A
comparative study of rainfall erosivity for eastern and western Slovenia
Andrej CEGLAR , Zalika ČREPINŠEK , Vesna ZUPANC , Lučka
KAJFEŽ-BOGATAJ
ABSTRACT
In April 2008, 120 soil samples from 24 locations were collected in Gorenjska,
Notranjska and Primorska regions as well as in Ljubljansko barje. The presence of
entomopathogenic nematodes was confirmed in 9 samples from 6 locations. Only the sample
C101, which was taken in the village Svino in the area of Breginjski kot (western part of
Slovenia, the vicinity of Italian border), was sent to genetic analysis. Molecular
biological analysis was proved the identity of the sample with the species Steinernema
carpocapsae (Weiser). This was the first record of Steinernema carpocapsae in Slovenia. In
preceding researches on the fauna of entomopathogenic nematodes in Slovenia, which started
in 2007, we already established the occurrence of Steinernema affine (Bovien) and
Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev).
IZVLEČEK
ENTOMOPATOGENA OGORČICA Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) (Rhabditida:
Steinernematidae), NOVI PREDSTAVNIK SLOVENSKE FAVNE
V aprilu 2008 smo na območju Gorenjske, Notranjske, Primorske in Ljubljanskega barja
na 24 lokacijah nabrali 120 talnih vzorcev. Zastopanost entomopatogenih ogorčic smo
ugotovili v 9 vzorcih s 6 lokacij. V nadaljnjo genetsko analizo smo poslali le vzorec
C101. Ta je bil odvzet v vasi Svino na območju Breginjskega kota (skrajni zahod Slovenije
na meji z Italijo). Z molekulsko analizo smo identificirali vrsto Steinernema carpocapsae
(Weiser). Gre za prvo odkritje omenjene vrste entomopatogene ogorčice pri nas. V
predhodnjih raziskavah preučevanja faune entomopatogenih ogorčic v Sloveniji, ki
potekajo od leta 2007, smo ugotovili zastopanost vrst Steinernema affine (Bovien) in
Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev).
Evaluation
of different designs of temporary electric fence systems for the protection of maize
against wild boar (Sus scrofa L., Mammalia, Suidae)
Matej VIDRIH , Stanislav TRDAN
ABSTRACT
Among free living animals in Slovenia, wild boar (Sus scrofa) damages agricultural land
by rooting and primarily by directly feeding on open fields. In some areas of Slovenia
this large wildlife animal causes more than 50% of all estimated damage to cultivated
plants grown on arable and forage fields. Many techniques for controlling wild boar and
preventing damage are known, but none of them is optimal. In a trial for preventing wild
boar ingress into maize fields different designs of electric fence system were used. The
trial in which we used an electric fence to prevent wild boar from entering a maize field
was erected in the area of Šmihel near Postojna (Slovenia). We decided to erect the
electric fence at the end of July, after the fertilization of the maize. The following
designs of electric fence systems were used: 1) a plastic post with a polywire and two
polytapes with spacings of 15, 15, and 30 cm between them; 2) a plastic post with polywire
and a polytape with spacings 25 and 25 cm between them; 3) a steal post as a wire offset
in an inverted L shape on which three screws on rod insulators were fixed at a height of
15, 30, and 55 cm from the ground. A polytape at a height of 30 cm acted as depth and it
was a so-called three-dimensional design of electric fence. No breaks through fencing were
observed until the harvesting time of the maize for silage, although boar tracks on the
outside of the fenced field were observed. Damage to arable fields in the vicinity of the
protected field was also recorded.
