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Letnik 93

Ljubljana, 2009

Številka 3

 

Compounds of essential oils as markers of hop resistance (Humulus lupulus) to powdery mildew (Podosphaera macularis)

Andreja ČERENAK, Dragica KRALJ, Branka JAVORNIK

ABSTRACT

Field assessments of resistance to powdery mildew of 103 hop cultivars, analyses of hop essential oil and correlation between the score for powdery mildew and the relative percentage of essential oil compounds were performed over three years. Seven susceptibility markers (peaks 29 (methyl-5-methyl-hexanoate), 30 (myrcene), 34 (iso-amyl-iso-butyrate), 38 (1-8-cineole), 56 (methyl-octanoate), 88 (methyl decanoate) and 122 (undetermined peak)) and seven resistance markers (peaks 112 (santalene), 114 (germacrene-D), 118 (alpha-selinene), 138 (cariophylene epoxide), 26, 135 and 158 (undetermined peaks)) were selected from peaks with a positive or negative correlation between powdery mildew scores and their presence in the essential oil of extremely susceptible or resistance cultivars. The number and value of resistance/susceptibility markers decreased with an increase in the level of cultivar susceptibility/resistance. Susceptible cultivars mainly appeared to contain North American germplasm, while more resistant cultivars belong to European hops. Analysis of the presence/absence of the selected markers showed that the absence of susceptibility markers, particularly 30, 34 and 38, can be of practical value in resistance hop breeding.

Keywords: Humulus lupulus L.; hop; Podosphaera macularis (Braun); powdery mildew; resistance; biochemical markers

 

IZVLEČEK

KOMPONENTE ETERIČNEGA OLJA HMELJA (Humulus lupulus) KOT MARKERJI ODPORNOSTI NA HMELJEVO PEPELOVKO (Podosphaera macularis)

V raziskavi so bila izvedena opazovanja poljske odpornosti 103 sort hmelja na hmeljevo pepelovko v treh letih, analizirana so bila eterična olja hmelja vseh sort z določenimi relativnimi deleži posameznih komponent ter njihove korelacije z oceno poljske odpornosti na hmeljevo pepelovko. Sedem markerjev, povezanih z občutljivostjo (vrhovi 29 (metil-5-metil-heksanoat), 30 (mircen), 34 (izo-amil-izo-butirat), 38 (1-8-cineol), 56 (metil-oktanoat), 88 (metil dekanoat) in 122 (nedeterminiran vrh)) in sedem povezanih z odpornostjo na hmeljevo pepelovko (piki 112 (santalen), 114 (germakren-D), 118 (alfa-selinen), 138 (kariofilen epoksid), 26, 135 in 158 (nedeterminirani piki)) so bili izbrani na osnovi pozitivnih ali negativnih korelacij s poljskimi ocenami odpornosti na hmeljevo pepelovko in prisotnostjo vrhov v eteričnem olju ekstremno občutljivih in odpornih sort. Število in vrednost markerjev povezanih z odpornostjo/občutljivostjo se je zmanjšala s povečanjem stopnje občutljivosti/odpornosti sort. Občutljive sorte na hmeljevo pepelovko večinoma vključujejo severno-ameriško dednino, medtem ko odpornejše sorte izvirajo iz evropske dednine. Analiza prisotnosti/odsotnosti izbranih markerjev kaže na praktično uporabnost odsotnosti markerjev povezanih z občutljivostjo, zlasti 30, 34 in 38 v žlahtnjenju hmelja v smeri odpornosti na hmeljevo pepelovko.

Ključne besede: Humulus lupulus L.; hmelj; Podosphaera macularis (Braun); hmeljeva pepelovka; odpornost; biokemični markerji

 

Distribution of Thysanoptera species and their host plants in Croatia

Emilija RASPUDIĆ, Marija IVEZIĆ, Mirjana BRMEŽ, Stanislav TRDAN

ABSTRACT

Sampling of thrips species and their host plants were carried out from 1993 to 1996 on 111 localities in Croatia. Samples of thrips were taken from 235 different plant species. 33 thrips species from suborder Terebrantia and 14 thrips species from suborder Tubulifera were found in research. The most abundant species were onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) and flower thrips (Frankliniella intonsa), which were found on host plants from 30 and 29 botanical families, respectively. Six new species for Croatia was recorded: Aeolothrips melaleucus, Oxythrips bicolor, Stenothrips graminum, Thrips linarius, Liothrips vaneeckei, and Poecilothrips albopictus.

