The natural occurrence of toxigenic moulds and
mycotoxins in Slovenian primary grain production
Breda JAKOVAC-STRAJN, Anton VENGUŠT, Igor UJČIČ-VRHOVNIK,
Katarina PAVŠIČ-VRTAČ, Gabrijela TAVČAR-KALCHER
ABSTRACT
The aim of the present study was to determine the contamination of grains, grown in
Slovenia and used for animal diets by Slovene farmers in year 2009. A total of 66 samples
was examined on toxigenic moulds from genera Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus,
Alternaria and on 8 different mycotoxins. The leading contaminants among moulds were from
Fusarium spp., detected in 51 samples, mostly in barley (19). The average number of
Fusarium spp. colony forming units (cfu) in different grains was from 5.5-23.3 x 103/g,
whereas the contamination of barley with Penicillium, Aspergillus and Alternaria spp. was
4.5, 19.3 and 5 x 103 cfu/g. Using liquid (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC) methods, the
presence of various mycotoxins (expressed for 12% of moisture content) was proved in 57.6%
of all samples; mostly deoxynivalenol (DON, 54.5%) in concentrations of 130-2860 ?g/kg,
followed by zearalenone (ZON, 15.1%, 70-800 ?g/kg), fumonisin B1 (3%, 120-210 ?g/kg),
while fumonisin B2, ochratoxin A, diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), HT-2 and T-2 toxins were not
detected. The results indicate that further control of toxigenic moulds and mycotoxins in
Slovenian primary grain production is thus required and justified.
Keywords: animal feed, grains, grains-microbiology, mycotoxins-analysis, Slovenia
IZVLEČEK
NARAVNA KONTAMINACIJA ŽIT IZ PRIMARNE PROIZVODNJE V SLOVENIJI S
TOKSIGENIMI PLESNIMI IN MIKOTOKSINI
Z raziskavo smo želeli dobiti vpogled v kontaminacijo žit, ki so jih kmetje v
Sloveniji pridelali in uporabili za prehrano živali v letu 2009. Na toksigene plesni iz
rodu Fusarium, Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria in 8 različnih mikotoksinov smo
preiskali skupno 66 vzorcev. Najbolj razširjene so bile plesni iz rodu Fusarium.
Izolirali smo jih iz 51 vzorcev, najpogosteje iz ječmena (19). Njihovo povprečno
število kolonij (cfu) je bilo v različnih žitih od 5,5-23,3 x 103/g, v ječmenu pa je
bilo 4,5, 19,3 in 5 x 103 cfu/g kolonij plesni iz rodu Penicillium, Aspergillus in
Alternaria. S tekočinsko (HPLC) in plinsko kromatografijo (GC) smo dokazali različne
mikotoksine (rezultati so izraženi pri 12% vsebnosti vlage vzorca) v 57,6% vseh
preiskanih vzorcev. Največ vzorcev je vsebovalo deoksinivalenol (DON, 54,5%) v
koncentraciji od 130-2860 ?g/kg, sledijo zearalenon (ZON, 15,1%, 70-800 ?g/kg) in
fumonizin B1 (3%, 120-210 ?g/kg). Fumonizinov B2, ohratoksina A, diacetoksiscirpenola
(DAS), HT-2 in T-2 toksina nismo dokazali v nobenem vzorcu. Rezultati kažejo, da je
nadaljnja kontrola toksigenih plesni in mikotoksinov v krmi iz primarne pridelave v
Sloveniji vsekakor potrebna in upravičena.
Ključne besede: krma, žita-mikrobiologija, mikotoksini-analize, Slovenija
Testing the efficacy of different substances against
Arion slugs (Arionidae) under laboratory conditions
Žiga LAZNIK, Maja MIHIČINAC, Jaka RUPNIK, Matej VIDRIH, Igor
PRŠA, Stanislav TRDAN
ABSTRACT
In 2008 and 2009 we studied molluscicidal activity of 26 substances in 89 different
treatments under laboratory conditions. The experiments in which slugs (Arion spp.) were a
part took place in two series: 1) with the injection of active substances in slug
intestines; and 2) with the application of pellets. After giving the injection we observed
100% mortality of slugs in treatments with Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (0.25 ml
in 10% concentration/individual), caffeine (0.25 ml in 10% concentration/individual),
sodium dodecyl sulphate (0.25 ml in 10% concentration/individual, 0.125 ml in 10%
concentration/individual, 0.125 ml in 5% concentration/individual, 0.0625 ml in 10%
concentration/individual), and pirimicarb (0.25 ml in 10% concentration/individual, 0.125
ml in 10% concentration/individual, 0.125 ml in 5% concentration/individual, 0.0625 ml in
10% concentration/individual). Meanwhile, the application of pellets resulted in the
highest (100%) slug mortality when sodium dodecyl sulphate in 0.5% concentration with
caraway as a supplement was used.
