NaCl salinity and Zn
foliar application influence essential oil composition of
basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)
Mohammad Bagher HASSANPOURAGHDAM, Gholam
Reza GOHARI, Seied Jalal TABATABAEI, Mohammad Reza DADPOUR,
Mehdi SHIRDEL
ABSTRACT
Essential
oils composition of hydroponically grown Ocimum basilicum
L. plant was evaluated in response to salinity (control and
50 mM NaCl) and Zn foliar application (control, 100 and 200
mg l-1). Essential oil constituents were
quantified and identified by GC/EI-MS. In total, fifty seven
components were identified in the six treatment
combinations. Methyl chavicol (43.9–61.2 %) and linalool
(11.4-16%) were the major components of all treatments.
Salinity had deteriorative effect on methyl chavicol
biosynthesis and accumulation. In contrast, integrated
levels of salinity and 200 mgl-1 Zn had increment
effects on linalool content. Germacrene D (2.2-3.9 %),
1,8-cineole (2.4-3.8 %), (Z)-α-bergamotene (0.1-2.6
%), (E)-β-farnesene (1.4-2.6 %), α-bulnesene
(0.9-2.4 %), camphor (0.7-1.3 %) and (E)-β-ocimene
(0.2-1.3 %) were the other main common constituents of oil.
Considering the constant levels of zinc foliar application,
salinity had raising effects on the contents of most above
mentioned constituents. In conclusion, it seems that
moderate salinity stress along with balanced levels of Zn
foliar application changed the primary metabolites pathways
in favor of major volatile oil components biosynthesis and
that basil plant has the production potential under
prevalent semi-saline conditions.
Key words:
Ocimum basilicum
L., essential oil, GC/MS, salinity,
Zn foliar application, methyl chavicol, linalool
IZVLEČEK
KONCENTRACIJA NaCl V HIDROPONSKI
RAZTOPINI IN FOLIARNI NANOS RAZTOPINE CINKA VPLIVAJO NA
SESTAVO ETERIČNIH OLJ PRI BAZILIKI (Ocimum basilicum
L.)
Raziskana je bila sestava eteričnih olj
hidroponsko gojene bazilike (Ocimum basilicum L.),
glede na vpliv slanosti (kontrola in 50 mM NaCl) ter
foliarnega nanašanja cinka (Zn) (kontrola ter 100 oziroma
200 mg l-1). Sestava eteričnih olj je bila
ugotovljena z GC/EI-MS tehniko. Pri šestih kombinacija
tretiranja je bilo ugotovljenih 57 sestavin. Metil kavikol
(43,9–61,2 %) in linalool (11,4-16%) sta bili glavni
sestavini pri vseh tretiranjih. Sol je negativno vplivala na
sintezo in akumulacijo kavikola. Nasprotno, skupen vpliv
solne raztopine in višje koncentracije cinka je povzročil
povečanje vsebnosti linaloola. Germakren D (2,2-3,9 %),
1,8-kineol (2,4-3,8 %), (Z)-α-bergamoten (0,1-2,6 %),
(E)-β-farnesen (1,4-2,6 %), α-bulnesen
(0,9-2,4 %), kafra (0,7-1,3 %) in (E)-β-ocimen
(0,2-1,3 %) so tudi bile glavne sestavine olja. Pri
nespremenjeni koncentraciji cinka pri foliarni aplikaciji je
sol vplivala na povečano koncetracijo omenjenih metabolitov.
Zmerna slanost skupaj s foliarnim tretiranjem z raztopino
cinka vpliva na spremenjeno sestavo metabolitov s tem da
poveča biosintezo hlapnih sestavin olj; tako je ugotovljena
prednost pridelovanja bazilike v razmerah zmerne slanosti.
Ključne besede:
Ocimum basilicum
L., bazilika, eterična olja, GC/MS,
sol, Zn foliarno nanašanje, metil kavikol, linalool
Monilinia
pathogens of
cultivated and native Vaccinium species in Slovenia
Alenka MUNDA
ABSTRACT
The
fungal genus Monilinia comprises several aggressive
and economically important plant pathogens. The aim of this
study was to examine Monilinia species that belong to
the Disjunctoriae group and are specifically pathogenic to
Vaccinium hosts. 23 samples
of Vaccinium hosts showing symptoms of infection with
Monilinia sp. were collected in
the years 2004 – 2009. Monilinia species were
isolated and identified using
morphological and molecular methods. Three species from the
Disjunctoriae group were identified:
M. baccarum,
M. urnula and M. vaccinii-corymbosi.
Morphology of the encountered species is briefly described.