Key words: thrips, Thysanoptera, host plants, sampling, Croatia

IZVLEČEK

RESARJI (Thysanoptera) IN NJIHOVE GOSTITELJSKE RASTLINE NA HRVAŠKEM

V obdobju 1993-1996 smo na 111 lokacijah na Hrvaškem vzročili resarje (Thysanoptera) na različnih vrstah gostiteljskih rastlin. Vzorce resarjev smo nabrali na 235 vrstah rastlin. 33 vrst resarjev, najdenih v raziskavi, je pripadalo podredu Terebrantia, 14 vrst pa podredu Tubulifera. Najbolj razširjeni vrsti sta bili tobakov resar (Thrips tabaci), ki smo ga našli na rastlinskih vrstah iz 30 botaničnih družin, in resar Frankliniella intonsa, ki je bil ugotovljen na gostiteljskih rastlinah iz 29 botaničnih družin. V raziskavi smo potrdili razširjenost 6 vrst resarjev, ki na Hrvaškem dotlej še niso bile najdene: Aeolothrips melaleucus, Oxythrips bicolor, Stenothrips graminum, Thrips linarius, Liothrips vaneeckei in Poecilothrips albopictus.

Ključne besede: resarji, Thysanoptera, gostiteljske rastline, vzorčrenje, Hrvaška

.

First massive occurrence of greenhouse whitefly parasitoid, Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) on greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum [Westwood] (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Slovenia

Katarina KOS, Željko TOMANOVIĆ, Helena ROJHT, Matej VIDRIH, Stanislav TRDAN

ABSTRACT

In 2008, massive population of parasitoid Encarsia formosa was found for the first time in the greenhouses on the Laboratory Field of Biotechnical Faculty in Ljubljana (Slovenia). This species is known for a long time as effective natural enemy of the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, and other whiteflies in different parts of the world. 1306 wasps from genus Encarsia were found in nymphs of greenhouse whitefly. The most numerous was E. formosa (934 individuals), following by 367 individuals of E. tricolor, 4 males of E. inaron and a male of E. longicornis. Greenhouse whitefly parasitoid was determined on 14 host plants in the greenhouse and E. tricolor on 11 host plants in the greenhouse and on one host plant in the field. E. inaron and E. longicornis appeared only on one host plant in a greenhouse. For the time being the use of wasp E. formosa is not yet permitted in controlling greenhouse whitefly in Slovenia, but there is possibility to include it in the programs of biological control of pests on ornamentals and vegetable plants in the greenhouses. Consequently, the use of chemical insecticides will be reduced.

Key words: greenhouse whitefly parasitoid, Encarsia formosa, greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, biological control, natural enemies, indigenous species, greenhouse, Slovenia

IZVLEČEK

PRVA ŠTEVILČNEJŠA NAJDBA NAJEZDNIKA RASTLINJAKOVEGA ŠČITKARJA, Encarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) NA RASTLINJAKOVEM ŠČITKARJU, Trialeurodes vaporariorum [Westwood] (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) V SLOVENIJI

V rastlinjakih na Laboratorijskem polju Biotehniške fakultete v Ljubljani smo v letu 2008 prvič našli številčnejšo populacijo parazitoida Encarsia formosa, ki je v svetu dobro znan naravni sovražnik rastlinjakovega ščitkarja, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, in nekaterih drugih vrst ščitkarjev. V ličinkah rastlinjakovega ščitkarja smo našli 1306 osic iz rodu Encarsia. Najbolj številčni so bili osebki vrste E. formosa (934 osebkov), našli pa smo še 367 osebkov vrste E. tricolor, 4 samce vrste E. inaron in enega samca vrste E. longicornis. Predstavnike vrste E. formosa smo našli na 14 gostiteljskih rastlinah v rastlinjakih, vrsto E. tricolor pa na 11 vrstah gostiteljskih rastlin v rastlinjakih in na eni rastlinski vrsti na prostem, medtem ko sta se vrsti E. inaron in E. longicornis pojavili le na eni rastlinski vrsti v rastlinjaku. V Sloveniji uporaba osice E. formosa za zatiranje rastlinjakovega ščitkarja še ni razširjena, vendar bi jo lahko vključili v programe biotičnega varstva okrasnih rastlin in vrtnin v zavarovanih prostorih in tako zmanjšali uporabo insekticidov.

