell size, though the
effect varied with different cultivars. An increase in cell volume resulted in an increase
in leaves height, leaves number and leaves fresh mass, as well as percentage of dry
matter. Cv. 'Holandski' was obtained the highest leaves fresh mass regardless of cell
volume.
IZVLEČEK
VPLIV VELIKOSTI CELICE GOJITVENE
PLOŠČE NA PRIDELEK MOTOVILCA (Valerianella olitoria L.)
Raziskava je bila izvedena z namenom ugotoviti, ali
velikost celice gojitvene plošče lahko vpliva na lastnosti in pridelek motovilca
(Valerianella olitoria L.). Seme štirih kultivarjev ('Ljubljanski', 'Holandski', 'Flavor'
in 'Masse') je bilo posejano v stiroporne gojitvene plošče s 40 celicami (60 ml/
celico), 84 celicami (35 ml/celico) in 160 celicami (20 ml/celico). Na splošno je bila
rast rastlin intenzivnejša z večanjem prostornine celice, medtem ko so se kultivarji
različno odzivali na velikost celic. Večji volumen celice se je izrazil v večjih
listih, večjem številu listov, večjem pridelku listne mase, prav tako pa tudi v večjem
deležu suhe snovi. Cv. 'Holandski' je dal največji pridelek zelene listne mase ne glede
na prostornino celic
General and specific combining ability studies
for leaf area in some maize inbreds in agroecological conditions of Kosovo
Sali ALIU , Shukri FETAHU1, Ludvik ROZMAN ,
Adem SALILLARI
ABSTRACT
In maize breeding one of the most important roles belongs
to selection of parents with good combining abilities. The data associated with combining
ability and heritability of particular characters can be obtained from diallels. The main
objective of this study was to evaluate the leaf area (LA) of 10 inbred lines and their F1
hybrids. Based on a diallel (without reciprocals) GCA and SCA were calculated. The
components of the genetic variance were calculated using Griffing's (1956) method 2. The
maximum LA value was determined for the combination L6×L10 (788.6 cm2), whereas the
minimum for the combination L4×L5 (558.9 cm2). The average value of F1 generation was
678.8 cm2 and the variation range was from +109.8 cm2 to -119.9 cm2. Both, the GCA and SCA
for LA were significant at p=0.01. The highest value of GCA was obtained for L2 (+31.33),
whereas the lowest for L4 (-38.07). The highest value of SCA was determined for L6×L10
(+156.73).
IZVLEČEK
PROUČEVANJE SPLOŠNE IN POSEBNE
KOMBINACIJSKE SPOSOBNOSTI LISTNE POVRŠINE NEKATERIH SAMOOPLODNIH LINIJ KORUZE V
AGROEKOLOŠKIH RAZMERAH KOSOVA
V žlahtnjenju rastlin igra eno od najpomembnejših vlog
selekcija roditeljev z dobrimi kombinacijskimi sposobnostmi za želene lastnosti, ki jih
običajno ugotavljamo z dialelnimi križanji. Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti
kombinacijsko sposobnost 10 samooplodnih linij koruze ter njihovih križancev za listno
površino (LP). Na osnovi njihovih dialelnih križancev (brez recipročnih križancev) je
bila za LP izračunana splošna (SKS) in posebna (PKS) kombinacijska sposobnost.
Komponente genetske variabilnosti so bile računane po metodi 2 Griffingovega modela
(1956) računanja kombinacijskih sposobnosti. Največja LP je bila ugotovljena za
križanec L6×L10, (788,6 cm2), najmanjša pa za križanec L4×L5 (558,9 cm2), medtem ko
je bila povprečna vrednost vseh križancev 678,8 cm2. Tako za SKS kot za PKS so bile
ugotovljene statistično značilne razlike med križanci pri p=0,01. Največja vrednost
SKS za LP je bila ugotovljena pri L2 (+31,33), najnišja pa pri L4 (-38,07), medtem ko je
bila največja vrednost PKS ugotovljena za križanec L6×L10 (+156,73).
Introduction
of Grapevine virus B and Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 testing in sanitary
selection of grapevine
Irma TOMAŽIČ , Irena MAVRIČ PLEŠKO ,
Nataša PETROVIČ , Maja RAVNIKAR3, Zora KOROŠEC-KORUZA
ABSTRACT
To introduce testing of Grapevine leafroll-associated
virus-2 (GLRaV-2) and Grapevine virus B (GVB) in sanitary selection of grapevine,
commercially available antibodies were evaluated and conditions for routine ELISA testing
were optimized. Extraction procedure with Granex 91 - special machine, which is used in
routine testing in Slovenia, was compared with grinding samples in mortar. Three different
extraction buffers were applied in order to overcome the inconvenience of using more than
one extraction procedure when testing grapevine material for several viruses in a routine
large-scale testing scheme. Results were verified with Western blot and immuno-electron
microscopy. The best results were obtained using extraction buffer with unknown
composition (pH 9.0) from BIOREBA kit for GLRaV-2. Other extraction buffers gave less
positive samples and they are not convenient for routine testing where extraction with
Granex is done. Both viruses, GLRaV-2 and GVB were found in Slovenia, but they couldn't be
correlated with rougose wood disease that appears on indigenous cultivar Refošk grafted
on 'SO4' from collection vineyard in Komen.