Their distribution and host range are presented and the
diseases they cause on their respective hosts are described.
Key words:
Monilinia baccarum, Monilinia urnula, Monilinia
vaccinii-corymbosi, Disjunctoriae, Vaccinium, Slovenia
IZVLEČEK
PATOGENE
GLIVE IZ RODU MONILINIA NA GOJENIH IN SAMONIKLIH
VRSTAH RODU Vaccinium V SLOVENIJI
Rod Monilinia združuje številne
agresivne in gospodarsko pomembne patogene glive. Predmet
raziskave so bile vrste rodu Monilinia, ki sodijo v
skupino Disjunctoriae in so specializirane na gostitelje iz
rodu Vaccinium. V letih 2004 - 2009 smo zbrali 23
vzorcev rastlin iz rodu Vaccinium, pri katerih smo
ugotovili znamenja okužbe s temi glivami. S standardnimi
mikroskopsko morfološkimi in molekularnimi tehnikami smo
identificirali tri glive iz skupine Disjunctoriae: M.
urnula, M. baccarum in M. vaccinii-corymbosi.
V prispevku so opisane glavne morfološke značilnosti
ugotovljenih vrst, njihova razširjenost in gostitelji v
Sloveniji ter bolezni, ki jih posamezne vrste povzročajo pri
svojih specifičnih gostiteljih.
Ključne
besede:
Monilinia baccarum, Monilinia urnula, Monilinia
vaccinii-corymbosi, Dis-junctoriae, Vaccinium, Slovenija
.
Total RNA extraction
method and Prunus species influence the detection of
Plum pox potyvirus by real-time RT-PCR
Irena MAVRIČ PLEŠKO, Mojca VIRŠČEK MARN,
Nataša TOPLAK
ABSTRACT
Successful
total RNA (totRNA) extraction is a prerequisite for a
successful real-time PCR. In the present work we compared
one manual and one automated totRNA extraction method for
detection of Plum pox potyvirus (PPV) in leaves of
different Prunus sp. using developed real-time RT-PCR
assay. Advantages and disadvantages of compared methods are
described in the view of sensitivity, reproducibility and in
terms of laboratory use. The results suggest that the column
based totRNA extraction method is more effective for
apricot, plum and peach. In the case of damson the
differences in real-time PCR results between both extraction
methods were negligible. In case of negative results
obtained with automated method, manual column based
extraction method should be used additionally.
Key
words:
18S rRNA, MGB, PCR inhibition, PPV
IZVLEČEK
RASTLINSKA VRSTA IN METODA IZOLACIJE
CELOKUPNE RNA VPLIVATA NA USPEŠNOST DETEKCIJE VIRUSA ŠARKE S
PCR V REALNEM ČASU
Uspešnost izolacije RNA je osnova za
uspešno izvedbo reakcije PCR v realnem času (qPCR). V svojem
delu smo primerjali ročno in avtomatsko metodo izolacije
celokupne RNA (totRNA) iz listov različnih rastlinskih vrst
iz rodu Prunus. Uspešnost izolacije totRNA smo
preverjali z uvedeno metodo qPCR za detekcijo virusa šarke (Plum
pox potyvirus – PPV). Prednosti in slabosti uporabljenih
metod smo ugotavljali s primerjavo občutljivosti detekcije,
ponovljivosti in intenzivnosti laboratorijskega dela.
Rezultati raziskave so pokazali, da je ročna metoda
izolacije totRNA učinkovitejša pri marelicah, breskvah in
slivah, medtem ko so bile razlike med obema metodama pri
ciborah zanemarljive. Pri uporabi preizkušene avtomatske
metode izolacije totRNA je priporočljivo, da v primeru
negativnih rezultatov le-te še dodatno preverimo z uporabo
ročne metode izolacije.