IZVLEČEK
UČINKOVITOST RAZLIČNIH POSTAVITEV ZAČASNE ELEKTROOGRAJE PRI
VAROVANJU KORUZNIH NJIV PRED DIVJIM PRAŠIČEM (Sus scrofa L., Mammalia, Suidae)
Divji prašič (Sus scrofa) je v Sloveniji pomembna prostoživeča vrsta. Škodo
povzroča na kmetijskih zemljiščih, in sicer z ritjem in neposrednim hranjenjem. Na
nekaterih območjih Slovenije predstavlja škoda po divjem prašiču več kot 50 % vse s
strani kmetov prijavljene škode. Ta je vezana tako na gojene kot samonikle rastline,
namenjene za živež ali živalsko krmo. Za preprečevanje škode po divjem prašiču na
poljščinah je znanih več načinov; ti pogosto niso dovolj učinkoviti, so predragi ali
moteči pri oskrbi poljščin. Za preprečevanje vdora divjega prašiča na koruzno njivo
smo v našem poskusu uporabili začasno elektroograjo. Na območju Šmihela pri Postojni
je bil izveden poskus varovanja posevka (silažne) koruze pred divjim prašičem od konca
julija (zadnje dognojevanje) do spravila pridelka. Uporabljene so bile naslednje tri
postavitve začasne elektroograje: 1) plastični količek z elektrovrvico in dvema
elektrotrakoma z razmiki 15,15 in 30 cm, 2) plastični količek z elektrovrvico in
elektrotrakom z razmikoma 25 in 25 cm, in 3) železni količek v obliki distančnika
(številke 7) in višino vrvice/trakov 15, 30 in 55 cm. Elektrotrak pri slednji postavitvi
je na višini 30 cm deloval kot globina oziroma tretja dimenzija. Med poskusom vse do
spravila pridelka ni prišlo do vdora divjih prašičev na ograjeni del zemljišča. Na
zunanji strani ograje so bile opazne sledi divjega prašiča. Škoda zaradi preučevanega
škodljivca je bila ugotovljena na sosednjih njivah, ki niso bile varovane.
Entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae),
a new member of Slovenian fauna
Žiga LAZNIK , Tímea TÓTH , Tamás LAKATOS , Stanislav TRDAN
ABSTRACT
In the period 2003-2006 we have performed block trials
with two flax (Linum usitatissimum) cultivars: RBK cultivar (domestic flax population from
Raztresen farm in Bela Krajina) and Laura cultivar (fibre-type-flax from the Common
Catalogue of EU). The trial was carried out at the Experimental Field at the Biotechnical
Faculty of Ljubljana (Slovenia). The two cultivars were sown in the first decade of April
with manual sowing machine to the row spacing of 8.5 cm, 17 cm and 34 cm. Crop care was
traditional. The plants were plucked at the end of the yellow maturity (the last decade of
July). There was no significant difference between the average yields of stems produced at
the row spacing of 8.5 cm (1.92 t/ha) and 17 cm (1.99 t/ha), but significantly the lowest
yield was reached at the row spacing of 34 cm (1.52 t/ha). In the period of 4 years the
average yield of stems that was reached by the RBK cultivar was 1.83 t/ha, and the one
reached by the Laura cultivar was unsignificantly lower (1.79 t/ha). Compared to the
average yield of the flaxseed from both cultivars produced at the row spacing of 8.5 cm
(1.34 t/ha) and 34 cm (1.01 t/ha), the average yield of the seeds obtained from the 17 cm
row spacing was significantly the highest (1.52 t/ha); for 0.11 t seed/ha the RBK cultivar
(1.35 t/ha) was significntly more productive than the Laura cultivar. The influence of
growing conditions to the yield of stems and seed was most favourable in the year of the
drought (2003), when - with the cultivar RBK and at the row spacing of 17 cm - we produced
significantly the highest quantity of stems (2.64 t/ha) and seeds (1.93 t/ha). We
discovered that the unbranched stem of the RBK cultivar corresponds to the
fibre-type-flax, the hight of plants (50 to 60 cm), absolute mass (6.3 to 6.8 g) and the
yield of the seed (above 1 t/ha) show good biological capability for the seed production.
Production and processing of flax should not remain just an attractive cultural and
historical presentation of this activity at some turist farms in Bela Krajina (JV of
Slovenia); it should also present a challenge to young farmers to find the place for this
crop in organic production of food and other raw materials with the use of mechanisation
and modern technological procedures. The production and processing of flax presents the
possibility for increased biotic diversity of the cultural landscape and revitalization of
rural areas.