IZVLEČEK
UVEDBA TESTIRANJA GRAPEVINE VIRUS B
IN GRAPEVINE LEAFROLL-ASSOCIATED VIRUS 2 V ZDRAVSTVENO SELEKCIJO VINSKE TRTE
Z namenom, da bi uvedli testiranje virusa Grapevine
leafroll-associated virus-2 (GLRaV-2) in virusa Grapevine virus B (GVB) v zdravstveno
selekcijo vinske trte, smo testirali komercialno dostopna protitelesa in optimizirali
pogoje za rutinsko testiranje v ELISA. Primerjali smo ekstrakcijo s strojem Granex 91, ki
ga v Sloveniji uporabljajo v rutinskem testiranju, z ekstrakcijo v terilnici. Da bi
poenotili ekstrakcijo različnih virusov v obsežnem rutinskem testiranju, smo preizkusili
tri različne ekstrakcijske pufre. Rezultate smo preverili z imunskim pivnikom (Western
blot) in imunsko elektronsko mikroskopijo. Najboljše rezultate smo dobili pri vzorcih
ekstrahiranih s pufrom nepoznane sestave iz kita za določevanje GLRaV-2 proizvajalca
BIOREBA. Z ostalima pufroma smo dobili manj pozitivnih vzorcev, zato menimo, da pufra
nista primerna za ekstrakcijo vzorcev v rutinskem testiranju kjer se uporablja stroj
Granex 91. Ugotovili smo prisotnost obeh virusov v Sloveniji, nismo pa uspeli dokazati
povezave teh dveh virusov z razbrazdanjem lesa, ki se pojavlja na trsih domače sorte
Refošk cepljenih na podlago 'SO4' iz kolekcijskega vinograda v Komnu.
The
efficiency of AFLP and SSR markers in genetic diversity estimation and gene pool
classification of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Marko MARAS , Jelka ŠUŠTAR-VOZLIČ , Branka JAVORNIK ,
Vladimir MEGLIČ
ABSTRACT
The present work was conducted to evaluate AFLP (Amplified
Fragment Length Polymorphism) and SSR (Simple Sequence Repeat) marker systems for their
ability to detect genetic diversity within a set of 29 common bean accessions spanning
both the Andean and Mesoamerican gene pools and to compare the efficiency of these two
marker types in the classification of accessions according to the gene pools of origin.
The ten AFLP primer combinations produced 112 polymorphic bands, while 14 SSR primer pairs
generated 100 polymorphic bands. Almost two-fold higher value of expected heterozygosity
was calculated for SSR (0.63) than for AFLP (0.32). As the result of a higher multiplex
ratio component (11.20), higher marker index value was observed for AFLP (3.56) in
comparison to SSR (0.63). The higher level of polymorphism detected by SSR markers has
contributed to the lower genetic similarity estimates based on SSR markers (mean 0.25) as
compared to AFLP markers (mean 0.88). The dendrograms generated with hierarchical UPGMA
(Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic mean) cluster analysis of the Jaccard's
similarity coefficient matrices revealed two major clusters, which were identified as the
Andean and the Mesoamerican gene pools. Both marker systems showed comparable accuracy in
grouping genotypes of common bean according to their gene pool of origin.
IZVLEČEK
ANALIZA UČINKOVITOSTI AFLP IN SSR
MARKERSKIH SISTEMOV V PROUČEVANJU GENETSKE RAZNOLIKOSTI IN POREKLA NAVADNEGA FIŽOLA
(Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
V raziskavi smo na vzorcu 29 genotipov navadnega fižola
različnega geografskega porekla (srednjeameriško, andsko) proučevali učinkovitost AFLP
(polimorfizem dolžine pomnoženih restrikcijskih fragmentov) in SSR (enostavne
ponavljajoče se sekvence) markerjev v vrednotenju genetske raznolikosti in klasifikaciji
navadnega fižola glede na poreklo. Z 10 pari AFLP začetnih oligonukleotidov smo v
verižni reakciji s polimerazo (PCR) pri 29 genotipih namnožili 112 polimorfnih
fragmentov, s 14 pari SSR začetnih oligonukleotidov pa 100. Za SSR markerski sistem
(0,63) smo v primerjavi z AFLP sistemom (0,32) izračunali skoraj dvakrat višjo vrednost
pričakovane heterozigotnosti polimorfnih lokusov. Pri AFLP sistemu smo zabeležili skoraj
šestkrat višjo vrednost markerskega indeksa kot pri SSR (3,56:0,63), kar je posledica
večjega povprečnega števila polimorfnih DNA fragmentov, namnoženih v posamezni AFLP
analizi, in multipleksnega razmerja. Na podlagi odkritih polimorfizmov smo v primerjavi z
AFLP s SSR sistemom izračunali nižjo povprečno vrednost genetske podobnosti med pari
genotipov (0,88:0,25). Pri razvrščanju genotipov v skupine z metodo netehtane
aritmetične sredine (UPGMA) na osnovi podobnosti so se akcesije ne glede na tip markerjev
razvrstile v 2 skupini, ki ustrezata dvema izvornima geografskima regijama navadnega
fižola (srednjeameriško, andsko). Rezultati raziskave kažejo, da sta SSR in AFLP
markerska sistema podobno uspešna pri vrednotenju genetske raznolikosti navadnega fižola
in njegovi klasifikaciji glede na poreklo.
Plant
parasitic nematodes associated with banana crop in Crete, Greece
Emmanuel A. TZORTZAKAKIS
ABSTRACT
This is a report on the presence of Meloidogyne spp.,
Helicotylenchus multicintus and Pratylenchus goodeyi in roots of banana crops in Crete.
IZVLEČEK
PARAZITSKE OGORČICE RASTLIN
UGOTOVLJENE V NASADU BANANOVCEV NA KRETI V GRČIJI
To je poročilo o najdbi parazitskih ogorčic Meloidogyne
spp., Helicotylenchus multicintus in Pratylenchus goodeyi v koreninah bananovcev na Kreti.
Response
of tomato cultivars differing in growth habit to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and
spacing on vertisol in Ethiopia
Tesfaye BALEMI
ABSTRACT
A field experiment was conducted on vertisol at Ambo
University College (Ethiopia) during 2003/2004 and 2004/2005 cropping seasons to
investigate the response of tomato cultivars varying in growth habit to rates of Nitrogen
(N) and Phosphorus (P) fertilizers and plant spacing. The treatment consisted of factorial
combination of two cultivars (Margelobe and Melka shola), three NP fertilizers rates (50
kg N + 60 kg P2O5/ha, 80 kg N + 90 kg P2O5/ha and 110 kg N + 120 kg P2O5/ha) and three
spacing (100 cm x 30 cm, 80 cm x 30 cm and 60 cm x 45 cm) arranged in a Randomized
Complete Block Design. Results revealed that fertilizer rates and spacing significantly
affected the total and marketable fruit yields as well as % marketable fruit yield.