Ključne besede: najezdnik rastlinjakovega ščitkarja, Encarsia formosa, rastlinjakov ščitkar, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, biotično varstvo, naravni sovražniki, domorodna vrsta, rastlinjak, Slovenija

 

Efficacy of two strains of Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) against third-stage larvae of common cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha [L.], Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) under laboratory conditions

Žiga LAZNIK, Tímea TÓTH, Tamás LAKATOS, Matej VIDRIH, Stanislav TRDAN

ABSTRACT

In a laboratory experiment an efficacy of entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema feltiae in controlling third-stage larvae of common cockchafer (Melolontha melolontha) was studied. The experiment comprised of commercial product Entonem and indigenous strain C76. The efficacy of both biological agents was tested at 20 and 25 ?C and at four different concentrations of nematode suspension: 0, 250.000 infective juveniles [IJs]/m2, 500.000 IJs/m2, and 1.000.000 IJs/m2. Higher mortality rate (27 %) of white grubs was obtained for strain C76 rather than for commercial product (20 %). In our experiment temperature proved to be the most limiting factor in efficacy of tested biological agents. Meanwhile, mortality rate at 20 ?C was 34 % and only 12 % mortality was achieved at 25 ?C. At highest concentration of nematode suspension and 20 ?C also the highest mortality rate (53 %) with strain C76 was obtained.

Key words: Steinernema feltiae, Melolontha melolontha, biological control, temperature, concentration of nematode suspension

IZVLEČEK

LABORATORIJSKO PREUČEVANJE UČINKOVITOSTI DVEH RAS ENTOMOPATOGENE OGORČICE Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) ZA ZATIRANJE LIČINK TRETJE LARVALNE STOPNJE POLJSKEGA MAJSKEGA HROŠČA (Melolontha melolontha [L.], Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae)

V laboratorijskem poskusu smo preučevali učinkovitost entomopatogene ogorčice Steinernema feltiae za zatiranje ličink tretje larvalne stopnje poljskega majskega hrošča (Melolontha melolontha). V poskus smo vključili komercialni pripravek Entonem in domorodno raso C76. Delovanje omenjenih biotičnih agensov smo ugotavljali pri 20 in 25 ?C ter štirih različnih koncentracijah suspenzije ogorčic: 0, 250.000 infektivnih ličink [IL]/m2, 500.000 IL/m2 in 1.000.000 IL/m2. Rasa C76 je vplivala na višjo stopnjo smrtnosti (27 %) ogrcev, v primerjavi s komercialnim pripravkom (20 %). Temperatura se je v našem poskusu izkazala kot najbolj omejujoč dejavnik učinkovitosti preizkušanih biotičnih agensov, saj smo pri 20 ?C dosegli 34 % smrtnost ogrcev, medtem ko je bila ta pri 25 ?C le 12 %. Pri najvišji koncentraciji suspenzije ogorčic in 20 ?C je bila pri rasi C76 dosežena najvišja stopnja smrtnosti ogrcev, in sicer 53 %.

Ključne besede: Steinernema feltiae, Melolontha melolontha, biotično varstvo rastlin, temperatura, koncentracija suspenzije ogorčic

Can we change stereotypes and improve the quality of life?

Marijan JOŠT

ABSTRACT

There are a number of generally accepted stereotypes. People base unsustainable behavior on some of them, thereby endangering their own species and all life on Earth. The most dangerous stereotype is that of the present as 'the century of science'. Actually, despite knowledge which doubles each year, thanks to globalization our generation will be the first in the history of humankind to lose more knowledge than it has gained. Based on a stereotype, human arrogance is endangering our existence on Earth. Mankind's treatment of the soil, water and air are clear examples, and this is discussed in detail. If people were to carefully recognize some stereotypes and discard them, the quality of life would gradually improve, and our striving for sustainability would be more realistic.

