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Antimicrobial activity of essential oils of three
herbs against Listeria monocytogenes on chicken frankfurters
Abdollah GHASEMI PIRBALOUTI, Ebrahim RAHIMI, Sayed Ali MOOSAVI
ABSTRACT
Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen responsible for listeriosis. The
inhibitory effect of essential oils (1% v/w) of Thymus daenensis Celak (Lamiaceae),
Thymbra spicata L. (Lamiaceae) and Satureja bachtiarica Bunge (Lamiaceae) applied to the
surface of chicken frankfurters was determined on L. monocytogenes inoculated at low (103
CFU/g) and high (106 CFU/g) populations and stored for seven and 14 days. The results
showed that L. monocytogenes populations increased during seven and 14 days of storage at
4 °C on control frankfurters without essential oil. The application of 1 % essential oil
(v/w) of herbs to frankfurter surfaces can significantly reduce (p<0.05) the L.
monocytogenes populations as compared to control in two inocula treatments after seven and
14 days of storage at 4 °C.
Key words: Iranian medicinal herbs, Listeria monocytogenes, chicken frankfurters,
essential oil
IZVLEČEK
PROTIMIKROBNA AKTIVNOST ETERIČNIH OLJ TREH ZELIŠČ PROTI
PATOGENU Listeria monocytogenes V PIŠČANČJIH HRENOVKAH
Listeria monocytogenes je povzročitelj listerioze, ki se pojavlja v živilih.
Proučevan je bil inhibitorni učinek eteričnih olj (1% v/w) zelišč Thymus daenensis
Celak (Lamiaceae), Thymbra spicata L. (Lamiaceae) in Satureja bachtiarica Bunge
(Lamiaceae), nanešenih na površino piščančjih hrenovk, ki so bile inokulirane z nizko
(103 CFU/g) oziroma visoko populacijo (106 CFU/g) listerije ter shranjene za 7 oziroma 14
dni. Rezultati so pokazali, da se populacije L. monocytogenes povečajo tekom 7 oziroma 14
dni shranjevanja pri 4 °C na primerjalnih hrenovkah. Uporaba 1 % (v/w) eteričnih olj
zelišč pri hrenovkah lahko značilno (p<0.05) zmanjša populacijo L. monocytogenes v
primerjavi s kontrolo.
Ključne besede: iranska zdravilna zelišča, Listeria monocytogenes, piščančje
hrenovke, eterična olja
Dynamics of polyphenolics formation in different plant
parts and different growth phases of selected buckwheat cultivars
Judita BYSTRICKÁ, Alena VOLLMANNOVÁ, Eva MARGITANOVÁ, Iveta ČIČOVÁ
ABSTRACT
The changes of dynamics of total polyphenolics formation in various anatomical parts
(stems, leaves, flowers and seeds) of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.)
during vegetation period were surveyed. Six cultivars were analysed: Pyra, Spacinska,
Emka, Kasho, Jana C1 and Hrusowska. The content of total polyphenolics was evaluated in
growth phase I. (formation of buds), in phase II. (at the beginning of flowering), in
phase III. (full blossoming) and in phase IV. (full ripeness). The total polyphenolics
content was assessed by using Folin-Ciocalteau assay spectrophotometrically on Shimadzu
UV-1800. When evaluating all four anatomical parts of common buckwheat we can state that
the flowers contained the highest concentration of total polyphenolics where the values
were in range from 14.93 to 25.16 mg.g-1. In last phase (IV. phase) where stems, leaves,
and seeds were evaluated, buckwheat leaves exerted the highest content of these compounds,
and the values were in range from 68.74 to 90.27 mg.g-1. Maximal increase of total
phenolics content was manifested in each variety in phase IV., i.e. at the end of the
vegetation period. From the standpoint of the content of total polyphenolics in individual
anatomical parts the cultivars Pyra, Hrusowska and Emka were the most suitable ones as
functional foods.
Key words: total polyphenolics, buckwheat, anatomic parts
IZVLEČEK
RAZLIKE PRI NASTAJANJU POLIFENOLOV V DELIH RASTLIN IN FAZAH
RASTI PRI IZBRANIH KULTIVARJIH AJDE
Proučevane so razlike v vsebnosti skupnih polifenolov v delih rastlin (stebla, listi,
cvetovi in semena) pri navadni ajdi (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.) med rastjo.
Proučevanih je bilo šest kultivarjev: Pyra, Spacinska, Emka, Kasho, Jana C1 in
Hrusowska. Koncentracija skupnih polifenolov je bila raziskana v rastni fazi I.