Similarly, plant vigor (plant height), number of fruits per cluster and 10 fruit weight
were significantly influenced by all of the main factors. Besides the main factors effect,
fertilizer rate*spacing and cultivar*spacing interaction effects were also observed on %
marketable fruit yield and 10 fruit weight, respectively. The results of 2003/2004
cropping season showed that the application of 110 kg N + 120 kg P2O5/ha or 80 kg N + 90
kg P2O5/ha resulted in significantly higher total as well as marketable fruit yield of the
tomato cultivars. Result of 2004/2005 cropping season, however, demonstrated that only the
application the highest fertilizer rate (110 kg N + 120 kg P2O5/ha ) resulted in superior
fruit yields whilst the other two rates did not significantly differ from each other in
affecting fruit yields. Results of both cropping seasons confirmed significantly higher %
marketable fruit yield due to the application of either 110 kg N + 120 kg P2O5/ha or 80 kg
N + 90 kg P2O5/ha. Closer spacing of 80 cm x 30 cm and 60 cm x 45 cm gave higher total as
well as marketable fruit yield than the wider spacing of 100 cm x 30 cm.
IZVLEČEK
VPLIV GNOJENJA Z DUŠIKOM IN
FOSFORJEM NA RASTLINE KULTIVARJEV PARADIŽNIKA Z RAZLIČNO RASTJO NA VERTISOLU V ETIOPIJI
Na Ambo University College v Etiopiji je bil v letih
2003/2004 in 2004/2005 izveden poljski poskus z dvema kultivarjema paradižnika
(determinantnim in nedeterminantnim) da bi raziskali vpliv gnojenja z dušikom (N) in
fosforjem (P) ter razdalje med rastlinami na paradižnik. Izveden je bil faktorski poskus
z dvema kultivarjema (Margelobe in Melka shola), tremi odmerki gnojil NP (50 kg N + 60 kg
P2O5/ha, 80 kg N + 90 kg P2O5/ha in 110 kg N + 120 kg P2O5/ha) in tremi razdaljami med
rastlinami (100 cm x 30 cm, 80 cm x 30 cm in 60 cm x 45 cm) v naključnem bloku. Rezultati
so pokazali, da so stopnje gnojenja in gostota rastlin značilno vplivali na celoten in
tržen pridelek raslin, kot tudi na odstotek uporabnega pridelka. Podobno so bile višine
rastlin, teža in število plodov v značilni povezavi z vsemi glavnimi faktorji. Poleg
glavnih vplivom so vplivale tudi interakcije gnojenje*gostota in kultivar*razdalje tako na
% tržnega pridelka plodov kot na težo 10 plodov. Rezultati v sezoni 2003/2004 so
pokazali da je uporaba 110 kg N + 120 kg P2O5/ha ali 80 kg N + 90 kg P2O5/ha omogočila
značilno višje celokupne in tržne pridelke paradižnikov pri obeh kultivarjih. Toda v
sezoni 2004/2005 je samo najvišji odmerek gnojil (110 kg N + 120 kg P2O5/ha ) dal višje
pridelke. Rezultati obeh sezon skupaj so potrdili višji % tržnega pridelka pri uporabi
110 kg N + 120 kg P2O5/ha ali 80 kg N + 90 kg P2O5/ha. Gostejša saditev (80 cm x 30 cm
oziroma 60 cm x 45 cm) je dala višje pridelke kot redkejša saditev (100 cm x 30 cm).
The response of two potato cultivars on combined
effects of selenium and drought
Mateja GERM
ABSTRACT
The combined effect of selenium (Se) foliar spraying and
drought was studied for 3 months in two cultivars of potato; Bard and Adora in Ljubljana,
Slovenia. Four combinations of treatments were conducted: well-watered plants with and
without Se foliar spraying, and drought exposed plants with and without Se foliar
spraying. Net photosynthesis, transpiration rate, quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII),
and respiration potential measured by electron transport system activity were monitored
throughout the period. After three months of treatment, leaf water potential, the number
and size of leaf stomata, and tuber yield were determined. Several impacts of drought and
Se application and their combinations were established, and the responses shown to be
cultivar-specific. Net photosynthesis, transpiration rate, effective quantum yield of
PSII, and respiratory potential were lower in drought exposed plants. Se lowered
respiratory potential in the leaves in cv. Bard. The mass of the tubers in cv. Adora, and
photosynthesis in cvs. Bard and Adora were lower in Se treated plants. Se treatment did
not significantly affect the number and size of leaf stomata in the cultivars.
IZVLEČEK
VPLIV SELENA IN SUŠE NA DVA
KULTIVARJA KROMPIRJA
Kombiniran vpliv selena (Se) in suše na dva kultivarja
krompirja Bard in Adora, smo preučevali v poskusu, ki je trajal tri mesece. Rastline so
bile izpostavljene štirim kombinacijam obravnavanja: zalite rastline z ali brez
foliarnega gnojenja s Se in suši izpostavljene rastline z ali brez foliarnega gnojenja s
Se. V rastni sezoni smo spremljali neto fotosintezo, transpiracijo, fotokemično
učinkovitost fotosistema II (FSII) in respiratorni potenical, merjen s pomočjo meritev
aktivnosti terminalnega elektronskega transporta. Po treh mesecih, ko so bile rastline
izpostavljene vsem obravnavam, smo izmerili še vodni potencial v listih, število in
dimenzije listnih rež in pridelek gomoljev. Preučevana kultivarja sta se na učinke
suše in dodanega Se odzvala na različne načine. Neto fotosinteza, transpiracija,
fotokemična učinkovitost fotosistema II (FSII) in respiratorni potenical so bili nižji
pri rastlinah, ki so bile izpostavljene suši. Rastline, foliarno gnojene s Se so imele
nižji respiratorni potencial pri kultivarju Bard. Masa gomoljev pri kultivarju Adora in
fotosinteza pri obeh kultivarjih sta bili nižji pri rastlinah, kjer smo dodali Se.