Out of approximately 250 thousand species of flowering plants, around three thousand are used by man for food. However, by far the largest amount of food for human beings is today supplied by a mere 20 different species. The small numbers of food crops make the human race quite vulnerable to environmental changes. Today, the variety of goods in the supermarket is largely superficial: the 1,500 articles that may be on display represent variations of only a few basic ingredients.

About ten thousand years ago, when people began harvesting the first domesticated plants, the Earth's human population was roughly four million. Today, that many people are born every ten days. If this trend continues after the year 2000, we will have to grow as much food in the first two decades of the new century as was produced over the past ten thousand years.

In light of these facts, the possibilities of and prospects for sustainable agriculture as a principal source of food are discussed.

Key words: agriculture, plant domestication, genetic erosion, environment protection, alternative technologies

IZVLEČEK

ALI LAHKO SPREMENIMO STEREOTIPE IN IZBOLJŠAMO KAKOVOST ŽIVLJENJA?

Obstaja vrsta splošno sprejetih stereotipov. Pri netrajnostnem obnašanju ljudje izhajamo iz nekaterih stereotipov, pri tem pa ogrožamo obstoj svoje lastne vrste in življenja na Zemlji. Najbolj nevaren stereotip je, da naj bi bilo sedanje stoletje "stoletje znanosti". Dejansko bo, kljub temu, da se obseg znanja vsako leto podvoji, naša generacija zaradi globalizacije prva v zgodovini človeštva, ki bo več znanja izgubila kot pridobila. Človeška aroganca ogroža naš obstoj na Zemlji. Naše ravnanje s prstjo, vodo in zrakom so jasni primeri, ki so v članku podrobneje prediskutirani. Če bi ljudje pazljivo stereotipe ugotovili in se tako po njih ne bi več ravnali, bi se kakovost življenja postopoma izboljšala in naša prizadevanja za trajnost bi bili bolj realistična.

Med približni 250 tisoč vrstami cvetnic se jih okoli tri tisoč uporablja za prehrano ljudi. Toda največji del naše prehrane daje samo 20 različnih vrst. Majhno število rastlin za prehrano pomeni, da je človeštvo ranljivo pri izpostavljenosti spremembam v okolju. Danes je izbor izdelkov v supermarketih daleč presežen, med 1.500 razstavljenimi izdelki je le majhna variabilnost glede na nekaj temeljnih sestavin.

Pred približno deset tisoč leti, ko so ljudje začeli spravljati pridelke prvih gojenih rastlin so bili na Zemlji vsega okoli štirje milijoni ljudi. Danes se vsakih 10 dni rodi toliko ljudi. Če se bo ta trend nadaljeval tudi po letu 2000, bomo morali v prvem dvajsetletju novega stoletja pridelati toliko pridelkov, kot jih je bilo skupno pridelanih v zadnjih deset tisoč letih.

Glede na ta dejstva, možnosti in predvidevanja za pomen trajnostnega kmetijstva so v delu prediskutirana izhodišča za zagotavljanje glavnega vira prehrane.

Ključne besede: kmetijstvo, domestifikacija rastlin, genetska erozija, varstvo okolja, alternativne tehnologije

  

Soil organic matter changes according to the application of organic and mineral fertilizers within long-term experiments