IZVLEČEK
ENTOMOPATOGENA OGORČICA Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser)
(Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), NOVI PREDSTAVNIK SLOVENSKE FAVNE
V aprilu 2008 smo na območju Gorenjske, Notranjske, Primorske in Ljubljanskega barja
na 24 lokacijah nabrali 120 talnih vzorcev. Zastopanost entomopatogenih ogorčic smo
ugotovili v 9 vzorcih s 6 lokacij. V nadaljnjo genetsko analizo smo poslali le vzorec
C101. Ta je bil odvzet v vasi Svino na območju Breginjskega kota (skrajni zahod Slovenije
na meji z Italijo). Z molekulsko analizo smo identificirali vrsto Steinernema carpocapsae
(Weiser). Gre za prvo odkritje omenjene vrste entomopatogene ogorčice pri nas. V
predhodnjih raziskavah preučevanja faune entomopatogenih ogorčic v Sloveniji, ki
potekajo od leta 2007, smo ugotovili zastopanost vrst Steinernema affine (Bovien) in
Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev).
Epicuticular
wax content in the leaves of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) as a mechanical
barrier against three insect pests
Dragan ŽNIDARČIČ , Nevenka
VALIČ , Stanislav TRDAN
ABSTRACT
Flea beetles (Phyllotreta spp.), cabbage stink bugs (Eurydema ventrale) and onion
thrips (Thrips tabaci) cause significant economic problems to cabbage growers in Slovenia.
The aim of our study was to assess the potential effect of the epicuticular wax on leaves
as defence mechanism against these three cabbage pests. The impact of epicuticular wax
content in relation to damage levels of cabbage pests was studied under field conditions
at the Experimental Field of the Biotechnical Faculty in Ljubljana on 12 cabbage cultivars
(Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata). These insect pests showed weak preference on cabbage
heads with high epicuticular wax. There was a strong negative relationship between
epicuticular wax content and the level of plants infested (r2 = -0.8399 for flea beetles,
r2 = -0.7413 for cabbage stink bugs and r2 = -0.7042 for onion thrips). The cv.'Holandsko
pozno rdeče', showed itself to be the most resistant to the cabbage stink bugs and onion
thrips, while cv. 'Red Dinasty' was the most resistant against flea beetles.
IZVLEČEK
VSEBNOST EPIKUTIKULARNIH VOSKOV NA LISTIH ZELJA (Brassica
oleracea L. var. capitata) KOT MEHANSKA OVIRA PRED NAPADOM TREH ŠKODLJIVIH ŽUŽELK
Kapusov bolhač (Phyllotreta spp.), pisana stenica (Eurydema ventrale) in tobakov resar
(Thrips tabaci), povzročajo gospodarsko pomembne težave pridelovalcem zelja v Sloveniji.
Cilj naše raziskave je bil oceniti potencialni učinek epikutikularnega voska na listih
kot obrambnega mehanizma proti naštetim škodljivcem. Vpliv količine epikutikularnega
voska na poškodbe, ki jih povzročajo škodljivci, smo proučevali na 12 kultivarjih
zelja (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata), vzgojenih na Laboratorijskem polju
Biotehniške fakultete v Ljubljani. Škodljivci so pokazal majhno preferenco do zeljnih
glav, ki imajo visoko vsebnost epikutikularnega voska. Med koncentracijo epikutikularnega
voska in poškodovanimi listi je bila namreč ugotovljena močno značilna negativna
povezava (r2 = -0.8399 za kapusovega bolhača, r2 = -0.7413 za pisano stenico in r2 =
-0.7042 za tobakovega resarja). Cv.'Holandsko pozno rdeče', se je pokazal kot najbolj
odporen kultivar ob napadu tobakovega resarja in pisane stenice, medtem, ko je bil cv.
'Red Dinasty' najmanj odporen proti napadu kapusovega bolhača.