Dodatek Se ni bistveno vplival na število in dimenzije listnih rež pri preučevanih
kultivarjih.
Geni za
odpornost proti škodljivim organizmom pri rastlinah
Petra KOZJAK , Branka JAVORNIK
IZVLEČEK
Pri rastlinah so znani različni mehanizmi obrambe proti škodljivim organizmom, med
katerimi so nekateri pogojeni z izražanjem genov za odpornost proti škodljivim
organizmom, ki jih krajše imenujemo R geni. R geni kodirajo proteine (R proteine) za
odpornost proti virusom, bakterijam, ogorčicam in glivam. Večina kloniranih R genov
kodira proteine, ki spadajo v NBS-LRR razred, za katere je značilna domena za vezavo
nukleotidov (NBS domena) in domena bogata z levcini (LRR domena). Za delovanje R proteinov
so postavljeni modeli receptor-ligand interakcij, ki predvidevajo, da produkti R genov
delujejo kot receptorji za posredno ali neposredno prepoznavanje patogena. Večina R genov
in R genom podobnih sekvenc je izoliranih z insercijsko mutagenezo, pozicijskim
kloniranjem in z verižno reakcijo s polimerazo.
ABSTRACT
PLANT DISEASE RESISTANCE GENES
Plants defend themselves against pathogens using different mechanisms, some of which
rely on the expression of disease resistance genes (R genes). R genes encode proteins (R
proteins) that provide resistance to a wide spectrum of pathogens including viruses,
bacteria, nematodes and fungi. Most of the isolated R genes code for the protein of
NBS-LRR class with characteristic nucleotide binding domain (NBS domain) and leucine-rich
domain (LRR domain). Models of defence mechanism initiated by R gene products are
proposed, based either on direct or indirect interaction of the plant R protein with the
product of avirulence pathogen gene. Most of the R gene and R gene-like sequences are
isolated by insertional mutagenesis, map-based cloning and amplification by polymerase
chain reaction (PCR).
Ocena dostopnosti težkih kovin iz onesnaženih tal
Mežiške doline
Neža FINŽGAR in Domen LEŠTAN
IZVLEČEK
V dvanajstih vzorcih tal iz okolice vrtcev, šol, zelenjavnih vrtov in dvorišč v
Mežiški dolini, s koncentracijami Pb od 469 do 4333 mg kg-1 in Zn od 313 do 8670 mg
kg-1, smo določili mobilnost in biodostopnost Pb in Zn. Koncentracija Pb je v enajstih
vzorcih presegla kritično vrednost, koncentracija Zn pa v devetih (glede na uredbo v
Ur.l.RS št. 68, 1996). Mobilnost Pb in Zn določena s TCLP metodo (Toxicity
Characteristic Leaching Procedure) je pokazala, da nobeden od vzorcev ni presegal
vrednosti, ki bi tla po metodologiji EPA (US Environmental Protection Agency) uvrščala
med nevarne odpadke. Koncentacije Pb in Zn v testni rastlini solati (Lactuca sativa L.) so
bile pod mejo detekcije instrumenta (atomski absorpcijski spektrofotometer). S fiziološko
osnovanim PBET ekstrakcijskim testom (Physiologically Based Extraction Test) smo vzorcem
in talnim prašnim delcem določili delež Pb, ki je biodostopen v človeškem prebavnem
sistemu. Iz simulirane želodčne faze je bilo dostopnega 2,8 - 22,8 %, iz črevesne pa
1,2 - 9,0 % celokupnega Pb v tleh. Koncentracije biodostopnega Pb so bile v prašnih
delcih manjše kot v vzorcih tal.
ABSTRACT
EVALUATION OF HEAVY METALS ACCESSIBILITY IN POLUTED SOILS FROM
MEŽICA VALLEY
The bioaccessibility and mobility of Pb and Zn were determined in twelve soil samples
taken around nursery schools and schools and from vegetable gardens and backyards in
Mežiška Valley, Slovenia. The concentrations of Pb ranged from 469 to 4333 mg kg-1 and
of Zn from 313 to 8670 mg kg-1. In eleven (Pb) and nine (Zn) samples they were higher than
the critical values set by the Slovenian legislature (Ur.l.RS No. 68, 1996). The Pb and Zn
mobility was determined using the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) and
was in every sample lower than the values set by US EPA for hazardous waste. The
concentrations of Pb and Zn in the test plant lattuce (Lactuca sativa L.) were bellow the
detection limit of the analytical instrument (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer). The
bioacessibility of Pb in soil samples and soil dust in the human gastro-intestinal tract
was determined in vitro using PBET (Physiologically Based Extraction Test). 2.8 - 22.8 %
of the total soil Pb content was available from the simulated stomach and 1.2 - 9.0 % from
the intestinal phase. The concentrations of bioaccessible Pb were higher in the soil than
in the soil dust.
Diskriminantna analiza in klasifikacija: osnove in
primer
Damijana KASTELEC , Katarina KOŠMELJ
POVZETEK
V članku so predstavljene osnove diskriminantne analize in klasifikacije. Njuna
uporabnost je predstavljena na preprostem primeru analize treh sort leske na podlagi treh
morfoloških lastnosti ploda: mase, višine in premera. Izračuni so narejeni s programom
SPSS. Ključne besede: diskriminantna analiza, klasifikacija
ABSTRACT
DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS AND CLASSIFICATION: THEORY AND
ILLUSTRATION
Discriminant analysis and classification are presented in the paper. Their
applicability is illustrated on an example of three hazel cultivars described by hazelnut
mass, height and diameter. The calculations were made with the SPSS programme.