(formiranje socvetij), v fazi II. (začetek cvetenja), v fazi III. (polno cvetenje) in v
fazi IV. (polna zrelost). Koncentracija skupnih polifenolov je bila analizirana
spektrofotometrično z uporabo reagenta Folin-Ciocalteau na aparaturi Shimadzu UV-1800.
Najvišja koncentracija polifenolov je bila v cvetovih (14,93 do 25,16 mg.g-1). V zrelosti
(IV. faza) je bilo največ polifenolov v listih (68,74 do 90,27 mg.g-1). Vsebnost
polifenolov se je pri vseh kultivarjih povečala v fazi IV., to je na koncu rasti. Glede
na vsebnost skupnih polifenolov v posameznih delih rastlin so kultivarji Pyra, Hrusowska
in Emka najbolj primerni za uporabi pri pripravi funkcijskih živil.
Ključne besede: skupni polifenoli, ajda, deli rastlin
.
Establishment of agricultural drought monitoring at
different spatial scales in southeastern Europe
Andreja SUŠNIK, Tjaša POGAČAR, Gregor GREGORIČ, Jožef ROŠKAR,
Andrej CEGLAR
ABSTRACT
To detect temporal and spatial variability of drought is one of the most challenging
issues of drought monitoring in the specific country or region due to the fact that there
is no standard definition of severity and duration of different types of drought. Crop
water deficit (CWD) simulated by crop water balance model IRRFIB supplemented with some
in-situ soil water measurements by Time-Domain Reflectometry (TDR) measurement technique
are proposed as tools for local agricultural drought monitoring in this study. Moving to
regional drought monitoring the main constraint represents data availability of different
sources. Available global data sets are of assistance for preparing regional drought
monitoring products. In the study two specific products designed for regional scale are
described: preliminary maps of the SPI (Standardized Precipitation Index) and products
generated by implementation of numerical weather prediction model. It seems to be a lot of
potential in both products for a first overview of key meteorological parameters in the
region. The development of drought in the year 2009 was under examination and also yearly
results for different periods after 1971. Dry periods in the year 2009 heavily impacted
cereals in Slovenia. Maize yield showed best agreement with crop water deficit (r = 0.65)
and SPI on the time scale of six months for September (r = 0.61). SPI was not suitable for
describing agricultural drought in the periods with higher evapotranspiration rate. For
more agricultural oriented drought monitoring more indices should be included into the
consideration.
Key words: drought monitoring, agriculture, IRRFIB, SPI, numerical modelling, crop
water balance
IZVLEČEK
VZPOSTAVLJANJE MONITORINGA KMETIJSKE SUŠE V JUGOVZHODNI EVROPI
NA RAZLIČNIH PROSTORSKIH SKALAH
Eden izmed večjih izzivov na področju monitoringa suše v določeni državi ali
regiji je določanje časovne in prostorske variabilnosti suše, saj ne obstaja splošna
definicija, ki bi določala intenzivnost in trajanje različnih tipov suše. V študiji
predlagamo primanjkljaj vode pri rastlinah (CWD), simuliran z vodnobilančnim modelom
IRRFIB in podprt z in-situ meritvami vode v tleh s TDR tehnologijo, kot primerno orodje za
lokalno določanje kmetijske suše. Na širšem, regionalnem nivoju pa se pojavi ovira pri
dostopnosti podatkov, zato si pri pripravi regionalnih produktov lahko pomagamo z
globalnimi nizi. Opisujemo dve možnosti, primerni za regionalno skalo: preliminarne karte
standardiziranega padavinskega indeksa (SPI) in produkte, ki jih generiramo z
implementacijo numeričnega modela za napovedovanje vremena. Pri obeh se kaže velik
potencial za prvi, splošni pregled nad stanjem glavnih meteoroloških parametrov v
regiji. Za primer smo vzeli razvoj suše leta 2009 ter letne rezultate za različna
obdobja po letu 1971. Leta 2009 so sušna obdobja hudo prizadela poljščine v Sloveniji.
Pridelek koruze kaže najboljšo povezanost s primanjkljajem vode CWD (r = 0,65) in z
indeksom SPI na šestmesečni časovni skali za september (r = 0,61). Indeks SPI se ni
izkazal za primernega pri obravnavi obdobij z višjo stopnjo potencialne
evapotranspiracije. Opozarjamo še na dejstvo, da bi bilo potrebno za bolj kmetijsko
usmerjen monitoring suše vključiti več različnih indeksov.
Ključne besede: monitoring suše, kmetijstvo, IRRFIB, SPI, numerično modeliranje,
vodna bilanca rastlin
Crop rotation on arable and livestock farms in
Slovenia
Darja KOCJAN AČKO, Igor ŠANTAVEC
ABSTRACT
Despite the fact that successive sowing of maize was legally limited due to the
occurrence of the corn rootworm beetle in 2003 and the integrated crop production was
introduced in 2004, maize is still the most common and desired crop on arable and
livestock farms in Slovenia. With a focus on the economic motives for the production
farmers are gradually beginning to consider also the phytosanitary viewpoint, but the
planning of a crop rotation is a demanding task, especially for younger farmers with no
previous experience. The results of the analysis of crop rotations on conventional and
integrated arable and livestock farms in north-east and western Slovenia in the period
from 2000 to 2009 show that the maize monoculture has been supplemented by other grains,
mostly wheat and barley, but legumes and supplementary crops are still missing from the
rotation. With newly introduced crops to Slovene fields the need for new and modern
agro-technical measures is increasing and also the need for improved knowledge of
biological characteristics of individual varieties and species with their suitable order
and share in the crop rotation. To help the farmers find the best solution for their
production we have prepared some recommendations for the crop rotations with the main and
supplementary crops, following good and proven examples of crop rotations used in the
past. Whether farmers will use them on their farms depends not only on their technical
equipment and knowledge, flexibility and receptiveness, but also on the legislative
measures and sustainable nature of EU agricultural policy where farmers got used to be
paid for every function and production that is environmentally and food friendly.
Key words: crop rotation, phytosanitary importance of rotation, conventional crop
production, integrated crop production, arable and livestock farms, Slovenia
IZVLEČEK
KOLOBAR NA POLJEDELSKO-ŽIVINOREJSKIH KMETIJAH V SLOVENIJI
V Sloveniji je koruza, kljub zakonski omejitvi zaporedne setve zaradi pojava koruznega
hrošča leta 2003 in vključevanja kmetij v integrirano pridelavo poljščin leta 2004,
še vedno najbolj razširjena in zaželena poljščina na poljedelsko-živinorejskih
kmetijah. Ekonomski vidik pridelave postopoma upošteva fitosanitarnega. Načrtovanje
kolobarja je zahtevno, zlasti za mlajše kmete, ki nimajo izkušenj iz preteklosti.
Rezultati analize kolobarjev na konvencionalnih in integriranih poljedelsko-živinorejskih
kmetijah v severovzhodni in v zahodni Sloveniji v obdobju od leta 2000 do 2009 kažejo, da
so monokulturo koruze razbremenila druga žita, zlasti pšenica in ječmen, manjkajo pa
stročnice in dosevki. Z novo vključenimi poljščinami se povečujejo potrebe ne le po
novi in sodobni agrotehniki, ampak tudi po poznavanju bioloških zakonitosti posameznih
vrst in sort ob hkratni primerni razporeditvi in deležu v kolobarju. V oporo kmetom smo
sestavili nekaj biološko uravnoteženih kolobarjev iz glavnih posevkov in dosevkov, ki se
zgledujejo po preizkušenih vrstilnih kolobarjih iz preteklosti. Njihova uporaba na
kmetijah bo odvisna ne le od tehnične opremljenosti kmetije, znanja, dojemljivosti in
prožnosti gospodarjev ampak v glavnem od zakonskih predpisov in sonaravnih usmeritev
kmetijske politike v EU, kjer so se kmetje navadili na plačilo za vsako okolju in hrani
prijaznejše opravilo in postopek pridelave.
Ključne besede: kolobar, koruza, fitosanitarni pomen kolobarja, konvencionalna
pridelava poljščin, integrirana pridelava poljščin, poljedelsko-živinorejske kmetije,
Slovenija
Povezave med zavarovanimi območji, turizmom in
razvojem podeželja
Jana ZURC
IZVLEČEK
Povezave med zavarovanimi območji, turizmom in razvojem podeželja smo preučevali na
primerih Triglavskega narodnega parka in Kozjanskega parka. Na vsakem območju je bilo
anketiranih 200 lokalnih prebivalcev. Glede na dobljene rezultate lahko zaključimo, da
preučevani zavarovani območji omogočata razvoj podeželskega turizma. Da je razvoj
turizma v zavarovanih območjih uspešnejši od razvoja turizma izven zavarovanih
območij, ne moremo trditi. Anketirani prebivalci Triglavskega narodnega parka med vsemi
gospodarskimi panogami najbolj podpirajo razvoj turizma na območju (86,5 %), kar pa ne
velja za anketirane prebivalce Kozjanskega parka, ki se najbolj strinjajo z usmeritvijo
območja v kmetijstvo ter razvoj malega podjetništva in obrti. Vseeno ni zanemarljivo
dejstvo, da se kljub temu visok delež anketiranih prebivalcev Kozjanskega parka strinja,
da bi se moralo območje osredotočiti na razvoj turizma (74,5 %). Da je priložnost
zavarovanega območja v boljših možnostih za poslovanje v turizmu, se strinja skoraj
polovica anketiranih prebivalcev Triglavskega narodnega parka (47 %) in le 15 %
anketiranih prebivalcev Kozjanskega parka. Iz tega lahko sklepamo, da Triglavski narodni
park nudi več priložnosti oziroma dodatnih možnosti za poslovanje v turizmu kot pa
Kozjanski park. Na zavarovanem območju, kjer je turizem bolj razvit (Triglavski narodni
park), anketirani prebivalci menijo, da so strategije varstva narave manj uspešne, in
občutijo več negativnih obremenitev turizma (promet in gneča, višje cene). Nasprotno
pa v primeru, kjer je turizem na zavarovanem območju manj razvit (Kozjanski park),
anketirani prebivalci opažajo, da so strategije ohranjanja narave uspešnejše in da jih
turizem manj obremenjuje.
Ključne besede: zavarovana območja, narodni park, regionalni park, razvoj, turizem,
podeželje, Slovenija
ABSTRACT
CONNECTIONS BETWEEN PROTECTED AREAS, TOURISM AND DEVELOPMENT OF
THE COUNTRYSIDE
Connections between protected areas, tourism and development of the countryside were
studied in the examples of the Triglav National Park and the Kozjanski Park. 200 local
inhabitants were interviewed in each area. According to the results, it can be concluded
that the studied protected areas give an opportunity to develop rural tourism. It cannot
be claimed that the development of tourism in protected areas is more successful than the
development of tourism outside the protected areas. The interviewed inhabitants of the
Triglav National Park support the development of tourism in the area (86.5 %) more than
all other industries, whereas this is not true for the interviewed inhabitants of the
Kozjanski Park. The latter agree the area should be oriented in agriculture and the
development of small business and craft. Nevertheless it is not insignificant that a high
share of the interviewed inhabitants of the Kozjanski Park agrees on focusing this area on
tourism development (74.5 %). Almost half of the interviewed inhabitants of the Triglav
National Park (47 %) and only 15 % of the interviewed inhabitants of the Kozjanski Park
agree that the opportunity of the protected area is a better possibility in tourism
business. Thus we can conclude that the Triglav National Park offers more opportunities or
additional possibilities for business in tourism than the Kozjanski Park. In the protected
area, where tourism is more developed (the Triglav National Park), the interviewed
inhabitants believe that the nature conservation strategies are less successful and
perceive more negative burdens of tourism (traffic and crowds, higher prices). On the
contrary, in the protected area, where tourism is less developed (the Kozjanski Park), the
interviewed inhabitants observe that nature conservation strategies are more successful
and they are less influenced by tourism.
Key-words: protected areas, national park, regional park, development, tourism, rural
areas, Slovenia
Oblikovanje baze podatkov o slovenskem medu
Mojca KOROŠEC, Jasna BERTONCELJ, Urška KROPF, Terezija GOLOB
IZVLEČEK
V prispevku je opisano oblikovanje baze podatkov o značilnostih slovenskega medu.
Prikazana je strategija oblikovanja baze, sistem vzorčenja, predstavljeni so vsi
analizirani parametri in način hranjenja vzorcev medu. Poudarjena sta pomen in vloga
podatkovne baze pri karakterizaciji posameznih, za Slovenijo značilnih vrst medu, pri
ugotavljanju in potrjevanju botaničnega in geografskega porekla, spremljanju kakovosti
medu in zaščiti potrošnika ter posredno pri sledenju obremenjenosti okolja.
Ključne besede: slovenski med, baza podatkov, senzorična analiza, fizikalnokemijske
analize, mikroskopska analiza
ABSTRACT
CREATION OF DATABASE OF SLOVENIAN HONEY
Development and compilation of database on characteristics of Slovenian honey is
presented. In the paper are described strategic approach to database formation, the
sampling system, the parameters analysed and the method of samples storage. Database on
composition and sensory and pollen characteristics of different honey types, distinctive
of Slovenia, participates greatly in characterisation of different Slovenian types of
honey, in determination and verification of botanical and geographical origin of honey, in
monitoring the quality of honey and protection of consumer market, and indirectly in
monitoring the environmental burden.
Keywords: Slovenian honey, database, sensory analysis, physico-chemical analyses,
microscopic analysis |
