Substrate pH level effects on
anthocyanins and selected phenolics in
Rosa × hybrida
L. 'KORcrisett'
Valentina SCHMITZER, Franci ŠTAMPAR
ABSTRACT
The effect of substrate pH level (4.7, 3.3 and 7.3) on the anthocyanin, quercetin
compounds, catechin and phenolic acids concentrations in petals of Rosa × hybrida L.
'KORcrisett' and on the number of flowers per plant was investigated. The phenolic
profiles of this plant were established for the first time by the use of HPLC/MS. Plants
potted in a substrate with pH 4.7 developed significantly more flowers compared to those
planted in an acidic (3.3) and alkaline (7.3) pH levels. However, the concentration of
anthocyanins, quercetin compounds, catechin and phenolic acids was always lowest in the
petals of 'KORcrisett' rose plants potted in pH level 4.7. Compared to the first sampling,
a significant increase in the concentration of major and total anthocyanins and quercetin
compounds was measured in the petals of plants potted in pH level 3.3 and 7.3, but not in
the plants potted in pH level 4.7, respectfully.
Key words: rose, pH, substrate, anthocyanins, phenolic compounds
IZVLEČEK
VPLIV pH SUBSTRATA NA ANTOCIANE IN FENOLE PRI Rosa × hybrida L. 'KORcrisett'
Preučevali smo vpliv pH substrata (4,7, 3,3 in 7,3) na koncentracije antocianov,
kvercetinov, katehina in fenolnih kislin v petalih Rosa × hybrida L. 'KORcrisett' ter
spremljali število cvetov na posamezno rastlino. Sestava in koncentracija fenolnih spojin
je bila pri tej rastlini prvič določena s pomočjo HPLC/MS tehnike. Rastline, ki so bile
posajene v substrat s pH 4,7, so razvile statistično značilno več cvetov, kot rastline,
posajene v kisel (3,3) oziroma bazičen (7,3) pH, vendar pa so bile koncentracije
antocianov, kvercetinov, katehina in fenolnih kislin v pH 4,7 najnižje. V primerjavi s
prvim vzorčenjem, je koncentracija prevladujočih in skupnih antocianov v petalih močno
narasla pri rastlinah, ki so bile posajene v substrat s pH 3,3 in 7,3. Podobnega trenda
nismo opazili pri rastlinah, posajenih v pH 4,7.
Ključne besede: vrtnica, pH, substrat, antociani, fenolne spojine
The effect of diatomaceous earth of different origin,
temperature and relative humidity against adults of rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae [L.],
Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in stored wheat
Helena ROJHT, Christos G. ATHANASSIOU, Bill J. VAYIAS, Nickolas
KAVALLIERATOS, Željko TOMANOVIĆ, Matej VIDRIH, Katarina KOS, Stanislav TRDAN
ABSTRACT
Laboratory experiments were carried out to evaluate the impact of diatomaceous earth
(DE) samples of different origin with their insecticidal properties to control one of the
most important primary pest in stored grain. We tested the efficacy of three local DE,
from Serbia, Greece and Slovenia, and commercial formulation SilicoSec against the rice
weevil, Sitophilus oryzae, adults in stored wheat. The experiments were carried out at
three temperatures (20, 25 and 30 °C) and two relative humidity (RH) levels (55 and 75
%). Mortality of pest was counted 7, 14 and 21 days after exposure (DAT) at the following
DE dose rates: 100, 300, 500 and 900 ppm. The mortality of adults normally increased with
increasing dose rates and DAT. In all samples the mortality of rice weevil adults (dose
rate 900 ppm, 21 DAT) was above 90 %, except at Slovenian DE (at 20 °C and 55 % RH) and
Greek DE (at 25 °C and 75 % RH), when the mortality was 85.3 and 67.6 %, respectively.
With 100 % mortality (14 DAT and at 900 ppm) the most effective was SilicoSec. Slovenian
DE was more effective at 55 % RH than at 75 % RH (7 DAT at all temperatures).
Key words: Sitophilus oryzae, diatomaceous earth, origin, stored wheat, temperature,
relative humidity
IZVLEČEK
VPLIV DIATOMEJSKE ZEMLJE RAZLIČNEGA IZVORA, TEMPERATURE IN RELATIVNE
VLAGE PRI ZATIRANJU ODRASLIH OSEBKOV RIŽEVEGA ŽUŽKA (Sitophilus oryzae [L.],
Coleoptera, Curculionidae) V SKLADIŠČENI PŠENICI
V laboratorijskih poskusih smo preučevali vpliv diatomejske zemlje (DZ) različnega
izvora pri zatiranju enega od najpomembnejših primarnih škodljivcev skladiščenega
žita. Ugotavljali smo učinkovitost treh lokalnih tipov DZ (srbskega, grškega in
slovenskega) in komercialnega pripravka SilicoSec pri zatiranju odraslih osebkov riževega
žužka (Sitophilus oryzae) v skladiščeni pšenici. Insekticidno delovanje DZ smo
preučevali pri treh temperaturah (20, 25 in 30 °C), dveh vrednostih relativne vlage (55
and 75 %) in štirih (100, 300, 500 and 900 ppm) koncentracijah vsakega vzorca DZ.