Mestno kmetijstvo - oblike in izkušnje
Katja VADNAL in Vesna ALIČ
IZVLEČEK
Problem mestnega in primestnega kmetijstva postaja vse bolj pereč tudi v Sloveniji,
tako zaradi širjenja mest v njihovo ruralno zaledje, kot tudi zaradi vse nižje
prehranske kompetence prebivalstva. Osnovni namen prispevka je spodbuditi zanimanje za to
dokaj novo področje kmetijstva, njegov cilj pa je prikazati stanje na področju mestnega
kmetijstva in primere dobre prakse na tem področju v razvitih državah. Mestno kmetijstvo
je definirano kot dejavnost, ki je locirana v mestih, velemestih ali metropolah oziroma v
njihovem obrobju in obsega pridelovanje/rejo, predelavo in razpečavanje različnih
prehranskih in neprehranskih dobrin, pri čemer v veliki meri uporablja in ponovno
izrablja človeške in naravne vire, izdelke/pridelke in storitve, ki so na razpolago
neposredno v urbanem območju oziroma v njegovi bližnji okolici ter zagotavlja človeške
in gmotne vire, izdelke/pridelke in storitve temu urbanemu območju. Ključne determinante
mestnega kmetijstvo so prostorska, ekonomska, sociološka in ekološka umeščenost v
živo tkivo sodobnih mest, ki jo generirajo in utrjujejo potrebe meščanov. Najbolj
razširjena modela mestnega kmetijstva sta vrtičkarstvo in lokalno podprto kmetijstvo,
uveljavljajo pa se tudi novi, komercialno usmerjeni modeli, kot je npr. SPIN kmetijstvo.
URBAN AGRICULTURE - TYPES AND EXPERIENCES
ABSTRACT
An issue of urban and periurban agriculture becomes more and more urgent because of
towns spreading into their rural surroundings and because of decreasing nutritional
competence of the people in Slovenia. The basic goal of the article is to stimulate an
interest for this rather new area of agriculture, while its' aim is to present
state-of-art in the field of urban agriculture, as well as examples of good practice in
the developed countries. Urban agriculture is an industry located within (intra-urban) or
on the fringe (peri-urban) of a town, a city or a metropolis, which grows and raises,
processes, and distributes a diversity of food and nonfood products, using or reusing
largely human and natural resources, products, and services found in and around that urban
area, and in turn supplying human and material resources, products, and services largely
to that urban area. Key determinants of urban agriculture are its spatial, economic,
social and ecological incorporation into vivid tissue of modern towns/cities/metropolis
that is generated and consolidated by the needs of urban population. The most common
models of urban agriculture are gardening and locally supported agriculture, although new
commercially oriented models, e.g. SPIN agriculture, are emerging recently.
Entomopatogene in entomofilne ogorčice - naravni sovražniki
resarjev (Thysanoptera)
Žiga LAZNIK , Stanislav TRDAN
IZVLEČEK
V prispevku so predstavljeni rezultati dosedanjih raziskav delovanja entomopatogenih
ogorčic na gospodarsko škodljive resarje (zlasti na vrsto Frankliniella occidentalis) in
doslej v resarjih ugotovljene vrste entomofilnih (parazitskih) ogorčic (rod Thripinema).
Zlasti entomopatogene ogorčice bodo v bližnji prihodnosti najverjetneje delno
nadomestile insekticide pri zatiranju resarjev in drugih rastlinskih škodljivcev, medtem
ko bo potrebno mehanizem delovanja in bionomijo entomofilnih ogorčic za njihovo
učinkovitejšo rabo pri zatiranju resarjev v prihodnosti še natančneje preučiti.
ABSTRACT
ENTOMOPATHOGENIC AND ENTOMOPHILIC NEMATODES - NATURAL ENEMIES OF
THRIPS (THYSANOPTERA)
The results of previous research on activity of entomopathogenic nematodes against
harmful Thysanoptera species (particularly against Frankliniella occidentalis) and so far
recorded entomophilic (parasitic) nematodes (Thripinema genus) in the body of thrips are
presented in the paper. The most probably in the near future entomopathogenic nematodes
will partly substitute the insecticides in controlling thrips and other plant pests. The
investigation on the mode of action and the bionomics of entomophilic nematodes will be
required to improve their activity in controlling thrips.
Entomopatogene ogorčice, naravni sovražniki
nadzemskih škodljivcev kapusnic
Žiga LAZNIK , Stanislav TRDAN
IZVLEČEK
V prispevku je predstavljen pomen, način delovanja in razvojni krog entomopatogenih
ogorčic, ki so v svetu pomembni naravni sovražniki talnih in nadzemskih škodljivcev.
Poseben poudarek je namenjen dosedanji uporabi entomopatogenih ogorčic pri zatiranju
nadzemskih škodljivcev kapusnic; vrst Delia radicum, Plutella xylostella, Pieris
brassicae, Mamestra brassicae in Phyllotreta spp. V prispevku je predstavljena foliarna
aplikacija ogorčic, z namenom njihovega hitrejšega in učinkovitejšega delovanja na
ciljne organizme.
ABSTRACT
ENTOMOPATHOGENIC NEMATODES, NATURAL ENEMIES OF FOLIAR PESTS OF
VEGETABLE BRASSICAS
Significance, mode of action and developmental cycle of entomopathogenic nematodes,
which are important natural enemies of soil and foliar pests around the world, are
presented. Special emphasis is given to previous use of entomopathogenic nematodes against
foliar pests of vegetable Brassicas, such as Delia radicum, Plutella xylostella, Pieris
brassicae, Mamestra brassicae and Phyllotreta spp. Foliar application of nematodes with
the aim of their faster and more efficient activity against target organisms is also
described.