Monika CVETKOV, Anton TAJNŠEK

ABSTRACT

Within the long-term field experiments at IOSDV Jable near Ljubljana (subalpine climate, heavy hydromorphic silt loam) and at IOSDV Rakičan (Pannonian climate, sandy silt), the impact of organic matter management system and mineral nitrogen fertilization on the soil organic matter content was studied in the period 1998-2008. The following management systems were selected: system A - no organic matter, system B - farmyard manure ploughing in, system C - straw/catch crop ploughing in. Four different mineral N rates (N0, N1, N2, N3) were evaluated. During the three-year crop rotation, maize, wheat and barley (or, alternatively, oats) were sown each year. The annual balance of Corg was calculated on the basis of the quantity of added organic and mineral fertilizers, considering the quantity of Corg in the soil. In system A, at both locations, fertilizing with the highest amount of mineral N resulted in a higher Corg content. At both locations, positive effect of organic fertilization on the increase of the Corg content was registered where management systems with organic matter (i.e. systems B and C) applied, while statistically significant impact of mineral N on a higher Corg content was determined only in system C. Within all three systems, the highest Corg values were reached when the highest mineral N application volume was used. After 11 years, the Corg content in system A decreased irrespective of the mineral N fertilization at both locations. At IOSDV Jable, a small decrease of the Corg content was measured in BN0, while all other treatments at IOSDV Jable and at IOSDV Rakičan resulted in an increased Corg content.

The average absolute value of difference among the Corg contents in 2008 and 1998 in all ten treatments at IOSDV Jable was 1.8 t/ha Corg, while at IOSDV Rakičan it amounted to 3.5 t/ha Corg, which indicates a major influence of management system on the soil with a smaller clay content.

Key words: soil fertility, crop rotation, organic fertilizers, farmyard manure, straw, N fertilizers, humus content, humus balance

IZVLEČEK

SPREMEMBE VSEBNOSTI ORGANSKE SNOVI V TLEH V ODVISNOSTI OD GNOJENJA Z ORGANSKIMI IN MINERALNIMI GNOJILI ZNOTRAJ TRAJNIH POSKUSOV

V statičnem poskusu IOSDV Jable, blizu Ljubljane (predalpsko klimatsko območje, ilovnato meljasta hidromorfna tla) in IOSDV Rakičan (panonsko klimatsko območje, meljasto ilovnata tla) smo preučevali vpliv gospodarjenja z organskimi gnojili in vpliv gnojenja z mineralnimi dušikom na vsebnost organske snovi v tleh v letih 1998 do 2008. Vključeni sistemi gospodarjenja so bili: sistem A - gospodarjenje brez organskega gnojenja, sistem B - gnojenje s hlevskim gnojem, sistem C - zaoravanje slame/podorin. Preučevane so bile štiri stopnje gnojenja z mineralnim dušikom: N0, N1, N2 in N3. V triletnem kolobarju si sledijo koruza, pšenica, ječmen/oves. Letna bilanca Corg je bila izračunana na podlagi količin dodanih organskih in mineralnih gnojil, pri upoštevanju stanja Corg v tleh. Na obeh lokacijah je v sistemu A gnojenje z največjim odmerkom mineralnega dušika povečalo vsebnost Corg v tleh. Na obeh lokacijah je bil dokazan vpliv organskega gnojenja na povečanje vsebnosti Corg, v sistemih B in C, medtem ko je bil značilen vpliv gnojenja z mineralnim dušikom dokazan le v sistemu C. Najvišje vsebnosti Corg znotraj sistemov so bile pri obravnavanju z največjim odmerkom mineralnega dušika. Po enajstih letih se je vsebnost Corg v sistemu A na obeh lokacijah zmanjšala, ne glede na gnojenje z mineralnim dušikom. Vsebnost Corg je po enajstih letih narasla v vseh obravnavanjih sistemov B in C, razen pri obravnavanju BN0 v IOSDV Jable. Povprečna absolutna razlika vsebnosti Corg med letoma 2008 in 1998 znotraj vseh deset obravnavanj v IOSDV Jable je 1,8 t/ha Corg, v IOSDV Rakičan pa 3,5 t/ha Corg. Rezultati nakazujejo, da je vpliv različnega sistema gospodarjenja večji na lokaciji IOSDV Rakičan, kjer vsebujejo tla manjši odstotek gline.