Smrtnost hroščev smo ugotavljali 7., 14. in 21. dan po tretiranju (DPT) in je bila
največja pri najvišji koncentraciji in 21 DPT. V vseh vzorcih žita je bila smrtnost
hroščev večja od 90 % pri koncentraciji 900 ppm ter 21 DPT. Izjemi sta bili slovenski
in grški vzorec, ki sta vplivali na 85,3 % smrtnost pri 25 °C in 55 % vlagi ter na 67,6
% smrtnot pri 25 °C in 75 % vlagi. Najbolj učinkovit (100 % smrtnost hroščev) je bil
pripravek SilicoSec 14 DPT pri koncentraciji 900 ppm. Slovenski vzorec DE je bil bolj
učinkovit pri 55 kot pri 75 % vlagi (7 DPT pri vseh temperaturah).
Ključne besede: Sitophilus oryzae, diatomejska zemlja, izvor, pšenica, temperatura,
relativna vlaga
.
Relation of total antiradical activity and total
polyphenol content of sweet cherries (Prunus avium L.) and tart cherries (Prunus cerasus
L.)
Silvia MELICHÁČOVÁ, Mária TIMORACKÁ, Judita BYSTRICKÁ, Alena
VOLLMANNOVÁ, Juraj ČÉRY
ABSTRACT
In present study the quantification of total phenolics content (TPC), total antioxidant
activity (TAA) and their relation in sweet and tart cherries were studied. Aqueous and
pure polar solvents were used to compare the yield of present phenolic compounds in
prepared extracts. The solubility of phenolics was the most effective in sweet cherry
extracts with using of 50 % methanol and in tart cherry extracts with using of 50 %
acetone. The yield of TPC of both tested cherry fruit extracts was higher with pure
methanol in comparison to pure acetone.
Substantial TPC assessed with Folin-Ciocealteu assay in tart cherry extracts were in
range from 70.6?8.46 mg to 241.4?7.26 mg GAE/100 g FW. Extracts from lyophilised tart
cherries (methanolic and water-acetone mixtures) contain in average 2-times higher amount
of polyphenols than ethanol extracts. The DPPH antiradical efficiency values of the both
tested fruit extracts were higher in extracts of tart cherries (from 5.4 to 9.9 % of
inhibition of DPPH radical) when compared to those of sweet cherries (from 2.4 to 3.5 % of
inhibition of DPPH radical). Total antioxidant activity (TAA) of sweet cherry extracts
(using 70 % ethanol and with 70 % methanol) and of tart cherry extracts (with 50 %
methanol) depended on phenolics content.
Key words: total phenolics, sweet cherries, tart cherries, total antioxidant activity
IZVLEČEK
POVEZAVA MED ANTIOKSIDANTNO AKTIVNOSTJO IN VSEBNOSTJO VSEH POLIFENOLOV
PRI ČEŠNJAH (Prunus avium L.) IN VIŠNJAH (Prunus cerasus L.)
Pri tej raziskavi je bila proučevana celotna vsebnost polifenolov (TPC), celotna
antioksidantna aktivnost (TAA) in povezava med njima pri češnjah in višnjah.
Uporabljeni so bili vodni ekstrakti in ekstrakti s polarnimi topili ter primerjana
vsebnost ekstrahiranih fenolnih snovi. Ta je bila največja pri češnjah, ekstrahiranih s
50 % metanolom in pri višnjah z uporabo 50 % acetona. TPC je bilo več pri češnjah
ekstrahiranih s 100 % metanolom, v primerjavi z acetonom. TPC ugotovljeni s
Folin-Ciocealteu-jevim reagentom so pri višnjah dali vrednosti od 70,6?8,46 mg do
241,4?7,26 mg GAE/100 g sveže teže. Ekstrakti liofiliziranih višenj so pri
ekstrahiranju z metanolom ali mešanico vode in acetona v povprečju vsebovali dvakrat
višjo količino polifenolov kot etanolni ekstrakti. Antioksidativna učinkovitost DPPH je
imela višje vrednosti pri višnjah (od 5,4 do 9,9 % inhibicija DPPH radikalov) v
primerjavi z ekstrakti pri češnjah (od 2,4 do 3,5 % inhibicije DPPH radikalov). Celotna
antioksidativna aktivnost (TAA) ekstraktov češenj (z uporabo 70 % etanola in 70 %
metanola) in pri ekstraktih višenj (s 50 % metanolom) sta odvisni od vsebnosti fenolnih
snovi.
Ključne besede: skupni fenoli, češnje, višnje, celotna antioksidativna aktivnost
Selenium induced lower respiratory potential in
Glycine max (L.) Merr.