Ekstrakcija
kroma iz kvasne biomase
Maja PAŠ , Radmila MILAČIČ , Peter RASPOR
IZVLEČEK
Celokupni krom v kvasni biomasi ni dober pokazatelj količine organsko vezanega oz.
biološko aktivnega kroma. Namen študije je bil preizkusiti različne reagente za
ekstrakcijo organsko vezanega kroma iz kvasnih celic in protoplastov ter optimizirati
parametre ekstrakcije. Kvasovke Candida intermedia ZIM 156 smo namnoževali 12 oz. 22 ur
pri 28 C v kemijsko definiranem gojišču z dodanim 1 mM CrCl3 oz. Na2Cr2O7 (20 ?M Cr6+).
Izprane kvasne celice smo suspendirali v reagentih za ekstrakcijo (0,05 M EDTA, 0,7 M
CH3COONa, 0,1 M NH3, 0,1 M Na4P2O7.10H2O) ter suspenzije inkubirali pri 28 C.
Optimizirali smo čas ekstrakcije, mešanje med ekstrakcijo in koncentracijo suspenzije
kvasovk v EDTA. Iz dela kvasnih celic smo pripravili protoplaste in iz njih ekstrahirali
krom. Vsebnosti kroma v ekstraktih, celokupnega kroma v kvasni biomasi in kroma v
protoplastih smo določili z atomsko absorpcijsko spektroskopijo. Na podlagi dobljenih
rezultatov smo kot najprimernejši reagent za ekstrakcijo izbrali EDTA, najugodnejši čas
ekstrakcije 21 ur, pri čemer stresanje ni potrebno. Iz rezultatov je tudi razvidno, da se
z EDTA iz kvasnih celic ekstrahira približno enak delež kroma kot iz protoplastov, kar
velja za obe uporabljeni kromovi spojini v gojišču. Ne moremo pa zaključiti, ali je bil
krom, ekstrahiran iz protoplastov, intracelularnega izvora ali je bil vezan v celičnih
membranah. Zato bi bilo potrebno v nadaljnjih raziskavah natančneje določiti lastnosti
ekstraktov z EDTA, predvsem identificirati spojine, na katere je vezan krom.
ABSTRACT
EXTRACTION OF CHROMIUM FROM YEAST BIOMASS
Total chromium in yeast biomass does not indicate well the amount of organically bound
or biologically active chromium. The study presented in this paper investigated different
reagents for extraction of organically bound chromium from yeast cells and yeast
protoplasts and different parameters of extraction procedure. Yeasts Candida intermedia
ZIM 156 were cultivated for 12 or 22 hours at 28 C in chemically defined medium containing
1mM CrCl3 or Na2Cr2O7 (20 ?M Cr6+). Washed yeast cells were resuspended in appropriate
reagents for extraction (0.05 M EDTA, 0.7 M CH3COONa, 0.1 M NH3, 0.1 M Na4P2O7.10H2O) and
suspensions were incubated at 28 C. Extraction time, mixing conditions and concentration
of yeast suspension in EDTA were optimized. An aliquot of yeast cells was used to prepare
protoplasts from which chromium was extracted. Chromium content in extracts, in yeast
biomass and in protoplasts was analysed by atomic absorption spectrometry. On the basis of
our results EDTA was chosen as the most appropriate reagent for extraction, optimal
extraction time was 21 hours without shaking. Furthermore, the results obtained for both
chromium compounds showed, that the amounts of extracted chromium from yeast cells and
from protoplasts were approximately the same. Nevertheless, we can not conclude, whether
chromium, which was extracted from yeast protoplasts originated from cell interior or from
yeast cell membranes. In further research exact properties of EDTA extracts should be
determined and chromium compounds in the extracts should be identified
Medsebojni vplivi trofičnih nivojev v prehranjevalni
verigi parazitoidov
Katarina KOS , Stanislav TRDAN
IZVLEČEK
Prispevek predstavlja odnose med trofičnimi nivoji v prehranjevalni verigi
parazitoidov. Z njihovim poznavanjem je mogoče lažje razumeti interakcije med organizmi,
ki so za nas pomembni z gospodarskega in biološkega vidika. Vsi trofični nivoji so med
seboj povezani s semiokemikalijami, ki služijo za komunikacijo med gostiteljskimi
rastlinami in herbivori, parazitoidi, plenilci, hiperparazitoidi in drugimi organizmi v
trofičnih nivojih. V prispevku je v besedi in sliki predstavljenih pet scenarijev
prehranjevalnih verig parazitoidov.
ABSTRACT
MUTUAL INFLUENCES OF TROPHICAL LEVELS IN FOOD CHAIN OF
PARASITOIDS
The paper introduces the relationships between trophic levels in food chain of
parasitoids. With their familiarity it is possible much easier to understand the
interactions between organisms, which are important from the economical and biological
point of view. All trophic levels are connected between each others with semiochemicals,
which serves for communication between host plants and herbivores, parasitoids, predators,
hyperparasitoids and other organisms in trophic levels. In this contribution five
scenarios of food chain of parasitoids are represented in written and illustrated forms.