Ključne besede: rodovitnost tal, kolobar, organska gnojila, hlevski gnoj, slama, mineralni dušik, vsebnost humusa, bilanca humusa

 

Življenjski krog parazitoidov listnih uši

Katarina KOS, Stanislav TRDAN

 

IZVLEČEK

V prispevku je opisan življenjski oz. razvojni krog parazitoidov listnih uši, saj so ti naravni sovražniki pomembni dejavniki zmanjševanja številčnosti populacij škodljivih listnih uši v naravnih in kmetijskih ekosistemih. Posebna značilnost listnih uši je njihov biotični potencial, saj imajo lahko nekatere vrste pravih listnih uši (Aphididae) v enem letu tudi več kot 50 rodov (spolnih in nespolnih oz. partenogenetskih). Listne uši so ravno zaradi svojih izjemnih razmnoževalnih sposobnosti gospodarsko zelo pomembni škodljivci gojenih in samoniklih rastlin, zato jih želimo zatreti na različne načine. Z biotičnim varstvom rastlin skušamo oblikovati naravno ravnovesje med škodljivci in njihovimi naravnimi sovražniki ter s tem preprečiti močnejšo prerazmnožitev škodljivcev. Parazitoidi so pri svojem delu zelo učinkoviti, saj v končni stopnji razvoja ličinke svojega gostitelja vedno ubijejo, poleg tega pa so večinoma izraziti polifagi in tako niso specializirani za posamezne vrste gostiteljev.

Ključne besede: življenjski krog, parazitoidi listnih uši, naravni sovražniki, biotično varstvo rastlin

ABSTRACT

LIFE CYCLE OF APHID PARASITOIDS

The paper introduces the life cycle of aphid parasitoids, because they have an important role in reducing populations of aphids in natural and agricultural ecosystems. Special characteristics of aphids is their reproductive ability. Some species from Aphididae family can have more than 50 generations (sexual and asexual or parthenogenetic) per year and that makes them important pests of cultivated and wild-growing plants. That is why we want to suppress them in any possible way. With biological control we try to establish natural balance between pests and their natural enemies, and so prevent the increse in number of pests. Parasitoids are very effective, because in final stage of larva parasitoid always kills its host. Besides that, parasitoids are polyphagous insects and in most cases are not specialized just for one species.

Key words: life cycle, aphid parasitoids, natural enemies, biological control

Microoxygenation of red wines

Marko LESICA, Tatjana KOŠMERL

ABSTRACT 

Microoxygenation is usually applied to red wines as a cheaper alternative to oak ageing. Utilization of wood cooperage for wine storage has several advantages. Among these are extractions of flavour and aroma active components, as well as controlled oxidative polymerization, a process commonly referred to as ageing. Although stainless steel tanks are, in the long term, less costly than cooperage, stored wines do not benefit from the features offered by wood. The process of microoxygenation in steel tanks utilizes controlled exposure of wines to oxygen provided by a sparger linked via a flow meter to a cylinder of oxygen. Oxygen flow rates vary over the course of treatment. During this period, different chemical reactions take place. For example, wine phenols (tannin precursors and anthocyanins) react to form polymeric species that enhance palate structure and colour stability in the wine. Oxygen also diminishes excessively green, herbaceous characters and reductive aroma of wine.

Key words: wine, microoxygenation, microoxy-genators, oxygen, phenols, colour, stability, anthocyanins, tannins, polymerization

 

IZVLEČEK

Mikrooksigenacija se načeloma uporablja pri rdečih vinih kot cenejša alternativna tehnika zorenja v lesenih sodih. Uporaba lesenih sodov ima določene prednosti. Med te štejemo ekstrakcijo aromatično aktivnih spojin, prav tako kontrolirano oksidativno polimerizacijo, proces poznan kot staranje oziroma zorenje. Cisterne iz nerjavnega jekla so v primerjavi z leseno posodo na dolgi rok dosti cenejše, vendar vina, zorena na tak način, niso deležna pozitivnih učinkov lesa. Za izvajanje procesa mikrooksigenacije v cisternah se poslužujemo aparature, ki omogoča dovajanje kisika v vino preko posebnega razpršilca, ki je vezan na dozirni bat. Količina dovedenega kisika se med procesom spreminja. Med tem potekajo številne kemijske reakcije. Na primer, fenoli (prekurzorji taninov in antocianini) reagirajo v procesu polimerizacije, pri čemer pride do povečanja fenolne strukture in stabilizacije barve. Kisik povzroči zmanjšanje prekomernega zelenega, vegetativnega značaja in reduktivnih arom vina.