Špela MECHORA, Mateja GERM
ABSTRACT
Effect of selenium (Se) was studied in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cv. Olna in
Ljubljana, Slovenia. Se was added to plants as foliary spraying. Quantum yield of
photosystem II (PSII) and respiratory potential measured as ETS activity of mitochondria
were measured two times in the growing season. Respiratory potential was higher in young
plants compared to mature plants. Se induced the lowering of respiratory potential.
Addition of Se had no effect on quantum yield of photosystem II.
Key words: chlorophyll a fluorescence, electron transport system activity, Glycine max,
selenium
IZVLEČEK
VPLIV SELENA NA NIŽANJE DIHALNEGA POTENCIALA PRI SOJI (Glycine max (L.)
Merr.)
Preučevali smo vpliv selena na fiziološke lastnosti soje (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cv.
Olna. Rastline so bile foliarno gnojene s selenom. Meritve fotosintezne učinkovitosti in
respiratornega potenciala so bile opravljene dvakrat v rastni sezoni. Respiratorni
potencial, merjen s pomočjo aktivnosti terminalnega elektronskega sistema je bil višji
pri mladih rastlinah. Respiratorni potencial je bil nižji pri rastlinah, foliarno
gnojenih s selenom v primerjavi s kontrolo. Fotosintezna učinkovitost ni bila odvisna od
obravnavanja s selenom.
Ključne besede: aktivnost elektronskega transportnega sistema, Glycine max,
fluorescenca klorofila a, selen
Variation of physiological traits and yield components
of some maize hybrid (Zea mays L.) in agroecological conditions of Kosovo
Sali ALIU, Shukri FETAHU, Ludvik ROZMAN
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was to investigate some physiological traits and yield of
different maize hybrids in growth conditions of Kosovo. The field experiment was conducted
in 2006 and 2007 in Kosovo, near Prishtina. The experiment was based on a randomized
complete block design with 3 replications. For calculating and statistical analysis 10
plants per each plot were randomly chosen. In the study, seven commercial maize hybrids
belonging to different FAO groups (FAO 300, 400 and 600), originating from two breeding
institutions: Maize Dept. of Bc Institute Rugvica - Croatia (Jumbo 48 [H-1], BC418 [H-2],
BC408 [H-3], BC288 [H-4], BC394 [H-5]) and from Pioneer Hi-Bred Int. (Austria) (Pregia
[H-6] and Colombo [H-7]), were included. For traits ear leaf area (LA), absolute growth
rate (AGR), crop growth rate (CGR) and biological dry matter (BDM) higher values were
obtained in the 2nd year in comparison to the 1st year, however the harvest index (HI) of
the 1st year was of a higher value than the 2nd year. Also, for all investigated traits,
except for HI, statistically significant differences were obtained among the studied maize
hybrids. The highest values for all traits, except for HI, expressed the H-6 and these
values were statistically significant higher than those of all other hybrids, but not for
BDM. Our results indicated that the H-6 was the most appropriate for cultivation in
agroecological conditions in Kosovo, while the H-4 and H-5 were less appropriate in the
given conditions.
Keywords: maize, Zea mays, leaf area, absolute growth rate, crop growth rate, harvest
index, yield.
IZVLEČEK
VARIABILNOST FIZIOLOŠKIH LASTNOSTI IN KOMPONENT PRIDELKA NEKATERIH
HIBRIDOV KORUZE (Zea mays L.) V AGROEKOLOŠKIH RAZMERAH KOSOVA
Namen raziskave je proučiti nekatere fiziološke lastnosti in pridelek različnih
koruznih hibridov za pridelovanje v agroekoloških razmerah Kosova. Poljski poskus je bil
izveden v letih 2006 in 2007 v Prištini na Kosovu po metodi naključnih blokov v 3
ponovitvah. Za obračunavanje in stastistične analize je bilo iz vsake parcelice
naključno odbranih 10 rastlin. V proučevanje je bilo vključenih 7 hibridov različnih
zrelostnih razredov (FAO 300, 400 in 600), iz dveh žlahtniteljskih institucij in sicer iz
Zavoda za kukuruz Bc Inštituta iz Rugvice - Hrvaška (Jumbo 48 [H-1], BC418 [H-2], BC408
[H-3], BC288 [H-4], BC394 [H-5]) in iz Pioneer Hi-Bred Int. (Austria) (Pregia [H-6] in
Colombo [H-7]). Za lastnosti listna površina lista ob storžu (LA), rastna stopnja na
rastlino (AGR), rastna stopnja na enoto površine (CGR) in skupno suho snov (BDM) smo v
drugem letu dobili višje vrednosti kot v prvem letu; medtem ko so za žetveni indeks (HI)
bile višje vrednosti v prvem letu. Za vse proučevane lastnosti, razen za HI, smo
ugotovili statistično značilne razlike med hibridi. Za vse lastnosti, razen za HI, je
imel najvišje vrednosti H-6, ki so bile statistično značilno višje od vseh drugih
hibridov; samo za BDM je H-6 bil statistično značilno enak H-2 in H-3. Rezultati
nakazujejo, da je za pridelovanje v rastnih razmerah Kosova najbolj primeren hibrid H-6,
medtem ko sta hibrida H-4 in H-5 manj primerna.