Širjenje koruznega hrošča Diabrotica v.
virgifera v Sloveniji v obdobju 2003 - 2007
Špela MODIC , Matej KNAPIČ , Gregor UREK
IZVLEČEK
Koruznega hrošča, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Dvv), smo v Sloveniji prvič našli
leta 2003 na vzhodu v Pomurju in Podravju vzdolž meje z Madžarsko in Hrvaško ter na
zahodu na Goriškem v bližini meje z Italijo. V obdobju 2003-2007 smo sistematično
spremljali njegovo širjenje v Sloveniji. Za ulov škodljivca smo uporabljali feromonske
in spolno-prehranske vabe ter rumene lepljive plošče. Na podlagi rezultatov smo
ugotovili, da se je koruzni hrošč v obdobju 2003-2006 postopoma širil od severovzhoda
proti notranjosti države za povprečno 24 km/leto, v letu 2007 pa se je, zaradi zanj
ugodnih okoljskih razmer, areal njegove razširjenosti povečal za dobrih 70 km. Vzorec
širjenja Dvv kaže na to, da so glavne transportne poti, kot so ceste, železnica,
letališče Jožeta Pučnika, vključno z nekaterimi manjšimi letališči s povečanim
notranjim prometom ter večjimi počivališči ob avtocestah, poleg njegovega naravnega
širjenja in pridelave koruze v monokulturi, eden glavnih dejavnikov, ki vplivajo na
njegovo razširjenost pri nas. V letu 2007 se je koruzni hrošč pojavil prej kot v
prejšnjih letih, zaradi česar je prišlo tudi do občutnih razlik v obsegu širjena.
ABSTRACT
SPREADING OF WESTERN CORN ROOTWORM Diabrotica v. virgifera IN
SLOVENIA IN THE PERIOD 2003 - 2007
The western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Dvv), was found for the
first time in Slovenia in 2003, in the eastern regions of Pomurje and Podravje along the
border with Hungary and Croatia, and in the western region Goriška near the border with
Italy. Between 2003 and 2007, its spreading in Slovenia was systematically monitored. To
catch the pest we used pheromone and floral bait traps and yellow sticky traps. Computer
analyses adopting plant protection geographical information systems (GIS) suggested that
between 2003 and 2006 Dvv was spreading progressively from north-east towards the interior
of the country by 24 km/year on the average while in 2007, due to favourable environmental
conditions, the area of its spread increased by 70 km. The pattern of Dvv spreading
indicates that the main transport routes such as roads, railway, Jože Pučnik Airport
including some small scale airports with an increased inland traffic and larger resting
places along the highways are, beside its natural spreading and growing of maize as
monoculture, one of the major factors affecting its spread in Slovenia. In 2007, Dvv
appeared earlier than in the previous years which resulted in a considerable difference as
to the extent of spreading.
Karotenoidi v fotosinteznem aparatu in odziv na stres
Helena ŠIRCELJ
IZVLEČEK
Karotenoidi so tetraterpeni, ki so locirani izklučno v kloroplastih in kromoplastih. V
kloroplastu imajo pomembno vlogo pri zbiranju svetlobe, pri odvajanju odvečne svetlobe iz
fotosistema in pri odstranjevanju škodljivih molekul, ki nastajajo kot posledica
delovanja stresorjev na rastlino. V članku so predstavljeni kloroplastni karotenoidi in
njihova vloga. Poudarjena je vloga in delovanje ksantofilnega cikla v rastlinah v stresu.
ABSTRACT
CAROTENOIDS IN PHOTOSYNTHETIC APPARATUS AND STRESS RESPONSE
Carotenoids are tetraterpenes which are exclusively located in chloroplast and
chromoplast. Within the chloroplast, carotenoids have important roles in light-harvesting,
photoprotection and stress response. Carotenoids in chloroplast are reviewed in this
paper. The importance of carotenoids in plants under stress is discussed. The role and
function of xantophyll cycle in plants under stress is pointed out.
Remediacija zemljine z območja stare
cinkarne v Celju z metodo stabilizacije s cementom
Metka UDOVIČ , Domen LEŠTAN
IZVLEČEK
Pet reprezentančnih vzorcev močno onesnažene zemljine z območja stare cinkarne v
Celju (Slovenija), ki so vsebovali od 7300 do 17200 mg kg-1 celokupnega Pb, od 6000 do
63600 mg kg-1 celokupnega Zn in od 24 do 250 mg kg-1 celokupnega Cd, smo remedirali z
metodo stabilizacije s 15 ut.% portland cementa. Po 4 mesecih stabilizacije se je
mobilnost Pb, Zn in Cd določena s TCLP metodo ("Toxicity Characteristic Leaching
Procedure") 5,8 - 17,4, 8,1 - 35,8 oz. 4,3 - 7,3-krat zmanjšala. Potencialna
dostopnost Pb, Zn in Cd za rastline, določena z ekstrakcijo z dietilentriaminpentaocetno
kislino (DTPA), se je po stabilizaciji 1,6 - 9,8, 1,1 - 2,1 oz. 1,3 - 4,1-krat zmanjšala.
Biodostopni delež Pb določen s fiziološko osnovanim ekstrakcijskim testom
("Physiologically Based Extraction Test"; PBET) se je v črevesni frakciji po
stabilizaciji 5,9 - 11,3-krat zmanjšal.
REMEDIATION OF SOIL FROM A FORMER ZINC SMELTER AREA WITH
STABILIZATION WITH CEMENT
ABSTRACT
Five representitative samples of heavily polluted soil from a former industrial area in
Celje (Slovenia) containing 7300 - 17200 mg kg-1 total Pb, 6000 - 63600 mg kg-1 total Zn
and 24 - 250 mg kg-1 total Cd were remediated with the stabilization method with 15 %
(w/w) portland cement. After 4 months of stabilization the mobility of Pb, Zn and Cd
assessed with Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) decreased by factors 5.8 -
17.4, 8.1 - 35.8 and 4.3 - 7.3, respectively. Potential availability of Pb, Zn and Cd for
plants assessed with dietilentriaminpentaacetic acid (DTPA) extraction decreased by
factors 1.6 - 9.8, 1.1 - 2.1 and 1.3 - 4.1 after stabilization, respectively.
Bioacessibility of Pb assessed with a physiologically based extraction test (PBET)
decreased after stabilization by factors up to 11.3 in the small intestine fraction.