Keywords: laboratory experiment, Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki,
caffeine, sodium dodecyl sulphate, pirimicarb, slugs, Arion spp., molluscicides, efficacy
IZVLEČEK
PREIZKUŠANJE UČINKOVITOSTI RAZLIČNIH SNOVI ZA ZATIRANJE
LAZARJEV (Arion spp., Arionidae) V LABORATORIJSKIH RAZMERAH
V letih 2008 in 2009 smo v laboratorijskih razmerah preizkušali limacidno delovanje 26
snovi v 89 različnih obravnavanjih. Poskusi, v katere smo vključili polže lazarje
(Arion spp.), so potekali v dveh serijah, in sicer z injiciranjem aktivne snovi v
prebavilo polžev in z uporabo pelet. Pri injiciranju smo 100 % smrtnost polžev ugotovili
v obravnavanju z bakterijo Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (0,25 ml v 10 %
koncentraciji/osebek), kofeinom (0,25 ml v 10 % koncentraciji/osebek), natrijevim dodecil
sulfatom (0,25 ml v 10 % koncentraciji/osebek; 0,125 ml v 10 % koncentraciji/osebek; 0,125
ml v 5 % koncentraciji/osebek; 0,0625 ml v 10 % koncentraciji/osebek), in pirimikarbom
(0,25 ml v 10 % koncentraciji/osebek; 0,125 ml v 10 % koncentraciji/osebek; 0,125 ml v 5 %
koncentraciji/osebek; 0,0625 ml v 10 % koncentraciji/osebek), medtem ko smo največjo (100
%) smrtnost polžev pri uporabi pelet dosegli z natrijevim dodecil sulfatom v 0,5 %
koncentraciji z dodatkom kumine.
Ključne besede: laboratorijski poskus, Bacillus thuringiensis var.
kurstaki, kofein, natrijev dodecil sulfat, pirimikarb, lazarji, Arion spp., limacidi,
učinkovitost
.
Activity of entomopathogenic nematodes (Rhabditida)
against cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus [L.], Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) adults under
laboratory conditions
Žiga LAZNIK, Melita ŠTRUKELJ, Stanislav TRDAN
ABSTRACT
In 2009, three Slovenian strains of entomopathogenic nematodes) and commercial product
Entonem (active ingredient S. feltiae), were tested under laboratory conditions for their
activity against adult cereal leaf beetles (Oulema melanopus). The nematode strains were
tested at four different doses (250, 500, 1000, and 2000 infective juveniles/adult) and at
three temperatures (15, 20, and 25 ?C). Steinernema carpocapsae strain C101 was the most
effective and showed itself to be a good alternative to chemical insecticides, and appears
to have the highest potential for controlling overwintered cereal leaf beetles under field
conditions. In our bioassay the temperature had the greatest influence on the efficacy of
the entomopathogenic nematode strains; both S. feltiae treatments (strain B30 and Entonem)
proved to work better at the lowest temperature, however the strain H. bacteriophora D54
had its best efficacy at the highest temperature in the experiment. Several species (S.
feltiae and S. carpocapsae) have been efficient at lower suspension concentrations, which
enables their economical usage against the cereal leaf beetle in integrated cereal
production in the future.