Ključne besede: koruza, Zea mays, listna površina, rastna stopnja na rastlino, rastna
stopnja na enoto površine, žetveni indeks, pridelek
Massive occurrence and identification of the nematode
Alloionema appendiculatum Schneider (Rhabditida: Alloionematidae) found in Arionidae slugs
in Slovenia
Žiga LAZNIK, Jenna L. ROSS, Stanislav TRDAN
ABSTRACT
In the period from June to October 2008 we collected 500 slugs from the genus Arion in
the area of Ljubljana and Prekmurje (Slovenia). By means of dissection we determined the
presence of parasitic nematodes in slug cadavers. Identification of the nematodes was made
by a molecular technique (PCR). In these slugs we did not find the parasitic nematode
Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, however the presence of Alloionema appendiculatum in larger
quantities was confirmed. The most infected was a Spanish slug, Arion lusitanicus. In
Petri dishes younger slugs showed a satisfactory mortality rate already on the fourth day
after the application of the nematode suspension. Unfortunately, we can not confirm with
certainly that the nematode A. appendiculatum undergoes a complete life cycle in A.
lusitanicus, which is otherwise typical for Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita.
Key words: Alloionema appendiculatum, Arion lusitanicus, parasitic nematodes
IZVLEČEK
ŠTEVILČNI POJAV IN IDENTIFIKACIJA OGORČICE Alloionema appendiculatum
Schneider (Rhabditida: Alloionematidae) V LAZARJIH (Arionidae) V SLOVENIJI
V obdobju od junija do oktobra 2008 smo na območju Ljubljane in Prekmurja nabrali 500
polžev iz rodu Arion. Polže smo secirali in ugotavljali zastopanost ogorčic v njihovem
telesu. Identifikacija ogorčic je bila opravljena z molekulsko tehniko (PCR). V nobenem
polžu nismo našli parazitske ogorčice Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, medtem ko smo
zastopanost ogorčice Alloionema appendiculatum, predvsem v predstavnikih vrste Arion
lusitanicus, potrdili v večjem številu. V petrijevkah so mladi polži pokazali
zadovoljivo stopnjo smrtnosti že četrti dan po nanosu suspenzije ogorčic. Žal pa z
našo raziskavo ne moremo potrditi, da ogorčica A. appendiculatum v polžu A. lusitanicus
razvije popolni parazitski razvojni krog, kot je to značilno za ogorčico P.
hermaphrodita.
Ključne besede: Alloionema appendiculatum, Arion lusitanicus, parazitske ogorčice
polžev
Intraspecific variability of Steinernema feltiae
(Filipjev) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) as biological control agent of rice weevil
(Sitophilus oryzae [L.], Coleoptera, Curculionidae) adults
Žiga LAZNIK, Stanislav TRDAN
IZVLEČEK
The efficacy of three strains (B30, B49 in 3162) of Steinernema feltiae to control
adults of rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) was tested in a laboratory experiment in 2009.
The activity of entomopathogenic nematodes was assessed at five different concentrations
(125, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 infective juveniles/individual) and four different
temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30 ?C). Results demonstrated that all strains acted most
effective at 25 ?C and at highest concentration of nematode suspension, meanwhile the
lowest mortality of rice weevil adults was attained at 30 ?C. The results of our research
showed that at high concentrations entomopathogenic nematodes are an effective biological
agent for controling the studied primary stored products pest.
Key words biological control, entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema feltiae,
Sitophilus oryzae, strains, laboratory experiment, stored products pest
IZVLEČEK
ZNOTRAJVRSTNA VARIABILNOST ENTOMOPATOGENE OGORČICE Steinernema feltiae
(Filipjev) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) KOT BIOTIČNEGA AGENSA ZA ZATIRANJE ODRASLIH
OSEBKOV RIŽEVEGA ŽUŽKA (Sitophilus oryzae [L.], Coleoptera, Curculionidae)
V letu 2009 smo pri laboratorijskem poskusu preizkušali učinkovitost treh ras (B30,
B49 in 3162) entomopatogene ogorčice Steinernema feltiae na odrasle osebke riževega
žužka (Sitophilus oryzae). Delovanje entomopatogenih ogorčic smo preizkušali pri petih
različnih koncentracijah (125, 250, 500, 1000 in 2000 infektivnih ličink/osebek) in
štirih različnih temperaturah (15, 20, 25 in 30 ?C). Rezultati so pokazali, da so vse
rase najbolj učinkovito delovale pri 25 ?C in najvišji koncentraciji suspenzije
ogorčic, medtem ko smo najmanjšo smrtnost odraslih osebkov riževega žužka ugotovili
pri 30 ?C. Rezultati naše raziskave so pokazali, da so v visokem številu entomopatogene
ogorčice učinkovit biotični agens za zatiranje preučevanega primarnega skladiščnega
škodljivca.