Vpliv izbire fungicidov in medvrstne razdalje na
pojavljanje ostankov ditiokarbamatov v krompirju
Peter DOLNIČAR , Meta URBANČIČ ZEMLJIČ , Ana GREGORČIČ , Helena
BAŠA ČESNIK , Filip VUČAJNK , Tone GODEŠA
IZVLEČEK
Monitoring ostankov pesticidov v kmetijskih pridelkih kaže, da so ostanki
ditiokarbamatov tudi v Sloveniji med najpogosteje ugotovljenimi. V letih od 2003 do 2005
smo v poljskih poskusih ugotavljali vpliv izbora fungicidov in časa po zadnjem
škropljenju krompirja na vsebnost ostankov v gomoljih krompirja. Primerjali smo štiri
obravnavanja: enostransko in izmenično škropljenje s fungicidi na osnovi
ditiokarbamatov, škropljenje brez ditiokarbamatov in neškropljeno kontrolo. Po končanih
škropljenjih smo v zaporednih vzorčenjih naključno jemali vzorce po 10 grmov na polju
in po 5 kg krompirja v skladišču. V drugem poskusu smo preučevali vpliv medvrstne
razdalje na vsebnost ostankov ditiokarbamatov v gomoljih na različnih globinah.
Primerjali smo medvrstne razdalje 66 cm, 75 cm in 90 cm pri sortah Carlingford, Agria in
Bright. Razporeditev gomoljev v grebenih smo ugotavljali z napravo za tridimenzionalno
merjenje oblike grebena in položaja gomoljev v grebenu. Vzorčili smo gomolje po plasteh
0-5 cm, 5-10 cm in >10 cm in pobirali gomolje posamično. Vzorce krompirja smo na
ostanke ditiokarbamatov analizirali s plinskim kromatografom, sklopljenim z masnim
spektrometrom. Ostanke ditiokarbamatov v gomoljih smo ugotovili le v letu 2003. Rezultati
kažejo, da so okoljske razmere ključen dejavnik za pojavljanje ostankov v gomoljih in
imajo lahko celo večji vpliv kot količina uporabljene aktivne snovi ali drugi
tehnološki ukrepi. Upoštevanje dobre kmetijske prakse v večini let omogoča pridelavo
krompirja brez ostankov ditiokarbamatov. V neugodnih letih lahko najdemo ostanke, kljub
pridelavi v skladu s tehnološkimi priporočili in upoštevani karenci ob izkopu
krompirja.
ABSTRACT
THE INFLUENCE OF FUNGICIDE CHOICE AND ROW WIDTH ON THE
APPEARANCE OF DITHIOCARBAMATE RESIDUES IN POTATO
The residues of dithiocarbamates are very often found in foodstuff monitoring programme
in Slovenia. The effect of fungicide choice and time spent since the last spraying on
dithicarbamate residues in potato tubers were studied in the field trials from 2003 to
2005. Four different treatments were applied in trial: exclusive and alternate spraying
with fungicides on the basis of dithiocarbamates, spraying schedule without
dithiocarbamates and unsprayed control. 10 plants in the field and 5 kg of tubers in
storage were randomly sampled in consecutive sampling after the last spraying. The
influence of row width on the dithicarbamate residue content of tubers in different depths
was studied in the second experiment. Row distances of 66, 75 and 90 cm were compared
using varieties Carlingford, Agria and Bright. Tuber distribution in the hill was measured
using device for three-dimensional measurement of hill shape and tuber position. Tubers
were sampled in two ways: in layers of 0-5 cm, 5-10 cm and deeper than 10 cm, and each
tuber separately. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry was used for the
analysis of dithiocarbamates. They were found only in the year 2003. The results show that
the environmental conditions are the key factor for determination of dithiocarbamate
residues. They have bigger influence than the amount of active substance used or other
technological measures taken. Application of good farming practice enables the production
of food without residues in most of the years. In certain years it is possible to find
residues despite the utilization of technological recommendations and pre-harvest
interval.
Pojav naravnih mutacij pri nekaterih
linijah koruze (Zea mays L.) iz genske banke
Ludvik ROZMAN , Katja POKOVEC ,
IZVLEČEK
Z namenom ugotovitve vrste in frekvence mutacij na nekaterih linijah koruze iz genske
banke koruze Oddelka za agronomijo Biotehniške fakultete v Ljubljani smo v letu 2003 na
poskusnem polju BF v Jablah pri Trzinu posejali 100 linij koruze iz genske banke. Na
poskusni parcelici vsake linije je bilo posejanih po 40 rastlin. Storže linij smo po
spravilu v laboratoriju vizualno pregledali in s pomočjo literature beležili pojav
naravnih mutacij na storžih in zrnih posamezne linije. Vrste mutacij, ki smo jih na
podlagi literature ugotovili, so bile: sladka zrna, zrna s praznim perikarpom, zgrbančena
- nerazvita zrna, slabo razvita - abortirana zrna, zrna podobna visoko-lizinskim ali
moknatim zrnom, zrna z zmanjšanim endospermom ter zrna v plevah. Nekaterih mutacij na
podlagi literature (pisan - sivobel perikarp, nepravilne in odprte vrste zrnja na storžu)
nismo mogli natančno definirati.
ABSTRACT
THE APPEARANCE OF SPONTANEOUS MUTATIONS ON MAIZE (Zea mays L.)
INBRED LINES OF MAIZE GENE BANK
The aim of this study, conducted in 2003, was to investigate the appearance and
frequency of spontaneous mutations in maize inbred lines. In the investigation were
included 100 maize inbred lines obtained from the maize gene bank of the Department of
Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty of the University of Ljubljana. The experimental plots
included 40 plants per each inbred line. The ears of inbred lines were analysed, and on
the base of literature, the appearance of spontaneous mutations on ears and kernels, were
scored. The mutations that were determined are sugary kernels, kernels with empty
pericarp, shrunken - undeveloped kernels, nonviable - defective kernels, kernels like
opaque and floury endosperm, reduced endosperm and kernels with papyrescent glumes. On the
base of literature some mutations (variegated - greyish white perikarp, irregular kernel
row) we couldn't have determined.
|