Ključne besede: vino, mikrooksigenacija, mikrooksi-genatorji, kisik, fenoli, barva, stabilnost, antociani, tanini, polimerizacija

 

Hordeetum murini Libbert, 1932 - A ruderal association in Kosovo

Qazim PAJAZITAJ

ABSTRACT

The paper deals with the vegetation of the association Hordeetum murini Libbert 1932 (Sisymbrietalia, Sisymbrion) in Kosovo. It is one of six ruderal communities studied in Kosovo during 1988 - 1991. The association Hordeetum murini is a ruderal vegetation that appears later in the spring and disappear in the beginning of the summer. This association is well developed in all habitats of Kosovo. This paper deals with the floristic and syntaxonomic analysis of association (Table 1), which encapsulates 12 relevés out of 62 species. It was also analyzed the biological spectrum of association, and symbols of life forms of each species. Also, in the analysis of floral geoelements, groups of these elements have been determined and presented by its spectrum.

Key words: Hordeum murinum, ruderal, community, syntaxonomy, Kosovo

IZVLEČEK

Hordeetum murini Libbert, 1932 - RUDERALNA ASSOCIACIJA NA KOSOVU

Članek obravnava vegetacijo asociacije Hordeetum murini Libbert, 1932 (Sisymbrietalia, Sisymbrion) na Kosovu. Asociacija je ena izmed šestih znanih ruderalnih združb na Kosovu. Tovrstne združbe so bile na Kosovu preučevane med letoma 1988 in 1991, vendar uspevanje obravnavane asociacije Hordeetum murini, na tem območju, do sedaj ni bilo znano, in je v tem članku tako prvič obravnavana. To je ruderalna vegetacija, ki se optimalno razvije pozno pomladi in se posuši na začetku poletja. Omenjena asociacija je dobro razvita v vseh predelih Kosova. Floristična sestava asociacije, ki je predstavljena z 12 vegetacijskimi popisi, je razvidna iz analitične fitocenološke tabele (Tabela 1), v kateri je skupno 62 vrst rastlin. Analiziran je tudi biološki spekter življenjskih oblik. Poleg tega, je bila za asociacijo narejena analiza in spekter flornih geoelementov, pri čemer so bile vrste uvrščene v 13 skupin geoelementov.

Ključne besede: Hordeum murinum, ruderalen, združba, sintaksonomija, Kosovo

 

 

Vpliv nekaterih dejavnikov na naselitev navadne pršice (Tetranychus urticae Koch) na krizanteme Chrysanthemum 'Veria Dark ' in 'Cassablanca White'

Mojca REMIC, Lea MILEVOJ, Marina PINTAR

 

IZVLEČEK

Raziskava nekaterih dejavnikov (temperatura zraka, relativna zračna vlaga, načini namakanja in gostota nežleznih dlačic) v povezavi z naselitvijo navadne pršice (Tetranychus urticae Koch) na krizanteme Chrysanthemum 'Veria Dark' in 'Cassablanca White' je potekala v letih 2003 in 2004 v rastlinjaku in v laboratorijih na Biotehniški fakulteti (Ljubljana). Krizanteme obeh sort so bile vzgojene iz sadik s koreninsko grudico. Tehnologija gojenja krizantem je bila v skladu s priporočili stroke in na podlagi lastnih opazovanj. Namakanje je bilo leta 2003 kapljično in poplavno, leta 2004 pa samo poplavno. Na naselitev navadne pršice na preučevani sorti krizantem vpliva način naselitve in poraščenost listov z nežleznimi dlačicami. Na razvoj navadne pršice vplivata temperatura zraka in relativna zračna vlaga. Prevelika količina vode v substratu pa negativno vpliva na kondicijo krizantem.