Key words: entomopatogene ogorčice, Steinernema feltiae, Sitophilus oryzae, biotično
varstvo, laboratorijski poskus, skladiščni škodljivec
Hop fields in crop rotation
Darja KOCJAN AČKO
ABSTRACT
A number of factors influenced the increased number of crops on Slovenian farms legal
limitation of maize production to two years on the same field, introduction of integrated
crop production and certain measures of the Slovene Agri-Environmental Programme. Crop
rotation on hop fields that has already been analyzed on 22 hop growing and livestock
farms in Spodnja Savinjska dolina in 2008 show that the maize monoculture has been
supplemented by some other crops like wheat, barley, lucerne, clover-grass mixtures and
high beans; compared to the conventional production in the past, the crop rotation is now
longer. Phytosanitary adequacy of two- and three-year rotation could be improved with
supplementary crops, that is with fodder crucifers (fodder rapeseed and rape, forage
kale), green manure (white mustard, oil radish), legume crops (soya, peas, vetch, field
bean, white lupin, crimson clover, Persian clover, Egyptian clover) and compound fodders
like Landsberger mixture and mixtures of vetch with oat or barley. Prohibition to sow
broad-leafed plants in the quarantine rotation due to hop wilting limits the selection of
crops to grasses (Italian rye-grass) and fodder grains (maize, barley), but the farmers
could increase the selection of grains with oats, rye, triticale, mixture of wheat and
rye, millet, sorghum and Sudan grass. With the use of recommended crop rotations in two-,
three- and four-year rotation, we can expect the increased influence of crop rotation on
improved health condition of the new hop plantations in the future with simultaneous
reduction of the use of pesticides as well.
Key words: hop field, crop rotation, length of crop rotation, species in the crop
rotation, phytosanitary importance of crop rotation, fodder supplementary crops,
integrated crop production, hop growing and livestock farms
IZVLEČEK
HMELJIŠČA V PREMENI
Zakonsko omejena pridelava koruze na dve leti, uvedba integrirane pridelave in nekateri
ukrepi slovenskega kmetijskega okoljskega programa so vzrok, da se povečuje število
poljščin na kmetijah. Premena na hmeljiščih, ki smo jo leta 2008 analizirali na 22
hmeljarsko-živinorejskih kmetijah v Spodnji Savinjski dolini, kaže, da so monokulturo
koruze razbremenili posevki pšenice, ječmena, lucerne, deteljno-travne mešanice in
visoki fižol, premena pa je daljša kot pri konvencionalni pridelavi v preteklosti.
Fitosanitarno ustreznost dve- in triletne premene bi lahko izboljšali z dosevki, to je
križnicami za krmo (krmna ogrščica in repica, krmni ohrovt) in za podor (bela
gorjušica, oljna redkev), metuljnicami (soja, grah, grašica, bob, bela lupina,
inkarnatka, perzijska in aleksandrijska detelja) in krmnimi mešanicami, kot so
grašljinka (= landsberška mešanica), ovsiga (oves + grašica) in ječmiga (ječmen +
grašica). Prepoved setve širokolistnih rastlin v karantenski premeni zaradi hmeljeve
uvelosti omejuje posevke na trave (mnogocvetna ljuljka) in krmna žita (koruza, ječmen),
kljub temu pa bi kmetje lahko povečali izbor žit z ovsom, ržjo, tritikalo, soržico,
prosom, sirkom in sudansko travo. Pri uporabi predlaganih kolobarjev v dve-, tri- in
štiriletni premeni lahko v prihodnje pričakujemo večji vpliv premene na boljše
zdravstveno stanje novega nasada hmelja ob hkratnem zmanjšanju porabe fitofarmacevtskih
sredstev.
Ključne besede: hmeljišče, premena, dolžina premene, vrste poljščin v premeni,
fitosanitarni pomen premene, krmni dosevki, integrirana pridelava,
hmeljarsko-živinorejske kmetije
Effect of 6-benzyladenine application time on apple
thinning of cv. 'Golden Delicious' and cv. 'Idared'
Barbara AMBROŽIČ TURK, Matej STOPAR
ABSTRACT
Apple thinning of cv. 'Golden Delicious' and cv. 'Idared' was studied after the
application of 6-benzyladenine (BA) 100 mgl-1 and 50 mgl-1 respectively, applied at
different time of blooming period and over a wider range of fruitlet diameter. When BA 100
mgl-1 was applied on cv. 'Golden Delicious', significant reduction in final fruit number
per tree was observed if applied at the end of blooming period or when fruitlet diameters
were 6 mm, 15 mm or 20 mm, but thinning was not significant if applied at full bloom or at
10 mm or 25 mm fruitlet diameter. The share of bigger fruits of cv. 'Golden Delicious'
(> 65mm) was increased at all BA application time treatments, but significantly only in
the treatment of hand thinned trees. Regarding the BA applications carried out on cv.
'Idared', significant thinning response was noticed in the case of BA sprayed at the end
of bloom and at 10 mm of fruit diameter. The mean fruit weight of cv. 'Idared' apples was
increased significantly only if BA was applied at 10 mm fruitlet diameter. Although the
thinning results were inconsistent for two studied cultivars it was demonstrated from the
trial that BA could be active as a thinner if applied over a wider phenological interval,
at the end of blooming period up to 20 mm fruitlet diameter.
Key words: apple (Malus x domestica Borkh.), 6-benzyladenine, flower thinning, fruit
thinning, fruitlet diameter
IZVLEČEK
VPLIV ČASA APLIKACIJE 6-BENZILADENINA NA REDČENJE PLODIČEV JABLANE
PRI SORTAH 'ZLATI DELIŠES' IN 'IDARED'
Redčenje plodičev jablane smo proučevali po aplikaciji pripravka 6-benziladenina
(BA) v koncentraciji 100 mgl-1 pri sorti 'Zlati delišes' ter 50 mgl-1 pri sorti 'Idared',
škropljenega ob različnem času cvetenja ter pri različni velikosti plodičev. Pri
sorti 'Zlati delišes' je tretiranje z BA vplivalo na statistično značilno zmanjšanje
števila plodov ob obiranju, če je bilo izvedeno ob koncu cvetenja ter pri velikosti
plodičev 6 mm, 15 mm in 20 mm, medtem ko v primeru tretiranja v času polnega cvetenja
ter pri velikosti plodičev 10 mm in 25 mm redčenje ni bilo statistično značilno. Pri
sorti 'Zlati delišes' se je delež plodov večjih od > 65 mm sicer povečal pri vseh
časovnih BA aplikacijah, vendar je bilo povečanje deleža le-teh statistično značilno
le v primeru obravnavanja z ročnim redčenjem. Pri sorti 'Idared' je tretiranje z BA v
različnem času povzročilo statistično značilno redčenje pri aplikaciji BA ob koncu
cvetenja ter pri 10 mm premera plodičev. Povprečna masa plodov ob obiranju pri sorti
'Idared' pa se je statistično značilno povečala le pri tretiranju z BA pri 10 mm
premera plodičev. Kljub temu, da se rezultati redčenja razlikujejo pri posameznih BA
obravnavanjih med proučevanima sortama, je iz poskusa razvidno, da je BA učinkovito
sredstvo za redčenje plodičev pri uporabi v širšem fenološkem intervalu, od konca
cvetenja pa do 20 mm premera plodičev.
Ključne besede: jablana (Malus x domestica Borkh.), 6-benziladenin, redčenje cvetov,
redčenje plodičev, premer plodičev
Comparison of tannin concentration in young plants of
common and tartary buckwheat
Drena GADŽO, Mirha DJIKIĆ, Teofil GAVRIĆ, Petra ŠTREKELJ
IZVLEČEK
The aim of this study was to compare the tannin concentration of young common and
tartary buckwheat plants. Tannins are a group of polyphenols, formed as secondary
metabolites in plants. Tannins are known as antioxidants and have chemoprotective
potential. They occur in many fruits and drinks, such as tea, beer, wine and juices,
making them significant in human nutrition. Concentration of tannins was high in upper
leaves of tartary buckwheat and in young plants of common buckwheat cv. Bosanka. There are
interesting differences between tannin concentration in Bosanka young plants and tartary
and Darja buckwheat young plants.
Key words: common buckwheat, tartary buckwheat, tannins, fertilization
IZVLEČEK
PRIMERJAVA KONCENTRACIJE TANINOV V MLADIH RASTLINAH NAVADNE IN TATARSKE
AJDE
Namen raziskave je primerjava koncentracije tanina v rastlinah navadne in tatarske
ajde. Tanini spadajo v skupino polifenolov in so sekundarni produkti metabolizma rastlin.
Tanini so močni antioksidanti in delujejo zavirajoče proti nekaterim vrstam raka.
Najdemo jih v sadju, čaju, vinu in sokovih, raziskava taninov je pomembna za prehrano
ljudi. Koncentracija taninov je bila visoka v zgornjih listih tatarske ajde in mladih
rastlinah Bosanke. Pomembne so razlike med koncentracijami taninov pri mladih rastlinah
Bosanke in mladih rastlinah tatarske ajde ter Darje.
Ključne besede: navadna ajda, tatarska ajda, tanini, gnojenje
Soil organic matter content according to different
management system within long-term experiment
Monika CVETKOV, Igor ŠANTAVEC, Darja KOCJAN AČKO, Anton TAJNŠEK
IZVLEČEK
Within the long-term field experiments at IOSDV Rakičan, Slovenia, the impact of
organic matter management system and mineral nitrogen fertilization on the soil organic
matter content was studied in the period 1994-2008. The annual balance of Corg was
calculated on the basis of the quantity of added organic fertilizers ("Bavarian
method", "VDLUFA method"), while the "Swiss method" also consider
the quantity of Corg in the topsoil in the calculation. The following management systems
were selected: system A - no organic matter, system B - farmyard manure ploughing in,
system C - straw/catch crop ploughing in. Four different mineral N rates (N0, N1, N2, N3)
were evaluated. In 2008 the Corg content in topsoil (0-25 cm) was measured according to
ISO 10694. Farmyard manure (FYM) fertilization significantly influenced the content of
Corg, while the straw application did not result in the significant increase of Corg
content. Mineral nitrogen fertilization did not impact Corg content within system A. In
system B and system C positive effect of nitrogen fertilization on the Corg content was
detected. However, statistically significant impact of mineral N on a higher Corg content
was not determined. All three methods underestimated the actual analysed results,
although, we can determine the "Swiss method" as the most precise and
appropriate for this site-specific location.
Key words: organic fertilizers, farmyard manure, straw, N fertilizers, Corg content,
humus balance, humus balance calculation methods
IZVLEČEK
VSEBNOST ORGANSKE SNOVI V TLEH V ODVISNOSTI OD NAČINA GOSPODARJENJA
ZNOTRAJ TRAJNEGA POSKUSA
V statičnem poskusu IOSDV Rakičan, Slovenija smo preučevali vpliv gospodarjenja z
organskimi gnojili in vpliv gnojenja z mineralnimi dušikom na vsebnost organske snovi v
tleh v letih 1994 do 2008. Letna bilanca Corg je bila izračunana na podlagi količin
dodanih organskih gnojil pri "Bavarski metodi" in " VDLUFA metodi",
medtem ko se je pri " Švicarski metodi" v izračunih upoštevalo tudi stanje
Corg v tleh. Vključeni sistemi gospodarjenja so bili: sistem A - gospodarjenje brez
organskega gnojenja, sistem B - gnojenje s hlevskim gnojem, sistem C - zaoravanje
slame/podorin. Preučevane so bile štiri stopnje gnojenja z mineralnim dušikom: N0, N1,
N2 in N3. V letu 2008 je bila izmerjena vsebnost Corg v globini od 0 do 25 cm po standardu
ISO 10694. Gnojenje s hlevskim gnojem je značilno povečalo vsebnost Corg, medtem ko
gnojenje s slamo ni imelo takšnega vpliva. V sistemu brez organskih gnojil gnojenje z
mineralnim dušikom ni doprineslo k povečanju vsebnosti Corg. Kljub pozitivnemu vplivu
gnojenja z mineralnim dušikom na vsebnost Corg v sistemu B in C, pa vpliv ni bil
statistično značilen. Izračuni vseh treh metod podcenijo dejanske rezultate
laboratorijskih analiz posameznega vzorca. Še najbolj se omenjenim rezultatom približajo
vsebnosti Corg, izračunane s "Švicarsko metodo", zato lahko povzamemo, da je
slednja najbolj primerna za določitev Corg za preučevano lokacijo.
Ključne besede: organska gnojila, hlevski gnoj, slama, mineralni dušik, vsebnost
Corg, bilanca humusa, metode izračunavanja bilance humusa
Biotično zatiranje kostanjeve šiškarice (Dryocosmus
kuriphilus Yasumatsu, Hymenoptera, Cynipidae)
Katarina KOS, Stanislav TRDAN
IZVLEČEK
Kostanjevo šiškarico, Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), štejemo med
najpomembnejše škodljivce kostanja (Castanea sp. in Castanopsis sp.) na različnih
območjih sveta. Ličinke te osice povzročjo nastanek šišk na vrhu poganjkov in na
listnih žilah, kar močno poslabša zdravstveno stanje kostanja in zmanjša pridelek
plodov. Kostanjeva šiškarica izvira s Kitajske, v Evropo in po svetu pa se je razširila
z napadenim rastlinskim materialom. V Sloveniji se je prvič pojavila leta 2004 na
Goriškem, v sosednji Italiji pa se je pojavila že tri leta prej in se je že razširila
po skoraj celi državi. V nasadih kostanja v Italiji že povzroča veliko škodo. Za
najbolj učinkovit ukrep zatiranja kostanjeve šiškarice velja vnos parazitoidnih osic,
ki parazitirajo kostanjevo šiškarico in tako pomembno omejujejo škodo, nastalo zaradi
tega škodljivca. Najbolj učinkovita je osica Torymus sinensis (Hymenoptera: Torymidae),
ki izvira s Kitajske in so jo že uspešno vnesli v nasade kostanja na Japonskem. Znani so
tudi drugi parazitoidi, ki pa so manj učinkoviti biotični agensi za zatiranje kostanjeve
šiškarice. 15 vrst parazitoidov, ki so jih doslej našli v šiškah kostanjeve
šiškarice, je prisotnih tudi v sosednji Italiji. V Sloveniji zaenkrat še nismo odkrili
domorodnih vrst parazitoidov kostanjeve šiškarice, vendar raziskave potekajo, saj je
velika nevarnost, da se bo škodljivec v prihodnjih letih razširi po vsej Sloveniji.
Ključne besede: kostanjeva šiškarica, Dryocosmus kuriphilus, biotično
varstvo, naravni sovražniki, parazitoidi, Torymus sinensis
ABSTRACT
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF CHESTNUT GALL WASP (Dryocosmus kuriphilus
Yasumatsu, Hymenoptera: Cynipidae)
The chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), is considered
to be one of the most important pest of chestnut (Castanea sp. and Castanopsis sp.)
worldwide. The larvae of chestnut gall wasp feed on plant tissue, causing formation of
galls on the shoots and leaf veins, resulting in severe reduction of fruit yield and
vitality of plant. The wasp is of Chinese origin and it invaded Europe and the rest of the
world with infected plant material. In Slovenia, chestnut gall wasp appears in Goriška
region in 2004 for the first time, but in Italy it appeared three years earlier and is yet
widespread in chestnut orchards and forests causing great damage. Introducing parasitoid
wasps of chestnut gall wasp seems to be the most promising biological control method to
reduce this pest and its damage. The most effective parasitoid species is Torymus sinensis
(Hymenoptera: Torymidae), which originate from China and it has been yet successfully
introduced and widespread in Japan. The chestnut gall wasp has many parasitoids, but they
are not that effective in reducing the population of the pest. 15 species of chestnut gall
wasp are presented in Italy. In Slovenia, we have not found any native chestnut gall wasp
parasitoids yet, but the research is in process, because of the danger of spreading this
important pest throughout Slovenia chestnut orchards and forests.
Key words: chestnut gall wasp, Dryocosmus kuriphilus, biological control, natural
enemies, parasitoids, Torymus sinensis
Spremembe agro-klimatskih spremeljivk v Sloveniji v
zadnjih desetletjih
Lučka KAJFEŽ-BOGATAJ , Tjaša POGAČAR, Andrej CEGLAR, Zalika
ČREPINŠEK
IZVLEČEK
Kmetijstvo je v veliki meri odvisno od vremena oz. od podnebnih razmer. Kmetijstvo ima
ob vse izrazitejših podnebnih spremembah pomembno vlogo pri njihovem blaženju, hkrati pa
se mora nanje tudi prilagajati. Za razvoj strategij prilagajanja je potrebno poznavanje
vzorcev spreminjanja različnih agro-meteoroloških kazalcev, zato je namen tega prispevka
ovrednotiti spremembe ključnih agro-meteoroloških spremenljivk nad območjem Slovenije.
Obravnavali smo spremembe temperatur, števila hladnih, toplih ter vročih dni,
evapotranspiracije, količine padavin in drugih izvedenih spremenljivk. Za izračun
sprememb smo niz meteoroloških podatkov razdelili v izhodiščno obdobje (1961 - 1990)
ter primerjalno obdobje (1991 - 2007), za izračun trendov pa smo uporabili kar celoten
niz meteoroloških podatkov med leti 1961 ter 2007. Povprečna letna temperatura zraka se
je v primerjalnem obdobju povečala med 0,7 °C ter 1,4 °C, izrazit pa je tudi dvig
povprečne maksimalne temperature zraka. Izrazito je tudi povečanje števila vročih dni
ter zmanjšanje števila hladnih dni. Pri padavinah so opazne spremembe izrazito sezonsko
ter regionalno pogojene; tako se je količina padavin zmanjšala pozimi, jeseni pa
povečala. Izrazito pozitiven trend je razviden pri poletni evapotranspiraciji, pri čemer
so vrednosti trenda najvišje julija (na Goriški ter Obalno-kraški regiji celo 30 mm/10
let).
Ključne besede: podnebne spremembe, prilagajanje, agro-meteorološki kazalci, trend,
temperatura, padavine, evapotrans-piracija, Winklerjev indeks, Huglinov indeks
ABSTRACT
TRENDS IN AGRO-CLIMATE VARIABLES IN SLOVENIA
Agriculture crucially depends on climate conditions. It has a significant role in
mitigating climate change but it also has to adopt certain adaptation measures in order to
preserve sustainability. Development of adaptation measures is based on knowledge about
agro-meteorological variables. The purpose of this work is therefore to assess changes of
most important agro-meteorological variables over Slovenia. These variables include
temperature, precipitation, number of hot, warm and cold days, evapotranspiration,
precipitation amount and other indices. For the calculation purposes we divided time
series of meteorological variables into comparison period (1991 - 2007) which was compared
to the base period (1961 - 1990). Average annual temperature has risen for about 0.7 °C
to 1.4 °C, the rise in maximum temperature is even more pronounced. The number of hot
days has increased whereas the number of cold days has decreased. Precipitation has
decreased in winter and increased in autumn, changes in spring and summer exhibit spatial
dependency and are in general lower. Summer evapotranspiration exhibits significant
positive trend, which is most pronounced in south-eastern part of Slovenia (30 mm/10
years).
Key words: climate change, adaptation, agro-meteorological variables, trends, air
temperature, precipitation, evapotranspi-ration, Winkler's index, Huglin's index |