Influence
of carbon dioxide, inoculum rate, amount and mixing of casing soil on Agaricus blazei
fruiting bodies yield
Andrej GREGORI , Bojan
PAHOR , Roman GLASER , Franc POHLEVEN
ABSTRACT
Influence of carbon dioxide concentration during compost and casing soil overgrowth,
inoculum rate, casing soil depth and mixing on Agaricus blazei fruiting bodies yield was
determined. Compost composed of chicken manure and wheat straw which is used for
commercial button mushrooms cultivation in Slovenia showed to be appropriate for A. blazei
fruiting bodies production. Out of the parameters tested in our experiments, casing soil
depth and inoculum rate had the biggest positive effect on fruiting bodies production. For
A. blazei fruiting bodies production higher rates of inoculum and at least 8.5 kg of
commercial casing soil per square meter of compost surface should be used. Higher carbon
dioxide concentrations shoved to be beneficial for attaining higher yields of A. blazei
fruiting bodies.
IZVLEČEK
VPLIV OGLJIKOVEGA DIOKSIDA, KOLIČINE GLIVNEGA VCEPKA IN
KOLIČINE TER MEŠANJA KROVNE PRSTI NA PRIDELEK GOB VRSTE Agaricus blazei
Raziskovan je bil vpliv koncentracije ogljikovega dioksida med preraščanjem komposta
in krovne prsti (pokrivke), količine glivnega vcepka primešanega kompostu ter količine
krovne prsti in mešanje le-te po preraščanju s podgobjem na obrod gob Agaricus blazei.
Kompost pripravljen iz kurjega gnoja ter pšenične slame, ki ga izdelujejo ter na
območju Slovenije uporabljajo za komercialno gojenje šampinjonov, se je izkazal kot
primeren za gojenje gob vrste A. blazei. Med testiranimi parametri gojenja sta na
povečanje pridelka vplivali predvsem količina krovne prsti in koncentracija glivnega
vcepka vmešanega v kompost. Za uspešno gojenje je potrebno uporabiti vsaj 8,5 kg
komercialne krovne prsti na kvadratni meter komposta. Višje koncentracije ogljikovega
dioksida in pokrivke pozitivno vplivajo na obrod gob.
Attitudes
towards private labels - example of a consumer sensory evaluation of food in Slovenia
Aleš KUHAR and Tanja TIČ
ABSTRACT
The study aims to extend the understanding of consumers' perception of private labelled
food products in Slovenia. Consumer sensory test of sour gherkins was conducted in two
experimental conditions where the effect of brand information on hedonic judgment was
examined. The difference between private label and producer label products was especially
scrutinized. Results show that consumers in Slovenia perceive private labels as a lower
price alternative of comparable quality to producer brands. Disposable income and family
size proved to have significant effect on propensity to buy private label food. Study
confirms that the information about brand significantly affect consumer sensory judgment.
The effect of assimilation has been confirmed also in the case of private label.
IZVLEČEK
ODNOS DO TRGOVSKIH BLAGOVNIH ZNAMK - PRIMER SENZORIČNEGA
VREDNOTENJA HRANE PRI POTROŠNIKIH V SLOVENIJI
Raziskava poskuša poglobiti razumevanje percepcije trgovskih blagovnih znamk hrane pri
slovenskih potrošnikih. Izvedeno je bilo senzorično vrednotenje vzorcev kislih kumaric
pri dveh različnih vrstah eksperimentalnih razmer, kjer je bil ocenjevan učinek
informacije o blagovni znamki na hedonično vrednotenje. Test je bil osredotočen na
razlikovanje trgovskih blagovnih znamk in proizvajalčevih blagovnih znamk. Rezultati so
pokazali, da slovenski potrošniki trgovske blagovne znamke vrednotijo kot cenovno ugodno
alternativno izbiro primerljive kakovosti v primerjavi s proizvajalčevimi blagovnimi
znamkami. Statistično značilni učinki nagnjenosti k izbiri trgovskih blagovnih znamk so
bili potrjeni za dejavnike: razpoložljivi dohodek in velikost družine. Raziskava
potrjuje hipotezo, da informacija o blagovni znamki statistično značilno vpliva na
senzorično vrednotenje vzorcev pri potrošnikih. Učinek asimilacije je bil potrjen tudi
pri trgovskih blagovnih znamkah.
Morphological and agronomic evaluation of
tissue culture derived Indian soybean plants
R. RADHAKRISHNAN , B.D.RANJITHA KUMARI
ABSTRACT
Somaclonal variation has become common for many plant species including soybean
(Glycine max (L.) Merr). The present study was aimed to compare the morphological and
yield characters of tissue culture derived and field grown soybean cultivar CO-3
(Coimbatore-3). With respect to the plants derived from tissue culture, the morphological
characters such as length of roots, shoots, petioles, internodal region, number of leaf
nodes, leaf area, fresh and dry weight of leaves and roots and yield contributing
characters length of pods, number of flowers/ node, number of pods/ node, number of pods/
plant, number of seed aborted fruits and number of seeds/ pod were significantly
(p>0.05) varied from parent or field grown plants, except seed yield. Even the
variation was observed in both the type of plants, since the difference was not too large.
We conclude that tissue culture technique is not detrimental for plant growth and
performance and which is widely used in many genetic engineering techniques.
IZVLEČEK
MORFOLOŠKE IN AGRONOMSKE LASTNOSTI RASTLIN INDIJSKE SOJE,
REGENERIRANIH IZ TKIVNIH KULTUR
Somaklonska variabilnost je pri soji (Glycine max (L.) Merr) in mnogih drugih rastlinah
med uporabljanimi viri genske variabilnosti. Namen te raziskave je bil preveriti
pojavljanje variabilnosti med rastlinami dobljenimi iz tkivnih kultur pri soji cv. CO3
(Coimbatore 3). Avtorji so primerjali regenerirane rastline s kontrolnimi rastlinami.
Ugotovili so vrsto značilnih razlik pri morfoloških lastnostih, nas primer glede na
dolžino korenin, poganjkov, petiol, internodijev in strokov. Poleg teh lastnosti so bile
tudi razlike glede na število olistanih nodijev, število cvetov na nodij, strokov na
nodij, strokov na rastlino, stevilo semen na strok, svežo in suho teža listov in korenin
značilne (p>0.05), razlike pa niso bile značilne glede na pridelek rastlin. Ker
razlike niso bile velike, avtorji ugotavljajo, da spremembe zaradi somaklonske
variabilnosti niso nujno škodljive za rastline.To je pomembno, saj se tehniko tkivnih
kultur široko uporablja pri uporabi metod genskega inženiringa.
Indigenous
arbuscular mycorrhiza is more important for early growth period of groundnut (Arachis
hypogea L.) for P influx in an Oxisol
Amitava RAKSHIT and P.B.S BHADORIA
ABSTRACT
The contribution of indigenous arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) on phosphorus (P) uptake by
groundnut was examined in a low P field soil. The fungicide benomyl was applied to
eradicate mycorrhizal infection. The treatments consisted of three P levels viz. 0, 50 and
400 mg P kg-1 soil, with and without benomyl application. Groundnut as test crop was sown
two weeks after the application of benomyl and was harvested four times covering the whole
growth period. At each harvest, the shoot yield, shoot P concentration, root length, soil
solution P (CLi) and per cent root infection by AM was determined for benomyl treated and
untreated soil at all P levels. Benomyl showed no effect on soil solution P concentration.
When P was limiting, application of benomyl did reduce early groundnut growth by 40-50% at
P-0, and by 25-30% at P-50. At high P supply (P-400), benomyl had little or no effect on
dry matter production. Thus, indicate that the effect of benomyl on plant growth was by
its influence on P uptake from soil. Phosphorus supply affected percentage of root
infected by AM which was 40% of the roots at P-0, and decreased to around 30% and 10% at
P-50 and P-400. In the early growing season, the P influx of maize was dependent on P in
soil solution and the effect of AM was rather large. At high P supply, the contribution of
AM to P influx showed a decrease. Without or low AM infection and at low P level, the P
influx was 62% of that with AM. During early growth period groundnut showed a similar
behaviour as maize at middle growth stage and without AM reduction of P influx, which was
to an extent of 67%. In absolute terms AM is more important at maximum growth in the early
growth season for groundnut. It is evident from the present investigation that AM may make
an significant contribution by about 35 % to the P nutrition of groundnut, but other
factors, like P solubilization by root exudates, may be even more important.
IZVLEČEK
SPONTANA ARBUSKULARNA MIKORIZA JE POMEMBNA ZA OSKRBO RASTLIN
ARAŠIDA (Arachis hypogea L.) S FOSFORJEM
Proučevan je bil vpliv samonikle arbuskularna mikorize (AM) na sprejem fosforja (P)
pri rastlinah arašida. Fungicid benomyl je bil uporabljen za zagotovitev kontrolnih
rastlin brez mikorize. Gnojenje s P je potekalo na treh nivojih in sicer 0, 50 in 400 mg P
na kg tal, z oziroma brez uporabe benomyla. Arašidi so bili posajeni dva tedna po
tretiranju tal s fungicidom, vzorce so jemali štirikrat tekom obdobja rasti. Pri vsakem
jemanju vzorcev je bila določena teža poganjkov, koncentracija P v poganjkih, dolžina
korenin, topen P v tleh in odstotek okužbe z mikorizno glivo, na obeh nivojih tretiranja
s fungicidom in na vseh nivojih dodatka P. Fungicid ni vplival na vsebnost topnega P v
tleh. Ko je bil P omejujoč dejavnik je fungicid zmanjšal zgodnjo rast arašidov za 40 do
50% pri P-0 in za 25 do 30% pri P-50. Pri visokem dodatku P (P-400) je imel fungicid
majhen vpliv ali sploh ni imel vpliva na pridelek sušine. Tako kaže, da je fungicid
vplival na rast rastlin z vplivom na sprejem P iz tal. Oskrba s P je vplivala na AM, ki je
bila 40% pri koreninah skupine rastlin P-0 in se je znižala na okoli 30% in 10% pri P-50
in P-400. Pri visokih odmerkih P se je zmanjšal pomen AM za oskrbo rastlin s P. Brez AM
in pri nizkem nivoju P je bil dotok P v rastline samo 62% tistega, ki je bil pri rastlinah
z AM. AM je najpomembnejša za zagotovitev maksimalne rasti v začetku rastne sezone
arašidov. Raziskava je pokazala da je AM značilno prispevala z okoli 35% deležem oskrbe
rastlin arašidov s P, da pa so lahko celo bolj pomembni tudi drugi vplivi, kot na primer,
da izločki korenin prispevajo k povečanju topnega P v tleh.
Obravnava
meteorološke suše z različnimi indikatorji
Andrej CEGLAR , Lučka KAJFEŽ-BOGATAJ
IZVLEČEK
Meteorološko sušo pogosto označimo s sušnimi indeksi, ki so preprosti za uporabo,
hkrati pa absorbirajo ogromne količine podatkov o količini padavin, temperaturi, vodnemu
režimu v tleh, . Za študijo meteorološke suše v Sloveniji smo uporabili dva tovrstna
indeksa: standardiziran padavinski indeks - SPI ter Palmerjev indeks sušnosti - PDSI. SPI
lahko izračunamo na različnih časovnih skalah, zaradi česar lahko bolje opredelimo
začetek, trajanje ter intenziteto suše. Prilagodljiva časovna skala pri SPI nam lahko
pomaga nadzirati sušo tudi v kmetijstvu in hidrološkem sistemu. Primerjava obeh indeksov
na primeru izračuna za Ljubljano nam je pokazala, da se PDSI najbolje ujema z SPI na
devet- ter dvanajst-mesečni časovni skali. Oba indeksa kažeta, da je bilo v Ljubljani
po letu 1900 najbolj sušno leto 1946. S pomočjo SPI smo ugotovili tudi statistično
značilno ( =0,05) upadanje količine poletnih padavin v Ljubljani, Murski Soboti ter
Biljah v obdobju 1971 - 2006 (postaje se nahajajo na klimatsko različnih območjih v
Sloveniji). Analiza meteorološke suše v letu 2003 nam je pokazala, da je bil v
vegetacijskem obdobju ekstremen primankljaj padavin prisoten na širšem območju
Slovenije z izjemo skrajnega severozahodnega dela, kjer je bila količina padavin
nadpovprečna. Leto 2003 je bilo pri nas eno izmed najbolj sušnih po letu 1950.
ABSTRACT
ANALYSIS OF METEOROLOGICAL DROUGHT WITH DIFFERENT INDICATORS
Meteorological drought is often described in terms of drought indices, which are simple
to use and simultaneously absorb great amount of precipitation data, temperature data,
ground water content data, etc. Two of them were used in analysis of meteorological
drought in Slovenia: standardised precipitation index - SPI and Palmer drought severity
index - PDSI. SPI can be calculated on different time scales, which is better for
determining drought onset, duration and intensity. SPI with its adjustable time scale can
be useful tool to determine the effects of precipitation shortages to ground water level,
river discharges and soil water content. The comparison of two indices in Ljubljana showed
us good agreement between the PDSI and SPI on nine-month and twelve-month time scale. Both
indices showed us that after 1900 Ljubljana experienced worst drought conditions in 1946.
SPI on three months time scale showed us significant ( =0,05) negative trend for summer
precipitation (period 1961 - 2006) for stations Ljubljana, Murska Sobota and Bilje (they
are located in three different climatic regions within Slovenia). Six months SPI for
September 2003 indicated extreme precipitation deficiency in greater part of Slovenia
(except northwest, where above average precipitation was measured). In 2003 Slovenia
recorded its most severe drought conditions after 1950 in all agricultural parts.
Možni
vplivi podnebnih sprememb na vodno bilanco tal v Sloveniji
Tjaša IPAVEC , Lučka KAJFEŽ-BOGATAJ
IZVLEČEK
Novejše projekcije podnebnih sprememb v vedno večji meri kažejo na spreminjanje
vodne bilance tal, ki ima tudi povraten učinek nanje. Obravnavali smo časovno dinamiko
vode v tleh za Ljubljano in Mursko Soboto za zadnjih 46 let in preko podnebnih scenarijev
do konca stoletja. Za osnovo smo izbrali tridesetletno obdobje 1961-1990, s tem smo nato
primerjali obdobje 1991-2006 in projekcije po treh različnih scenarijih podnebnih
sprememb, ki smo jih pripravili v obliki inkrementalnih sprememb temperature in padavin
kot kombinacijo različnih projekcij za Slovenijo. Z modelom SIMPEL smo določili
spremembe potencialne evapotranspiracije (metoda EPIC Penman-Monteith), vodnega
primanjkljaja (razlika med količino padavin in potencialno evapotranspiracijo) in
števila sušnih dni. Pri vseh treh spremenljivkah se kažejo naraščajoči trendi že za
obdobje 1961-2006. Opazovali smo tudi spreminjanje variabilnosti, ki je izrazito predvsem
pri številu sušnih dni in nam prinaša dodatno povečevanje tveganja suš. Glavne
rezultate smo predstavili z izračuni verjetnosti za pojav določenega števila sušnih
dni. Pri tem verjetnosti za več kot 35 sušnih dni v vegetacijskem obdobju (od aprila do
septembra) v drugem obravnavanem obdobju ter pri projekcijah po srednjem in še toliko
bolj po visokem scenariju podnebnih sprememb bistveno presegajo verjetnosti v prvem
obdobju in pri projekcijah po blagem scenariju.
ABSTRACT
POTENTIAL CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON WATER BALANCE IN SLOVENIA
The latest climate change projections increasingly indicate the changing of soil water
balance, which is then reflected back in climate change. This paper examines soil moisture
availability time dynamics in Ljubljana and Murska Sobota in the last 46 years and under
climate change scenarios for these locations through the end of the century. The basis was
a thirty-year period 1961-1990 serving as a comparison with the period 1991-2006 and with
projections of climate changes under three scenarios, presented in the form of incremental
temperature and precipitation changes as a combination of alternative projections for
Slovenia. Using the SIMPEL model, we determined variability of potential
evapotranspiration (the EPIC Penman-Monteith method), water deficit (difference between
the volume of precipitation and potential evapotranspiration) and the number of dry days.
The analysis showed growing trends for all three variables in the period 1961-2006.
Another subject of observation was variability change which is evident above all in the
number of dry days and increases the risk of drought. The main results are presented by
means of calculations of probability for the occurrence of a certain number of dry days.
The probability of over 35 dry days in the vegetation period (April-September) of the
second analysed period, under the medium and increasingly so high climate change scenario
is much higher than such a probability in the first analysed period and under the low
scenario.
Vpliv
dejavnikov socialnoekonomske strukture hribovskih kmetij v Sloveniji na časovno
opredelitev prenosa teh kmetij na naslednike
Boštjan KERBLER - KEFO
IZVLEČEK
V članku je predstavljeno, kako dejavniki socialnoekonomske strukture vplivajo na
časovno opredelitev prenosa hribovskih kmetij na naslednike. Podrobneje je opisana
metodologija dela, zlasti modeli z omejeno odvisno spremenljivko - tobit modeli -, s
katerimi smo ugotavljali vplive, spoznanja o vplivih pa so povezana z ugotovitvami drugih
raziskovalcev. Rezultati kažejo, da se čas predaje kmetij naslednikom podaljša z
večanjem števila otrok v gospodarjevi družini, zlasti števila otrok moškega spola, in
s povečevanjem starosti gospodarja, podaljša pa se tudi, če so kmetije večje in
ekonomsko močnejše, kar je v nasprotju s pričakovanji.
ABSTRACT
THE INFLUENCE OF FACTORS OF THE SOCIO ECONOMIC STRUCTURE OF
MOUNTAIN FARMS IN SLOVENIA ON THE TIMING OF SUCCESSION ON THESE FARMS
The paper presents how factors of the socio economic structure of mountain farms
influence the timing of succession. The methodology is described in detail, especially the
limited dependent variable models (tobit models) by which influences were assessed. The
results were linked with findings of other researchers and show that the timing of
succession increases with an increase in the number of children - especially male children
- in a householder's family, and with an increase in the householder's age, as well as
with an increase in the size and economic power of a farm, which is contrary to our
expectations.
Mitoza in celični cikel pri višjih rastlinah
Tomaž SINKOVIČ
IZVLEČEK
Prikazane so značilnosti celične delitve (mitoze) in njihovih faz. Mitozi sledi
precej daljša interfaza ali obdobje med dvema delitvama. Po končani delitvi jedra
(kariokineza) nastopi še delitev citoplazme (citokineza). Izmenjavo mitoze in interfaze
imenujemo celični cikel. Čeprav je bila mitoza odkrita pred več kot sto leti so procesi
mitoze, njej sledeče interfaze in predvsem regulacija celičnega cikla še do danes
precej nejasni. Predstavljeni so osnovni mehanizmi regulacije celičnega cikla. V
evkariontskih organizmih celični cikel regulirajo beljakovinske kinaze. Kompleks kinaz
(CDKs) in ciklina se imenuje MPF (mitozni promocijski faktor), ki sproži delitve.
Predstavljene so motnje regulacijskega mehanizma celičnega cikla. Celični cikel je
skrbno nadzorovan. Usklajenost dogajanj, kot so celična rast, podvojevanje DNK in
razporejanje podvojenih kromosomov, zagotavlja celično potomstvo in nespremenjen genom.
Napake v regulaciji celičnega cikla vodijo v nenormalno delitev in lahko tudi v nastanek
rakastih celic, zato je regulacija delovanja celičnega cikla predmet intenzivnih
raziskav.
ABSTRACT
MITOSIS AND CELL CYCLE IN HIGHER PLANTS
Characteristics of cell division (mitosis) and their phases are represented. Mitosis is
followed by interphase or the period beetween two divisions. After the division of the
nucleus (caryokinesis) the division of cytoplasma (cytokinesis) takes place. Although
mitosis was discovered more than hundred years ago its processes, the following interphase
and the regulation of the cell cycle are up to now still unclear. The basic mechanisms of
the regulation of the cell cycle are presented. In eucaryotic organisms the cell cycle is
regulated by protein kinases. The complex of kinases (CDKs) and cyclins is called MPF
(mitosis promoting factor), which is the trigger for mitosis. Some disturbances of cell
cycle regulation typical for higher plants are presented. The cell cycle is carefully
regulated. Cell proliferation, duplication of DNA and the arrengement of duplicated
chromosomes to daughter cells ensures future cell generations and unvaried genome. Errors
in cell regulation cycle lead to abnormal divisions including also to cancers cells,
therefore the regulation of the cell cycle is the subject of intense investigations. |