Ključne besede: Tetranychus urticae; navadna pršica; Chrysanthemum; krizanteme; namakanje; listne dlačice

ABSTRACT

INFLUENCE OF SOME FACTORS ON COLONIZATION OF TWOSPOTTED SPIDER MITE (Tetranychus urticae Koch) ON CHRYSANTHEMUM Chrysanthemum 'VERIA DARK' AND 'CASSABLANCA WHITE'

The research on factors (air temperature, relative air humidity, technology of irrigation, density of non-glandular trichomes) which influence the colonisation of twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) on Chrysanthemum 'Veria Dark' and 'Cassablanca White' was carried out in 2003 and 2004 in greenhouses and in laboratories of the Biotechnical Faculty (Ljubljana). Both chrysanthemums were grown from seedlings with root clods. The technology of chrysanthemum growing was carried out according to professional recommendations and our own observations. Drop irrigation and flood irrigation were used. We found out that colonization of twospotted spider mite depends on the type of colonization and the density of leaf non-glandular trichomes. In both varieties of chrysanthemum, colonization and procreation of twospotted spider mite are influenced by air temperature and relative atmospheric humidity. Excess of water in the substrate have negative effect on chrysanthemums condition.

Key words: Tetranychus urticae; twospotted spider mite; Chrysanthemum; chrysanthemum; irrigation; leaf trichome

Vegetativna rast in pridelek semideterminantnega paradižnika (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) v odvisnosti od načina zastiranja tal

Dean BAN, Blanka SINČIĆ PULIĆ, Milan OPLANIĆ, Josip BOROŠIĆ, Dragan ŽNIDARČIČ

IZVLEČEK

Cilj raziskave je bil ugotoviti, kako različni načini zastiranja tal vplivajo na vegetativno rast in pridelek semideterminantnega paradižnika na sredozemskem območju Hrvaške. Poljski poskus, ki je bil v dveh vegetacijskih sezonah zasnovan po metodi naključnih blokov v treh ponovitvah, je bil postavljen na družinski kmetiji v Pulju (44° 51' N, 13° 51' E, 12 m n. v.). V obravnavanje so bila vključena gola tla, tla prekrita s črno polietilensko (PE) folijo, in dve rastlinski zastirki (kuštrava grašica - Vicia villosa in inkarnatka - Trifolium incarnatum). Tla, prekrita s črno PE folijo, so v primerjavi z golimi tlemi skrajšala, tla, prekrita z rastlinskimi zastirkami, pa podaljšala število dni, potrebnih za oblikovanje zalistnikov in začetek cvetenja paradižnika. V prvih 15 oz. 30 dneh so rastline paradižnika hitreje rasle na tleh, prekritih s črno PE folijo, kot na tleh z rastlinskimi zastirkami. Prav tako je bil v primerjavi z rastlinskimi zastirkami večji pridelek zgodnjih plodov na tleh, prekritih s črno PE folijo. Način zastiranja pa ni vplival na težo plodov.

Ključne besede: rastlinske zastirke, inkarnatka, Trifolium incarnatum, kuštrava grašica, Vicia villosa, PE črna folija, paradižnik, Lycopersicon esculentum

ABSTRACT

VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND YIELD OF SEMIDETERMINATE TOMATO (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) IN DEPENDENCE ON THE METHOD OF MULCHING SOIL

The aim of the research was to find out how different ways of covering soil affect the vegetative growth and yield of semideterminate tomato in the Mediterranean area of Croatia. The field experiment which was set up as a randomized block design in three replications in the two successive vegetation seasons was carried out on family farm in the town Pula (44°52'N, 13°54'E, 10 m altitude). The experiment looked at the growth of tomatoes in bare soil, soil covered with black polyethylene (PE) film, and two cover crop mulches (hairy vetch - Vicia villosa and crimson clover - Trifolium incarnatum). The soil covered with black PE film compared to bare soil, shortened the number of days necessary for the formation of tomato suckers and the begininng of blooming of tomato plants. On the contrary, the soil covered with cover crop mulches prolonged the number of days necessary for formation of suckers and the begininng of blooming of plants. In the first 15 or 30 days of the growing period the tomato plants grew faster on the soil covered with black PE film than on the soil covered with cover crop mulches. There was higher yield of early fruits on soil covered with black PE film than on cover crop mulches. The method of covering, however, had no influence on the weight of the fruits.

Key words: cover crop mulch, crimson clover, Trifolium incarnatum, hairy vetch, Vicia villosa, PE black film, tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum