Compounds of essential oils as markers of hop
resistance (Humulus lupulus) to powdery mildew (Podosphaera macularis)
Andreja ČERENAK, Dragica KRALJ, Branka JAVORNIK
ABSTRACT
Field assessments of resistance to powdery mildew of 103 hop cultivars, analyses of hop
essential oil and correlation between the score for powdery mildew and the relative
percentage of essential oil compounds were performed over three years. Seven
susceptibility markers (peaks 29 (methyl-5-methyl-hexanoate), 30 (myrcene), 34
(iso-amyl-iso-butyrate), 38 (1-8-cineole), 56 (methyl-octanoate), 88 (methyl decanoate)
and 122 (undetermined peak)) and seven resistance markers (peaks 112 (santalene), 114
(germacrene-D), 118 (alpha-selinene), 138 (cariophylene epoxide), 26, 135 and 158
(undetermined peaks)) were selected from peaks with a positive or negative correlation
between powdery mildew scores and their presence in the essential oil of extremely
susceptible or resistance cultivars. The number and value of resistance/susceptibility
markers decreased with an increase in the level of cultivar susceptibility/resistance.
Susceptible cultivars mainly appeared to contain North American germplasm, while more
resistant cultivars belong to European hops. Analysis of the presence/absence of the
selected markers showed that the absence of susceptibility markers, particularly 30, 34
and 38, can be of practical value in resistance hop breeding.
Keywords: Humulus lupulus L.; hop; Podosphaera macularis (Braun);
powdery mildew; resistance; biochemical markers
IZVLEČEK
KOMPONENTE ETERIČNEGA OLJA HMELJA (Humulus lupulus) KOT MARKERJI
ODPORNOSTI NA HMELJEVO PEPELOVKO (Podosphaera macularis)
V raziskavi so bila izvedena opazovanja poljske odpornosti 103 sort hmelja na hmeljevo
pepelovko v treh letih, analizirana so bila eterična olja hmelja vseh sort z določenimi
relativnimi deleži posameznih komponent ter njihove korelacije z oceno poljske odpornosti
na hmeljevo pepelovko. Sedem markerjev, povezanih z občutljivostjo (vrhovi 29
(metil-5-metil-heksanoat), 30 (mircen), 34 (izo-amil-izo-butirat), 38 (1-8-cineol), 56
(metil-oktanoat), 88 (metil dekanoat) in 122 (nedeterminiran vrh)) in sedem povezanih z
odpornostjo na hmeljevo pepelovko (piki 112 (santalen), 114 (germakren-D), 118
(alfa-selinen), 138 (kariofilen epoksid), 26, 135 in 158 (nedeterminirani piki)) so bili
izbrani na osnovi pozitivnih ali negativnih korelacij s poljskimi ocenami odpornosti na
hmeljevo pepelovko in prisotnostjo vrhov v eteričnem olju ekstremno občutljivih in
odpornih sort. Število in vrednost markerjev povezanih z odpornostjo/občutljivostjo se
je zmanjšala s povečanjem stopnje občutljivosti/odpornosti sort. Občutljive sorte na
hmeljevo pepelovko večinoma vključujejo severno-ameriško dednino, medtem ko odpornejše
sorte izvirajo iz evropske dednine. Analiza prisotnosti/odsotnosti izbranih markerjev
kaže na praktično uporabnost odsotnosti markerjev povezanih z občutljivostjo, zlasti
30, 34 in 38 v žlahtnjenju hmelja v smeri odpornosti na hmeljevo pepelovko.
Ključne besede: Humulus lupulus L.; hmelj; Podosphaera macularis
(Braun); hmeljeva pepelovka; odpornost; biokemični markerji
Distribution of Thysanoptera species and their host
plants in Croatia
Emilija RASPUDIĆ, Marija IVEZIĆ, Mirjana BRMEŽ, Stanislav TRDAN
ABSTRACT
Sampling of thrips species and their host plants were carried out from 1993 to 1996 on
111 localities in Croatia. Samples of thrips were taken from 235 different plant species.