Key words: entomopathogenic nematodes, Oulema melanopus, biological
control, laboratory experiment
IZVLEČEK
DELOVANJE ENTOMOPATOGENIH OGORČIC (Rhabditida) NA ODRASLE
OSEBKE RDEČEGA ŽITNEGA STRGAČA (Oulema melanopus [L.], Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) V
LABORATORIJSKIH RAZMERAH
V letu 2009 smo v laboratorijskem poskusu preizkušali učinkovitost treh domačih ras
entomopatogenih ogorčic in komercialnega pripravka Entonem (aktivna snov S. feltiae)
zoper odrasle osebke rdečega žitnega strgača (Oulema melanopus). Delovanje
entomopatogenih ogorčic smo preizkušali pri štirih različnih koncentracijah (250, 500,
1000 in 2000 infektivnih ličink/osebek) in treh različnih temperaturah (15, 20 in 25
?C). Rasa C101 vrste Steinernema carpocapsae je bila najbolj učinkovita in bi lahko
predstavljala dobro alternativo kemičnim insekticidom pri zatiranju prezimljenih odraslih
osebkov rdečega žitnega strgača na prostem. V našem poskusu je imela največji vpliv
na delovanje entomopatogenih ogorčic temperatura; obe obravnavanji z vrsto S. feltiae
(rasa B30 in Entonem) sta bili učinkoviti tudi pri nižjih temperaturah, rasa D54 vrste
H. bacteriophora pa je najbolje delovala pri najvišji temperaturi v poskusu. Ogorčici S.
feltiae in S. carpocapsae sta zadovoljivo učinkovali tudi pri nižji koncentraciji
suspenzije ogorčic, kar omogoča večjo gospodarnost rabo njihove uporabe pri zatiranju
odraslih osebkov rdečega žitnega strgača v integrirani pridelavi žit v prihodnje.
Key words: entomopatogene ogorčice, Oulema melanopus, biotično
varstvo, laboratorijski poskus
Cabbage moth (Mamestra brassicae [L.]) and bright-line
brown-eyes moth (Mamestra oleracea [L.]) - presentation of the species, their monitoring
and control measures
Marko DEVETAK, Matej VIDRIH, Stanislav TRDAN
ABSTRACT
The paper describes polyphagous pests, the cabbage moth (Mamestra brassicae) and
bright-line brown-eyes moth (Mamestra oleracea), which were not systematically
investigated up to now in Slovenia. The cabbage moth, which is more abundant, preferably
attacks Brassica plants, and its caterpillars are especially harmful in the cabbage. The
paper deals with the morphology, distribution and methods of monitoring the pest
populations and discuss on their control. The protection of vegetables from both pests is
primarily based on the use of chemical insecticides. However, the use of natural enemies
and various agro-technical measures can also be very important in diminishing the
populations of the pests. With interlacing of all of these approaches, healthy and quality
food can be produced even in the growing seasons with high attack of the pests mentioned.
Key words: cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae, bright-line brown-eyes
moth, Mamestra oleracea, presentation, distribution, damage, monitoring, control
IZVLEČEK
KAPUSOVA SOVKA (Mamestra brassicae [L.]) IN ZELENJADNA SOVKA
(Mamestra oleracea [L.]) - PREDSTAVITEV VRST IN UKREPOV ZA NJIHOVO SPREMLJANJE IN
ZATIRANJE
V prispevku sta predstavljena polifagna škodljivca, kapusova sovka (Mamestra
brassicae) in zelenjadna sovka (Mamestra oleracea), ki v Sloveniji doslej nista bila
načrtneje preučevana. Kapusova sovka, ki se pri nas pojavlja bolj številčno, najraje
napada kapusnice, njene gosenice pa se najraje hranijo na zelju. V prispevku predstavljamo
morfologijo, razširjenost, način spremljanja sezonske dinamike vrst ter njuno zatiranje.
Varstvo vrtnin pred kapusovo sovko in zelenjadno sovko še vedno temelji zlasti na uporabi
kemičnih insekticidov, čeprav je številčnost populacij omenjenih škodljivcev mogoče
zmanjšati tudi z naravnimi sovražniki in ustreznimi agrotehničnimi ukrepi. S
prepletanjem omenjenih ukrepov je namreč mogoče tudi ob močnem napadu pridelati zdrav
in kakovosten živež.
Ključne besede: kapusova sovka, Mamestra brassicae, zelenjadna sovka,
Mamestra oleracea, predstavitev, razširjenost, škodljivost, spremljanje, zatiranje
Evaluation of buckwheat sprouts as microgreens
Dagmar JANOVSKÁ, Lenka ŠTOČKOVÁ, Zdeněk STEHNO
ABSTRACT
Microgreens from common and tartary buckwheat genotypes were evaluated for total
flavonoid content (rutin, quercetine and kaempferol separately), bound phenolic acids
content, carotenoids and -tocopherol content and antioxidant activity. The results have
shown that in common and tartary buckwheat microgreens antioxidant activity was found.
High level of flavonoids, carotenoids, and -tocopherol was detected as well. Higher amount
of flavonoids was found out in tartary buckwheat microgreens. No significant differences
were detected between common and tartary buckwheat microgreens in content of phenolic
acids. Microgreens of both common and tartary buckwheat represent potential nutritional
sources for alternative vegetable in the Czech Republic.
Key words: buckwheat, microgreens, flavonoids, rutin, phenolic acids, carotenoids,
antioxidant activity
IZVLEČEK
PREHRANSKE LASTNOSTI MLADIH RASTLIN AJDE
Vsebnost celokupnih flavonoidov (posebej rutina, kvercetina in kempferola), vezanih
fenolnih kislin, karotenoidov, -tokoferola in antioksidantna aktivnost so bili raziskani
pri mladih rastlinah navadne in tatarske ajde. Ugotovljena je antioksidativna aktivnost
izvlečkov mladih rastlin navadne in tatarske ajde ter visoka vsebnost flavonoidov,
karotenoidov in -tokoferola. Posebej visoka vsebnost flavonoidov je bila ugotovljena pri
tatarski ajdi, medtem ko glede na vsebnost fenolnih snovi ni bilo razlike med mladimi
rastlinami navadne in tatarske ajde. Mlade rastline tako navadne kot tatarske ajde so
možen alternativni vir zelenjave v Češki republiki
Ključne besede: ajda, mlade rastline, flavonoidi, fenolne kisline,
karotenoidi, antioksidativna aktivnost
Impacts of gibberellin (GA3) on sensorial quality and
storability of table grape (Vitis vinifera L.)
Denis RUSJAN
ABSTRACT
The eventual impacts of the gibberellin (GA3) application on grapevine (Vitis vinifera
L.) varieties 'Cardinal' and 'Michele Palieri', on grape quality and their storage
potential were studied. The grape quality was determined as individual and total
carbohydrates and organic acids, but also the external skin colouration was measured. The
measurement of polyphenol oxidases (PPO) activity was contributed to clearly understand
storage potential. During the grape maturation the statistical differences in grape
quality were observed according to the treatments. The treatments with GA3 showed similar
and related impacts on grape quality at both varieties only at harvest, where the
statistically highest total sugar concentration (223-226 g kg-1) was determined at 50 ppm,
followed by 20 ppm (216-223 g kg-1) and the lowest 201-220 g kg-1 at control. The organic
acid concentrations in the grape of both varieties did not show any similar correlation
according to treatments. The PPO activities were slightly higher at mature grape of
'Cardinal' (2.5-3.0 ?A min-1g-1) compared to 'Michele Palieri' (1.0-1.2 ?A min-1g-1), and
the activities at both varieties during storage decreased. At harvest the CIRG indices of
'Cardinal' (5.5-6.1) and of 'Michele Palieri' (6.6-6.9) did not statistically differ among
treatments as at the end of storage, where the highest indices were calculated at
treatment 50 ppm at both varieties. The grape quality of table grape responded differently
to GA3 applications, especially the different impacts were observed according to
varieties.
Key words: carbohydrate, organic acid, gibberellin, PPO, quality
IZVLEČEK
VPLIV GIBERELINOV (GA3) NA SENZORIČNO KAKOVOST IN
SKLADIŠČENJE NAMIZNEGA GROZDJA (Vitis vinifera L.)
V poskusu smo vrednotili morebitne vplive uporabe giberelinov (GA3) pri pridelavi
žlahtnih vinskih trt (Vitis vinifera L.) na kakovost namiznega grozdja sort 'Cardinal' in
'Michele Palieri' in njun potencial za skladiščenje. Kakovost grozdja smo opisali z
vsebnostjo posameznih in skupnih ogljikovih hidratov in organskih kislin, kot tudi z barvo
kožice jagod. Potencial skladiščenja smo določili z merjenjem aktivnosti polifenol
oksidaz (PPO). Med zorenjem grozdja so se v kakovosti grozdja med obravnavanji pokazale
statistično značilne razlike. Tretiranja z GA3 imajo enak vpliv na kakovost grozdja obeh
sort, vendar samo ob trgatvi, ko so se statistično značilne največje vsebnosti skupnih
sladkorjev (223-226 g kg-1) pokazale pri 50 ppm, sledita še 20 ppm (216-223 g kg-1) in
najmanjša vsebnost pri kontroli (201-220 g kg-1). Vsebnosti organskih kislin se niso
odzvale na uporabo GA3. Aktivnost PPO je bila nekoliko večja pri sorti 'Cardinal'
(2.5-3.0 ?A min-1g-1), kot pa pri sorti 'Michele Palieri' (1.0-1.2 ?A min-1g-1), vendar se
je le-ta pri obeh sortah med skladiščenjem precej zmanjšala. Povprečni CIRG indeks
kožice jagod je bil pri sorti 'Cardinal' 5,5-6,1, medtem ko pri sorti 'Michele Palieri'
6,6-6,9 in statistično neznačilen med obravnavanji, čeprav se je povprečno največji
indeks pri obeh sortah pokazal pri 50 ppm. Kakovost grozdja se pri različnih sortah
različno odziva na uporabo giberelinov GA3.
Ključne besede: ogljikovi hidrati, organske kisline, giberelini, PPO,
kakovost
Potato yield and tuber quality in 75 cm and 90 cm wide
ridges
Rajko BERNIK, Tone GODEŠA, Peter DOLNIČAR, Filip VUČAJNK
ABSTRACT
In 2002, 2003, and 2004, a field trial was carried out in three locations in Slovenia,
i.e., Pšata, Brnik, and Brežice with two different inter-row widths (IRWs) of 75 cm and
90 cm using three different potato cultivars (i.e., Agria, Bright, and Carlingford). The
aim of this trial was to determine the influence of inter-row width (75 cm or 90 cm) with
three potato cultivars on the market yield, the yield of green tubers, the cross-sectional
area of the ridge, and the percentage of tubers with a hollow heart or blackspot. The
trial was designed in the form of split plots with five repetitions. In the years with
abundant rainfall during the period of growth (2002 and 2004), when plants completely
covered the ground, the market yield at the 90 cm IRW was higher than at the 75 cm IRW. In
2003, however, the market yield was higher at the 75 cm IRW. The yield of green tubers was
lower at the 90 cm IRW than at the 75 cm IRW, due to a larger cross-sectional area of the
ridge (> 1000 cm2). Thus, the soil covering of tubers in the ridge was better. The
hollow heart and blackspot disorders affecting the tubers depend more on the
susceptibility of a particular cultivar and the meteorological conditions during the
period of growth than the IRW. The findings showed that the Agria cultivar was more
susceptible to the hollow heart disorder, particularly in the years with a higher yield
with thicker tubers (2002 and 2004). The Bright cultivar was affected by blackspot in
2003, the year with a lack of rainfall.
Keywords: potato, ridge, cultivator, ridger, inter-row width, cultivar
IZVLEČEK
PRIDELEK TER KAKOVOST GOMOLJEV PRI 75 IN 90 CM ŠIROKIH GREBENIH
V letih 2002, 2003 in 2004 smo na Pšati, Brniku in v Brežicah izvajali poljski poskus
z dvema medvrstnima razdaljama (MVR) 75 in 90 cm ter s tremi sortami krompirja Agria,
Bright in Carlingford. Namen poskusa je bil ugotoviti vpliv MVR 75 in 90 cm pri treh
sortah krompirja na tržni pridelek gomoljev, na pridelek zelenih gomoljev, na površino
prečnega preseka grebena in na odstotek gomoljev z votlim srcem in rjavo pegavostjo.
Poskus je bil zasnovan v obliki deljenih blokov s petimi ponovitvami. V letih z dovolj
padavinami v rastnem obdobju (leto 2002 in 2004), ko so rastline popolnoma prekrile tla,
je bil tržni pridelek pri MVR 90 cm višji kot pri MVR 75 cm. Ravno nasprotno je bilo v
letu 2003, ko je bil tržni pridelek višji pri MVR 75 cm. Pridelek zelenih gomoljev je
bil pri MVR 90 cm nižji kot pri MVR 75 cm zaradi večje površine prečnega preseka
grebena, ki je znašala več kot 1000 cm2. To je pomenilo boljšo pokritost gomoljev z
zemljo v grebenu. Votlo srce in rjava pegavost na gomoljih sta bolj odvisni od
občutljivosti sorte in vremenskih razmer v rastnem obdobju kot od MVR. Izkazalo se je, da
je sorta Agria bolj občutljiva na votlo srce predvsem v letih z visokimi pridelki in
debelimi gomolji (leto 2002 in 2004). Pri sorti Bright se je rjava pegavost pojavila v
letu 2003, ko je bilo pomanjkanje padavin.
Ključne besede: krompir, greben, okopalnik, osipalnik, medvrstna
razdalja, sorta
Mikrosatelitski markerji uporabni za identifikacijo
kultivarjev vinske trte (Vitis vinifera L.)
Nataša ŠTAJNER
IZVLEČEK
Identifikacija kultivarjev vinske trte z metodami, ki temeljijo na morfoloških
razlikah med rastlinami, je lahko zaradi vpliva ekoloških dejavnikov nepravilna, zato so
bile razvite metode, ki omogočajo analizo kultivarjev na nivoju genotipa. V zadnjih
dvajsetih letih so se uveljavile različne tehnike za karakterizacijo kultivarjev, od
izoencimskih analiz do analiz na nivoju DNA (RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, SCAR in SSR markerji). Med
omenjenimi so se najbolj uveljavili mikrosateliti, ki kažejo največjo informacijsko
vrednostjo polimorfizma in so večinoma zelo variabilni. Sestavljeni so iz kratkih,
tandemsko ponovljivih motivov DNA, ki so prisotni pri večini organizmov. Glavni vzrok
polimorfizma med posamezniki so spremembe v številu ponovitev osnovnega motiva
mikrosatelita. Za izdelavo začetnih oligonukleotidov mikrosatelitskih lokusov so v
začetnih raziskavah uporabili zaporedja obrobnih regij že znanih mikrosatelitov, ki so
bila shranjena v podatkovnih bazah DNA. Kasneje pa se je strategija razvijala v smeri
nastanka genomskih knjižnic obogatenih z mikrosateliti. Pri vinski trti je bilo razvitih
več kot 500 mikrosatelitskih markerjev in njihov izredni potencial in uporabnost pri
določanju kultivarjev vinske trte in podlag je bil dokazan v številnih raziskavah. Za
genotipizacijo se večinoma uporablja set šestih oz. devetih mikrosatelitskih markerjev
(označevalcev), ki so zelo polimorfni in najbolj primerni za ugotavljanje genetske
variabilnosti med evropskimi kultivarji vinske trte. Uporaba enotnega seta markerjev ter
vključevanje referenčnih kultivarjev v analize genotipizacije omogoča primerjave
genotipov med različnimi raziskovalnimi skupinami, in tako lahko rešujemo številne
dilem o sinonimih, homonimih ali o izvoru sort vinske trte.
Ključne besede: mikrosateliti, SSR markerji (označevalci), vinska
trta, Vitis vinifera L.
ABSTRACT
MICROSATLLITE MARKERS FOR CULTIVAR IDENTIFICATION IN GRAPEVINE
(Vitis vinifera L.)
Identification of grapevine cultivars using methods based on morphological differences
between plants may be incorrect due to the influence of environmental factors. For these
reasons, alternative methods for cultivar identification, which better illustrate
differences at the genotype level, were developed. The diverse techniques for the
molecular characterization (isoenzyme, RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, SCAR and SSR markers) developed
in the past twenty years have been also applied to the grapevines. Among them,
microsatellites show the best value of polymorphism information and are generally very
variable. Microsatellites consist of short, tandem repeated DNA motifs and are ubiquitous
in most organisms. The polymorphism among individuals is due to changes in the number of
repeat units. In the early studies primers for the PCR amplification of the microsatellite
loci were designed on the basis of the microsatellite sequences already existing in the
Gene Bank databases. Subsequently a strategy was developed towards the construction of a
genomic libraries enriched in microsatellites. A large number of microsatellite markers
(more than 500) have been developed in grapevines and their extraordinary potential in
determining grapevine cultivars and rootstocks was confirmed by numerous studies. The set
of six or nine microsatellite markers, which are highly polymorphic and the most
appropriate to determine the genetic variability among the European grapevine cultivars,
is mainly used in the genotyping analysis. Using a definite set of markers and the
integration of reference cultivars in the genotyping analysis allows comparison of
genotypes between different research groups, and thus allows solving many dilemmas of
synonyms, homonyms and origin or grape varieties.
Key words: microsatellites, SSR markers, grapevines, Vitis vinifera L.
Kemična komunikacija med parazitoidi in organizmi z
drugih trofičnih nivojev
Katarina KOS, Helena ROJHT, Stanislav TRDAN
IZVLEČEK
Vsi organizmi v ekosistemu so biokemično povezani. Semiokemikalije v receptorjih
dražljajev vzbudijo vedenjske ali fiziološke odzive, kar privede do interakcije med
dajalcem in prejemnikom dražljajev. Medvrstne semiokemikalije, ki jih imenujemo
alelokemikalije, povezujejo organizme z različnih trofičnih nivojev in omogočajo
naravnim sovražnikom najti gostitelje ali plen in jih prepoznati kot ustrezne. Tudi
gostiteljske rastline v tem sistemu niso nevtralne in tako se lahko rastlinojedi ter
njihovi naravni sovražniki odzovejo na njihove dražljaje. Številni parazitoidi se
odzivajo na vonj rastlin in lahko ločijo med nepoškodovanimi rastlinami, napadenimi
rastlinami in celo poškodovanimi rastlinami, na katerih škodljivec ni več prisoten. V
prispevku predstavljamo semiokemikalije, ki so vključene v prehranjevalno verigo
parazitoidov listnih uši.
Ključne besede: semiokemikalije, kemični dražljaji, interakcije
gostiteljska rastlina - škodljivec - naravni sovražniki, parazitoidi
ABSTRACT
CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION BETWEEN PARASITOIDS AND ORGANISMS FROM
OTHER TROPHIC LEVELS
All the organisms in an ecosystem are biochemically linked. Semiochemicals elicit
behavioral and physiological responses in the receiver, which results in the interaction
between the donor and the receiver. Interspecific semiochemicals, called allelochemicals,
connect all trophic levels and so help natural enemies to locate and recognize their hosts
or prey. Also the host plants of herbivores are not neutral substrates, so herbivores and
their natural enemies can respond to elicited cues. Many parasitoids respond to plant
odors and many can also distinguish undamaged from host-infected or previously
host-damaged plants. In this paper we present semiochemicals involved in food chain of
aphid parasitoids.
Key words: semiochemicals, chemical cues, host-plant - herbivore -
natural enemy interactions, parasitoids
Odločitveni dejavniki pri nakupu živil v Sloveniji
Marijan POGAČNIK, Dragan ŽNIDARČIČ
IZVLEČEK
V spletni anketni raziskavi nas je zanimalo, kateri dejavniki so odločilni za nakup
živil v osrednjem in SZ delu Slovenije (Gorenjska). Anketni vzorec je sestavljalo 249
anketirancev. Ugotovili smo, da 79 % anketirancev prideluje pretežno sadje in zelenjavo
na svojem vrtu. Pri tem jih večina uporablja le organska gnojila (76 %), kar kaže na
visoko ozaveščenost ljudi v zvezi z ohranjanjem okolja. Kar 94 % vprašanih nakupuje v
večjih trgovinah (supermarketih), 88 % pa jih ni nikoli kupovalo živil prek interneta.
Pri nakupu potrošniki na pomembno mesto dajejo poznan oziroma slovenski izdelek in
ekološki izdelek, medtem ko cena izdelka ne sodi med pomembnejše motive za nakup.
Rezultati so pokazali, da se za nakup ekološkega proizvoda anketiranci raje odločajo v
ekoloških trgovinah kot v supermarketih.
Ključne besede: živila, navade potrošnikov, trženje, anketa
ABSTRACT
DECISIVE FACTORS WHEN BUYING FOODSTUFF IN SLOVENIA
In the survey that was performed over internet we were looking for factors that are the
most important for buying foodstuff products in central and NW part of Slovenia (Gorenjska
region). Sample: 249 individuals. It was discovered that 79% of respondents on their
gardens grow mostly fruits and vegetables. Mostly (76%) just organic fertilisers are used
that shows high level of conscience towards environment friendly behaviour. As much as 94%
of respondents are buying in supermarkets (bigger points of sale), 88% of them have never
bought foodstuf over net. Knowing the product, ecological product and Slovenian origin are
three important characteristics, where price is supposed not to be a motivator of a buying
decision. Respondents prefer to buy ecological products in an ecological store and not to
buying them in supermarkets.
Key words: foodstuff, consumers' habits, marketing, questionnaire |