33 thrips species from suborder Terebrantia and 14 thrips species from suborder Tubulifera
were found in research. The most abundant species were onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) and
flower thrips (Frankliniella intonsa), which were found on host plants from 30 and 29
botanical families, respectively. Six new species for Croatia was recorded: Aeolothrips
melaleucus, Oxythrips bicolor, Stenothrips graminum, Thrips linarius, Liothrips vaneeckei,
and Poecilothrips albopictus.
Key words: thrips, Thysanoptera, host plants, sampling, Croatia
IZVLEČEK
RESARJI (Thysanoptera) IN NJIHOVE GOSTITELJSKE RASTLINE NA HRVAŠKEM
V obdobju 1993-1996 smo na 111 lokacijah na Hrvaškem vzročili resarje (Thysanoptera)
na različnih vrstah gostiteljskih rastlin. Vzorce resarjev smo nabrali na 235 vrstah
rastlin. 33 vrst resarjev, najdenih v raziskavi, je pripadalo podredu Terebrantia, 14 vrst
pa podredu Tubulifera. Najbolj razširjeni vrsti sta bili tobakov resar (Thrips tabaci),
ki smo ga našli na rastlinskih vrstah iz 30 botaničnih družin, in resar Frankliniella
intonsa, ki je bil ugotovljen na gostiteljskih rastlinah iz 29 botaničnih družin. V
raziskavi smo potrdili razširjenost 6 vrst resarjev, ki na Hrvaškem dotlej še niso bile
najdene: Aeolothrips melaleucus, Oxythrips bicolor, Stenothrips graminum, Thrips
linarius, Liothrips vaneeckei in Poecilothrips albopictus.
Ključne besede: resarji, Thysanoptera, gostiteljske rastline, vzorčrenje, Hrvaška
.
First massive occurrence of greenhouse whitefly
parasitoid, Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) on greenhouse
whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum [Westwood] (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in
Slovenia
Katarina KOS, Željko TOMANOVIĆ, Helena ROJHT, Matej VIDRIH, Stanislav
TRDAN
ABSTRACT
In 2008, massive population of parasitoid Encarsia formosa was found for the first time
in the greenhouses on the Laboratory Field of Biotechnical Faculty in Ljubljana
(Slovenia). This species is known for a long time as effective natural enemy of the
greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, and other whiteflies in different
parts of the world. 1306 wasps from genus Encarsia were found in nymphs of
greenhouse whitefly. The most numerous was E. formosa (934 individuals),
following by 367 individuals of E. tricolor, 4 males of E. inaron and a
male of E. longicornis. Greenhouse whitefly parasitoid was determined on 14 host
plants in the greenhouse and E. tricolor on 11 host plants in the greenhouse and
on one host plant in the field. E. inaron and E. longicornis appeared
only on one host plant in a greenhouse. For the time being the use of wasp E. formosa
is not yet permitted in controlling greenhouse whitefly in Slovenia, but there is
possibility to include it in the programs of biological control of pests on ornamentals
and vegetable plants in the greenhouses. Consequently, the use of chemical insecticides
will be reduced.
Key words: greenhouse whitefly parasitoid, Encarsia formosa, greenhouse
whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, biological control, natural enemies,
indigenous species, greenhouse, Slovenia
IZVLEČEK
PRVA ŠTEVILČNEJŠA NAJDBA NAJEZDNIKA RASTLINJAKOVEGA ŠČITKARJA, Encarsia
formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) NA RASTLINJAKOVEM ŠČITKARJU, Trialeurodes
vaporariorum [Westwood] (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) V SLOVENIJI
V rastlinjakih na Laboratorijskem polju Biotehniške fakultete v Ljubljani smo v letu
2008 prvič našli številčnejšo populacijo parazitoida Encarsia formosa, ki je
v svetu dobro znan naravni sovražnik rastlinjakovega ščitkarja, Trialeurodes
vaporariorum, in nekaterih drugih vrst ščitkarjev. V ličinkah rastlinjakovega
ščitkarja smo našli 1306 osic iz rodu Encarsia. Najbolj številčni so bili osebki
vrste E. formosa (934 osebkov), našli pa smo še 367 osebkov vrste E.
tricolor, 4 samce vrste E. inaron in enega samca vrste E. longicornis.
Predstavnike vrste E. formosa smo našli na 14 gostiteljskih rastlinah v
rastlinjakih, vrsto E. tricolor pa na 11 vrstah gostiteljskih rastlin v
rastlinjakih in na eni rastlinski vrsti na prostem, medtem ko sta se vrsti E. inaron
in E. longicornis pojavili le na eni rastlinski vrsti v rastlinjaku. V Sloveniji
uporaba osice E. formosa za zatiranje rastlinjakovega ščitkarja še ni
razširjena, vendar bi jo lahko vključili v programe biotičnega varstva okrasnih rastlin
in vrtnin v zavarovanih prostorih in tako zmanjšali uporabo insekticidov.
Ključne besede: najezdnik rastlinjakovega ščitkarja, Encarsia formosa,
rastlinjakov ščitkar, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, biotično varstvo, naravni
sovražniki, domorodna vrsta, rastlinjak, Slovenija
Efficacy of two strains of Steinernema feltiae
(Filipjev) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) against third-stage larvae of common cockchafer
(Melolontha melolontha [L.], Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) under laboratory
conditions
Žiga LAZNIK, Tímea TÓTH, Tamás LAKATOS, Matej VIDRIH, Stanislav TRDAN
ABSTRACT
In a laboratory experiment an efficacy of entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema
feltiae in controlling third-stage larvae of common cockchafer (Melolontha
melolontha) was studied. The experiment comprised of commercial product Entonem and
indigenous strain C76. The efficacy of both biological agents was tested at 20 and 25 ?C
and at four different concentrations of nematode suspension: 0, 250.000 infective
juveniles [IJs]/m2, 500.000 IJs/m2, and 1.000.000 IJs/m2. Higher mortality rate (27 %) of
white grubs was obtained for strain C76 rather than for commercial product (20 %). In our
experiment temperature proved to be the most limiting factor in efficacy of tested
biological agents. Meanwhile, mortality rate at 20 ?C was 34 % and only 12 % mortality was
achieved at 25 ?C. At highest concentration of nematode suspension and 20 ?C also the
highest mortality rate (53 %) with strain C76 was obtained.
Key words: Steinernema feltiae, Melolontha melolontha, biological control,
temperature, concentration of nematode suspension
IZVLEČEK
LABORATORIJSKO PREUČEVANJE UČINKOVITOSTI DVEH RAS ENTOMOPATOGENE
OGORČICE Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) ZA
ZATIRANJE LIČINK TRETJE LARVALNE STOPNJE POLJSKEGA MAJSKEGA HROŠČA (Melolontha
melolontha [L.], Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae)
V laboratorijskem poskusu smo preučevali učinkovitost entomopatogene ogorčice
Steinernema feltiae za zatiranje ličink tretje larvalne stopnje poljskega majskega
hrošča (Melolontha melolontha). V poskus smo vključili komercialni pripravek
Entonem in domorodno raso C76. Delovanje omenjenih biotičnih agensov smo ugotavljali pri
20 in 25 ?C ter štirih različnih koncentracijah suspenzije ogorčic: 0, 250.000
infektivnih ličink [IL]/m2, 500.000 IL/m2 in 1.000.000 IL/m2. Rasa C76 je vplivala na
višjo stopnjo smrtnosti (27 %) ogrcev, v primerjavi s komercialnim pripravkom (20 %).
Temperatura se je v našem poskusu izkazala kot najbolj omejujoč dejavnik učinkovitosti
preizkušanih biotičnih agensov, saj smo pri 20 ?C dosegli 34 % smrtnost ogrcev, medtem
ko je bila ta pri 25 ?C le 12 %. Pri najvišji koncentraciji suspenzije ogorčic in 20 ?C
je bila pri rasi C76 dosežena najvišja stopnja smrtnosti ogrcev, in sicer 53 %.
Ključne besede: Steinernema feltiae, Melolontha melolontha, biotično varstvo
rastlin, temperatura, koncentracija suspenzije ogorčic
Can we change stereotypes and improve the quality of
life?
Marijan JOŠT
ABSTRACT
There are a number of generally accepted stereotypes. People base unsustainable
behavior on some of them, thereby endangering their own species and all life on Earth. The
most dangerous stereotype is that of the present as 'the century of science'. Actually,
despite knowledge which doubles each year, thanks to globalization our generation will be
the first in the history of humankind to lose more knowledge than it has gained. Based on
a stereotype, human arrogance is endangering our existence on Earth. Mankind's treatment
of the soil, water and air are clear examples, and this is discussed in detail. If people
were to carefully recognize some stereotypes and discard them, the quality of life would
gradually improve, and our striving for sustainability would be more realistic.
Out of approximately 250 thousand species of flowering plants, around three thousand
are used by man for food. However, by far the largest amount of food for human beings is
today supplied by a mere 20 different species. The small numbers of food crops make the
human race quite vulnerable to environmental changes. Today, the variety of goods in the
supermarket is largely superficial: the 1,500 articles that may be on display represent
variations of only a few basic ingredients.
About ten thousand years ago, when people began harvesting the first domesticated
plants, the Earth's human population was roughly four million. Today, that many people are
born every ten days. If this trend continues after the year 2000, we will have to grow as
much food in the first two decades of the new century as was produced over the past ten
thousand years.
In light of these facts, the possibilities of and prospects for sustainable agriculture
as a principal source of food are discussed.
Key words: agriculture, plant domestication, genetic erosion, environment protection,
alternative technologies
IZVLEČEK
ALI LAHKO SPREMENIMO STEREOTIPE IN IZBOLJŠAMO KAKOVOST ŽIVLJENJA?
Obstaja vrsta splošno sprejetih stereotipov. Pri netrajnostnem obnašanju ljudje
izhajamo iz nekaterih stereotipov, pri tem pa ogrožamo obstoj svoje lastne vrste in
življenja na Zemlji. Najbolj nevaren stereotip je, da naj bi bilo sedanje stoletje
"stoletje znanosti". Dejansko bo, kljub temu, da se obseg znanja vsako leto
podvoji, naša generacija zaradi globalizacije prva v zgodovini človeštva, ki bo več
znanja izgubila kot pridobila. Človeška aroganca ogroža naš obstoj na Zemlji. Naše
ravnanje s prstjo, vodo in zrakom so jasni primeri, ki so v članku podrobneje
prediskutirani. Če bi ljudje pazljivo stereotipe ugotovili in se tako po njih ne bi več
ravnali, bi se kakovost življenja postopoma izboljšala in naša prizadevanja za trajnost
bi bili bolj realistična.
Med približni 250 tisoč vrstami cvetnic se jih okoli tri tisoč uporablja za prehrano
ljudi. Toda največji del naše prehrane daje samo 20 različnih vrst. Majhno število
rastlin za prehrano pomeni, da je človeštvo ranljivo pri izpostavljenosti spremembam v
okolju. Danes je izbor izdelkov v supermarketih daleč presežen, med 1.500 razstavljenimi
izdelki je le majhna variabilnost glede na nekaj temeljnih sestavin.
Pred približno deset tisoč leti, ko so ljudje začeli spravljati pridelke prvih
gojenih rastlin so bili na Zemlji vsega okoli štirje milijoni ljudi. Danes se vsakih 10
dni rodi toliko ljudi. Če se bo ta trend nadaljeval tudi po letu 2000, bomo morali v
prvem dvajsetletju novega stoletja pridelati toliko pridelkov, kot jih je bilo skupno
pridelanih v zadnjih deset tisoč letih.
Glede na ta dejstva, možnosti in predvidevanja za pomen trajnostnega kmetijstva so v
delu prediskutirana izhodišča za zagotavljanje glavnega vira prehrane.
Ključne besede: kmetijstvo, domestifikacija rastlin, genetska erozija, varstvo okolja,
alternativne tehnologije
Soil organic matter changes according to the
application of organic and mineral fertilizers within long-term experiments
Monika CVETKOV, Anton TAJNŠEK
ABSTRACT
Within the long-term field experiments at IOSDV Jable near Ljubljana (subalpine
climate, heavy hydromorphic silt loam) and at IOSDV Rakičan (Pannonian climate, sandy
silt), the impact of organic matter management system and mineral nitrogen fertilization
on the soil organic matter content was studied in the period 1998-2008. The following
management systems were selected: system A - no organic matter, system B - farmyard manure
ploughing in, system C - straw/catch crop ploughing in. Four different mineral N rates
(N0, N1, N2, N3) were evaluated. During the three-year crop rotation, maize, wheat and
barley (or, alternatively, oats) were sown each year. The annual balance of Corg was
calculated on the basis of the quantity of added organic and mineral fertilizers,
considering the quantity of Corg in the soil. In system A, at both locations, fertilizing
with the highest amount of mineral N resulted in a higher Corg content. At both locations,
positive effect of organic fertilization on the increase of the Corg content was
registered where management systems with organic matter (i.e. systems B and C) applied,
while statistically significant impact of mineral N on a higher Corg content was
determined only in system C. Within all three systems, the highest Corg values were
reached when the highest mineral N application volume was used. After 11 years, the Corg
content in system A decreased irrespective of the mineral N fertilization at both
locations. At IOSDV Jable, a small decrease of the Corg content was measured in BN0, while
all other treatments at IOSDV Jable and at IOSDV Rakičan resulted in an increased Corg
content.
The average absolute value of difference among the Corg contents in 2008 and 1998 in
all ten treatments at IOSDV Jable was 1.8 t/ha Corg, while at IOSDV Rakičan it amounted
to 3.5 t/ha Corg, which indicates a major influence of management system on the soil with
a smaller clay content.
Key words: soil fertility, crop rotation, organic fertilizers, farmyard manure, straw,
N fertilizers, humus content, humus balance
IZVLEČEK
SPREMEMBE VSEBNOSTI ORGANSKE SNOVI V TLEH V ODVISNOSTI OD GNOJENJA Z
ORGANSKIMI IN MINERALNIMI GNOJILI ZNOTRAJ TRAJNIH POSKUSOV
V statičnem poskusu IOSDV Jable, blizu Ljubljane (predalpsko klimatsko območje,
ilovnato meljasta hidromorfna tla) in IOSDV Rakičan (panonsko klimatsko območje,
meljasto ilovnata tla) smo preučevali vpliv gospodarjenja z organskimi gnojili in vpliv
gnojenja z mineralnimi dušikom na vsebnost organske snovi v tleh v letih 1998 do 2008.
Vključeni sistemi gospodarjenja so bili: sistem A - gospodarjenje brez organskega
gnojenja, sistem B - gnojenje s hlevskim gnojem, sistem C - zaoravanje slame/podorin.
Preučevane so bile štiri stopnje gnojenja z mineralnim dušikom: N0, N1, N2 in N3. V
triletnem kolobarju si sledijo koruza, pšenica, ječmen/oves. Letna bilanca Corg je bila
izračunana na podlagi količin dodanih organskih in mineralnih gnojil, pri upoštevanju
stanja Corg v tleh. Na obeh lokacijah je v sistemu A gnojenje z največjim odmerkom
mineralnega dušika povečalo vsebnost Corg v tleh. Na obeh lokacijah je bil dokazan vpliv
organskega gnojenja na povečanje vsebnosti Corg, v sistemih B in C, medtem ko je bil
značilen vpliv gnojenja z mineralnim dušikom dokazan le v sistemu C. Najvišje vsebnosti
Corg znotraj sistemov so bile pri obravnavanju z največjim odmerkom mineralnega dušika.
Po enajstih letih se je vsebnost Corg v sistemu A na obeh lokacijah zmanjšala, ne glede
na gnojenje z mineralnim dušikom. Vsebnost Corg je po enajstih letih narasla v vseh
obravnavanjih sistemov B in C, razen pri obravnavanju BN0 v IOSDV Jable. Povprečna
absolutna razlika vsebnosti Corg med letoma 2008 in 1998 znotraj vseh deset obravnavanj v
IOSDV Jable je 1,8 t/ha Corg, v IOSDV Rakičan pa 3,5 t/ha Corg. Rezultati nakazujejo, da
je vpliv različnega sistema gospodarjenja večji na lokaciji IOSDV Rakičan, kjer
vsebujejo tla manjši odstotek gline.
Ključne besede: rodovitnost tal, kolobar, organska gnojila, hlevski gnoj, slama,
mineralni dušik, vsebnost humusa, bilanca humusa
Življenjski krog parazitoidov listnih uši
Katarina KOS, Stanislav TRDAN
IZVLEČEK
V prispevku je opisan življenjski oz. razvojni krog parazitoidov listnih uši, saj so
ti naravni sovražniki pomembni dejavniki zmanjševanja številčnosti populacij
škodljivih listnih uši v naravnih in kmetijskih ekosistemih. Posebna značilnost listnih
uši je njihov biotični potencial, saj imajo lahko nekatere vrste pravih listnih uši
(Aphididae) v enem letu tudi več kot 50 rodov (spolnih in nespolnih oz.
partenogenetskih). Listne uši so ravno zaradi svojih izjemnih razmnoževalnih sposobnosti
gospodarsko zelo pomembni škodljivci gojenih in samoniklih rastlin, zato jih želimo
zatreti na različne načine. Z biotičnim varstvom rastlin skušamo oblikovati naravno
ravnovesje med škodljivci in njihovimi naravnimi sovražniki ter s tem preprečiti
močnejšo prerazmnožitev škodljivcev. Parazitoidi so pri svojem delu zelo učinkoviti,
saj v končni stopnji razvoja ličinke svojega gostitelja vedno ubijejo, poleg tega pa so
večinoma izraziti polifagi in tako niso specializirani za posamezne vrste gostiteljev.
Ključne besede: življenjski krog, parazitoidi listnih uši, naravni sovražniki,
biotično varstvo rastlin
ABSTRACT
LIFE CYCLE OF APHID PARASITOIDS
The paper introduces the life cycle of aphid parasitoids, because they have an
important role in reducing populations of aphids in natural and agricultural ecosystems.
Special characteristics of aphids is their reproductive ability. Some species from
Aphididae family can have more than 50 generations (sexual and asexual or parthenogenetic)
per year and that makes them important pests of cultivated and wild-growing plants. That
is why we want to suppress them in any possible way. With biological control we try to
establish natural balance between pests and their natural enemies, and so prevent the
increse in number of pests. Parasitoids are very effective, because in final stage of
larva parasitoid always kills its host. Besides that, parasitoids are polyphagous insects
and in most cases are not specialized just for one species.
Key words: life cycle, aphid parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control
Microoxygenation of red wines
Marko LESICA, Tatjana KOŠMERL
ABSTRACT
Microoxygenation is usually applied to red wines as a cheaper alternative to oak
ageing. Utilization of wood cooperage for wine storage has several advantages. Among these
are extractions of flavour and aroma active components, as well as controlled oxidative
polymerization, a process commonly referred to as ageing. Although stainless steel tanks
are, in the long term, less costly than cooperage, stored wines do not benefit from the
features offered by wood. The process of microoxygenation in steel tanks utilizes
controlled exposure of wines to oxygen provided by a sparger linked via a flow meter to a
cylinder of oxygen. Oxygen flow rates vary over the course of treatment. During this
period, different chemical reactions take place. For example, wine phenols (tannin
precursors and anthocyanins) react to form polymeric species that enhance palate structure
and colour stability in the wine. Oxygen also diminishes excessively green, herbaceous
characters and reductive aroma of wine.
Key words: wine, microoxygenation, microoxy-genators, oxygen, phenols, colour,
stability, anthocyanins, tannins, polymerization
IZVLEČEK
Mikrooksigenacija se načeloma uporablja pri rdečih vinih kot cenejša alternativna
tehnika zorenja v lesenih sodih. Uporaba lesenih sodov ima določene prednosti. Med te
štejemo ekstrakcijo aromatično aktivnih spojin, prav tako kontrolirano oksidativno
polimerizacijo, proces poznan kot staranje oziroma zorenje. Cisterne iz nerjavnega jekla
so v primerjavi z leseno posodo na dolgi rok dosti cenejše, vendar vina, zorena na tak
način, niso deležna pozitivnih učinkov lesa. Za izvajanje procesa mikrooksigenacije v
cisternah se poslužujemo aparature, ki omogoča dovajanje kisika v vino preko posebnega
razpršilca, ki je vezan na dozirni bat. Količina dovedenega kisika se med procesom
spreminja. Med tem potekajo številne kemijske reakcije. Na primer, fenoli (prekurzorji
taninov in antocianini) reagirajo v procesu polimerizacije, pri čemer pride do povečanja
fenolne strukture in stabilizacije barve. Kisik povzroči zmanjšanje prekomernega
zelenega, vegetativnega značaja in reduktivnih arom vina.
Ključne besede: vino, mikrooksigenacija, mikrooksi-genatorji, kisik, fenoli, barva,
stabilnost, antociani, tanini, polimerizacija
Hordeetum murini Libbert, 1932 - A ruderal
association in Kosovo
Qazim PAJAZITAJ
ABSTRACT
The paper deals with the vegetation of the association Hordeetum murini
Libbert 1932 (Sisymbrietalia, Sisymbrion) in Kosovo. It is one of six ruderal communities
studied in Kosovo during 1988 - 1991. The association Hordeetum murini is a ruderal
vegetation that appears later in the spring and disappear in the beginning of the summer.
This association is well developed in all habitats of Kosovo. This paper deals with the
floristic and syntaxonomic analysis of association (Table 1), which encapsulates 12
relevés out of 62 species. It was also analyzed the biological spectrum of association,
and symbols of life forms of each species. Also, in the analysis of floral geoelements,
groups of these elements have been determined and presented by its spectrum.
Key words: Hordeum murinum, ruderal, community, syntaxonomy, Kosovo
IZVLEČEK
Hordeetum murini Libbert, 1932 - RUDERALNA ASSOCIACIJA NA KOSOVU
Članek obravnava vegetacijo asociacije Hordeetum murini Libbert, 1932
(Sisymbrietalia, Sisymbrion) na Kosovu. Asociacija je ena izmed šestih znanih ruderalnih
združb na Kosovu. Tovrstne združbe so bile na Kosovu preučevane med letoma 1988 in
1991, vendar uspevanje obravnavane asociacije Hordeetum murini, na tem območju, do sedaj
ni bilo znano, in je v tem članku tako prvič obravnavana. To je ruderalna vegetacija, ki
se optimalno razvije pozno pomladi in se posuši na začetku poletja. Omenjena asociacija
je dobro razvita v vseh predelih Kosova. Floristična sestava asociacije, ki je
predstavljena z 12 vegetacijskimi popisi, je razvidna iz analitične fitocenološke tabele
(Tabela 1), v kateri je skupno 62 vrst rastlin. Analiziran je tudi biološki spekter
življenjskih oblik. Poleg tega, je bila za asociacijo narejena analiza in spekter flornih
geoelementov, pri čemer so bile vrste uvrščene v 13 skupin geoelementov.
Ključne besede: Hordeum murinum, ruderalen, združba, sintaksonomija, Kosovo
Vpliv nekaterih dejavnikov na naselitev navadne
pršice (Tetranychus urticae Koch) na krizanteme Chrysanthemum 'Veria
Dark ' in 'Cassablanca White'
Mojca REMIC, Lea MILEVOJ, Marina PINTAR
IZVLEČEK
Raziskava nekaterih dejavnikov (temperatura zraka, relativna zračna vlaga, načini
namakanja in gostota nežleznih dlačic) v povezavi z naselitvijo navadne pršice (Tetranychus
urticae Koch) na krizanteme Chrysanthemum 'Veria Dark' in 'Cassablanca
White' je potekala v letih 2003 in 2004 v rastlinjaku in v laboratorijih na Biotehniški
fakulteti (Ljubljana). Krizanteme obeh sort so bile vzgojene iz sadik s koreninsko
grudico. Tehnologija gojenja krizantem je bila v skladu s priporočili stroke in na
podlagi lastnih opazovanj. Namakanje je bilo leta 2003 kapljično in poplavno, leta 2004
pa samo poplavno. Na naselitev navadne pršice na preučevani sorti krizantem vpliva
način naselitve in poraščenost listov z nežleznimi dlačicami. Na razvoj navadne
pršice vplivata temperatura zraka in relativna zračna vlaga. Prevelika količina vode v
substratu pa negativno vpliva na kondicijo krizantem.
Ključne besede: Tetranychus urticae; navadna pršica; Chrysanthemum;
krizanteme; namakanje; listne dlačice
ABSTRACT
INFLUENCE OF SOME FACTORS ON COLONIZATION OF TWOSPOTTED SPIDER MITE (Tetranychus
urticae Koch) ON CHRYSANTHEMUM Chrysanthemum 'VERIA DARK' AND 'CASSABLANCA
WHITE'
The research on factors (air temperature, relative air humidity, technology of
irrigation, density of non-glandular trichomes) which influence the colonisation of
twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) on Chrysanthemum
'Veria Dark' and 'Cassablanca White' was carried out in 2003 and 2004 in greenhouses and
in laboratories of the Biotechnical Faculty (Ljubljana). Both chrysanthemums were grown
from seedlings with root clods. The technology of chrysanthemum growing was carried out
according to professional recommendations and our own observations. Drop irrigation and
flood irrigation were used. We found out that colonization of twospotted spider mite
depends on the type of colonization and the density of leaf non-glandular trichomes. In
both varieties of chrysanthemum, colonization and procreation of twospotted spider mite
are influenced by air temperature and relative atmospheric humidity. Excess of water in
the substrate have negative effect on chrysanthemums condition.
Key words: Tetranychus urticae; twospotted spider mite; Chrysanthemum;
chrysanthemum; irrigation; leaf trichome
Vegetativna rast in pridelek semideterminantnega
paradižnika (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) v odvisnosti od načina zastiranja
tal
Dean BAN, Blanka SINČIĆ PULIĆ, Milan OPLANIĆ, Josip BOROŠIĆ,
Dragan ŽNIDARČIČ
IZVLEČEK
Cilj raziskave je bil ugotoviti, kako različni načini zastiranja tal vplivajo na
vegetativno rast in pridelek semideterminantnega paradižnika na sredozemskem območju
Hrvaške. Poljski poskus, ki je bil v dveh vegetacijskih sezonah zasnovan po metodi
naključnih blokov v treh ponovitvah, je bil postavljen na družinski kmetiji v Pulju
(44° 51' N, 13° 51' E, 12 m n. v.). V obravnavanje so bila vključena gola tla, tla
prekrita s črno polietilensko (PE) folijo, in dve rastlinski zastirki (kuštrava grašica
- Vicia villosa in inkarnatka - Trifolium incarnatum). Tla, prekrita s
črno PE folijo, so v primerjavi z golimi tlemi skrajšala, tla, prekrita z rastlinskimi
zastirkami, pa podaljšala število dni, potrebnih za oblikovanje zalistnikov in začetek
cvetenja paradižnika. V prvih 15 oz. 30 dneh so rastline paradižnika hitreje rasle na
tleh, prekritih s črno PE folijo, kot na tleh z rastlinskimi zastirkami. Prav tako je bil
v primerjavi z rastlinskimi zastirkami večji pridelek zgodnjih plodov na tleh, prekritih
s črno PE folijo. Način zastiranja pa ni vplival na težo plodov.
Ključne besede: rastlinske zastirke, inkarnatka, Trifolium incarnatum,
kuštrava grašica, Vicia villosa, PE črna folija, paradižnik, Lycopersicon
esculentum
ABSTRACT
VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND YIELD OF SEMIDETERMINATE TOMATO (Lycopersicon
esculentum Mill.) IN DEPENDENCE ON THE METHOD OF MULCHING SOIL
The aim of the research was to find out how different ways of covering soil affect the
vegetative growth and yield of semideterminate tomato in the Mediterranean area of
Croatia. The field experiment which was set up as a randomized block design in three
replications in the two successive vegetation seasons was carried out on family farm in
the town Pula (44°52'N, 13°54'E, 10 m altitude). The experiment looked at the growth of
tomatoes in bare soil, soil covered with black polyethylene (PE) film, and two cover crop
mulches (hairy vetch - Vicia villosa and crimson clover - Trifolium
incarnatum). The soil covered with black PE film compared to bare soil, shortened the
number of days necessary for the formation of tomato suckers and the begininng of blooming
of tomato plants. On the contrary, the soil covered with cover crop mulches prolonged the
number of days necessary for formation of suckers and the begininng of blooming of plants.
In the first 15 or 30 days of the growing period the tomato plants grew faster on the soil
covered with black PE film than on the soil covered with cover crop mulches. There was
higher yield of early fruits on soil covered with black PE film than on cover crop
mulches. The method of covering, however, had no influence on the weight of the fruits.
Key words: cover crop mulch, crimson clover, Trifolium incarnatum, hairy
vetch, Vicia villosa, PE black film, tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum
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