Ključne
besede:
18S rRNA, MGB, inhibicija PCR, PPV
Economic growth and
trend changes in wildlife hunting
Yukichika KAWATA
ABSTRACT
Petty-Clark’s
law suggests that as the economy of a country develops, its
proportion of primary industries declines while those of its
secondary and tertiary industries increase. Traditionally,
hunting has played a crucial role in a country’s food
supply; however, currently, it is increasingly viewed as a
leisure activity. This paper empirically examines whether
Petty-Clark’s law holds in case of hunting in European
countries. The results reveal that the proportion of
hunters across countries increases when the per capita GDP
is between 5,000 and 15,000 USD. Once the per capita GDP
crosses the 15,000 USD mark, two major trends are detected:
the number of hunters continues to increase in some
countries but decreases in some other countries. Finally,
the number of hunters in a country stabilizes when its per
capita GDP reaches around 25,000 to 30,000 USD.
Key words:
hunting, economic growth. Petty-Clark’s law
IZVLEČEK
GOSPODARSKA RAST
IN SPREMEMBE PRI LOVU DIVJADI
Po
Petty-Clarkovem zakonu se z razvojem gospodarstva manjša
relativni delež primarne gospodarske dejavnosti, medtem ko
se veča sekundarni in terciarni. V zgodovini je imel lov
odločilno vlogo pri zagotavljanju prehrane prebivalstva,
toda v novejšem času gledamo na lov čedalje bolj kot na
aktivnost v prostem času. V tem članku je empirična
raziskava če Petty-Clarkov zakon velja v primeru lova v
evropskih državah. Ugotovljeno je, da se število lovcev veča
v povezavi z večanjem bruto domačega proizvoda (BDP) na
prebivalca v državi, v razponu 5.000 do 15.000 USD. Ko pa
BDP na prebivalca preseže vrednost 15.000 USD, sta odkrita
dva glavna trenda. V nekaterih državah se število lovcev še
nadalje povečuje, v nekaterih drugih pa se zmanjšuje.
Število lovcev postane stabilno ko BDP doseže okoli 25.000
do 30.000 USD.
Ključne
besede:
lov,
ekonomska rast,
Petty-Clarkov zakon
Inhibicija amilolitične aktivnosti mok z
neoptimalnim padajočim številom
Boris
KOVAČ
IZVLEČEK
Študija proučuje vpliv dodatka ekstrakta nekaterih
stročnic, ki naj bi vsebovale inhibitorje amilaz, na
amilolitično aktivnost mok z nizkim padajočim številom (FN).
Aktivnost amilaz je bila spremljana posredno z metodo
določanja padajočega števila. Ugotovljen je bil optimalni
čas vodne ekstrakcije. Raziskava je pokazala pozitivno
povezavo dodatka moke stročnic z dvigom FN pšeničnih mok.
Prikazane so povezave med različnimi koncentracijami
ekstrakta in spremembo FN. Največji učinek je bil ugotovljen
pri sorti fižolaTop Crop. Opravljena je bila peka kruha z
dodatki različnih koncentracij moke fižola z največjim
vplivom na padajoče število. Učinek dodatka moke fižola se
je izrazil v manjšem volumnu pečenega kruha. Spremembe
organoleptičnih lastnosti ni bilo zaznati pri 5 % dodatka,
pri kruhih z dodatkom nad 2,5 odstotka je bilo zaznati
daljšo svežino sredice..
Ključne
besede: inhibitorji amilaz,
fižol, padajoče število
ABSTRACT
AMYLOLYTIC ACTIVITY INHIBITION OF
FLOURS WITH UNOPTIMAL FALLING NUMBER
The aim of
this research was to discover the influence of supplementing
pulses extract containing amylase inhibitors, on amylolytic
activity of flour with low falling number. The amylase
activity in flour was indirectly scaned with the falling
number (FN) method. The optimal time of aqueous extraction
was established. The research showed a positive correlation
between pulses flour supplement and the rise of FN of wheat
flour. Correlations between different concentrations of
extract and change of FN are presented. The biggest effect
on the FN was established with Top Crop beans. Bread-baking
tests with different concentrations of bean flour that had
the most pronunced effect of FN were made. The result of
adding bean flour was a smaller volume of the bread. When
adding 5% or less of bean flour, organoleptic
characteristics did not change. The freshness of interior of
the bread proved to be longer with breads containing more
than 2.5% of the supplement.
Key
words:
amylase inhibitors, bean, falling number
Pregled potvorb živil
skozi zgodovino – dejanja slučaja, nuje ali namere?
Vida ŠKRABANJA
IZVLEČEK
Sodobni
potrošnik se želi prehranjevati čim bolj zdravo in
kakovostno, vendar zaradi intenzivnega tempa življenja živil
skoraj ne prideluje več sam, temveč izbira tista, ki mu jih
nudi trg. Odgovornost za zagotavljanje zdrave in varne hrane
je s tem v veliki meri prenesena na živilsko industrijo, ki
pa do potrošnika ni vedno lojalna. Okoriščanje zaradi
potvorb hrane ni nov pojav ali značilnost sodobne družbe, je
neustavljiva skušnjava, ki sega daleč v preteklost. V članku
so izpostavljeni primeri potvarjanja živil skozi zgodovinska
obdobja kot tudi vzroki, obseg in posledice zlorab
potrošnikove odvisnosti od tržnega prehranskega sistema.
Ključne
besede: hrana, potvorbe, živila
ABSTRACT
HISTORICAL
OVERVIEW OF FOOD ADULTERATION – ACT OF ACCIDENTS,
NEEDFULNESS OR INTENTION?
Availability
of healthy, nutritious and safe foods should be considered
as fundamental and contemporary consumers would accept this
as their granted right. The intensive lifestyle enables them
to use own food sources very rarely. Instead, they are
forced to choose products being available on
the market.
Responsibility for ensuring healthy
and safe
food is
thus largely
transferred to
the food industry,
but its offer to the
consumer is not
always fair and honest.
Benefits stemming from the supply of
adulterated foods are not a new
phenomenon or a
characteristic of
modern society;
it is
irresistible temptation
that reaches far
into the past. The
article
highlights examples of food
adulterations through the
history as well
as the causes, extent
and consequences
of abuse of
consumer’s
dependence on food
marketing system.
Key
words:
food, adulteration, food products
Nekateri pristopi za
izkoriščanje heteroze pri navadni pšenici (Triticum
aestivum L.)
Primož TITAN, Vladimir MEGLIČ
IZVLEČEK
Heterozo
najpogosteje povezujemo s superiornostjo prve filialne
generacije nad parentalno. Z gospodarskega stališča pa je še
posebej pomembno, da se lahko ta superiornost izraža kot
višji produktivni potencial sorte. Zaradi počasne rasti
višine povprečnega pridelka zrnja navadne pšenice (Triticum
aestivum L.) na svetovni in državni ravni, je uporaba
hibridov pri tej gospodarsko pomembni poljščini vedno bolj
pomembna. Pogoj za pridelavo hibridnega semena je
tujeprašnost, ki jo je pri navadni pšenici možno doseči z
indukcijo moške sterilnosti. V preteklosti so bili za
indukcijo moške sterilnosti v materni komponenti hibridne
sorte predlagani pristopi, kot je uporaba moško sterilne
citoplazme (CMS sistem) prenesene iz Triticum timopheevi
Zhuk.. Zaradi svoje kompleksnosti se pristopi na
genetski osnovi v praksi niso nikoli dovolj uveljavili.
Danes omogočajo sredstva za kemično hibridizacijo razvoj
hibridnih sort, ki presegajo pridelek zrnja standardnih
linijskih sort tudi za več kot dvajset odstotkov.
Alternativo kemični indukciji moške sterilnosti
predstavljajo transgeni pristopi. Pridelava hibridnega
semena navadne pšenice je tehnološko zahteven postopek o
gospodarski upravičenosti katerega odločajo raven heteroze,
višina pridelka hibridnega semena na enoto površine in
prodajna cena pšenice.
Ključne
besede: Heteroza, hibridna
sorta, indukcija moške sterilnosti, navadna pšenica,
sredstva za kemično hibridizacijo
Several approaches for heterosis exploitation in common
wheat (Triticum aestivum
L.)
ABSTRACT
Heterosis is commonly associated with
the superiority of the first filial generation over the
parental generation. From the economic point of view it is
important that the superiority could be expressed as a
higher productive potential of the variety. Given the slow
growth of the average grain yield of common wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.) at global and national level, the use of
hybrids for production of this economically important crop,
is gaining the importance. The most important condition for
hybrid seed production in common wheat is cross-pollination
that can be achieved by induction of male sterility. In the
past, different approaches for induction of male sterility
in common wheat have been proposed, for example the use of
cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS system) transferred from
Triticum timopheevi Zhuk.. Due to its complexity, the
genetic approaches have never been exercised in the
practice. Today the chemical hybridizing agents allow
development of hybrid varieties that can top the yield of
standard inbred varieties for more than twenty percent.
Transgenic approaches represent the alternative to the
chemical induction of male sterility. Hybrid wheat seed
production is therefore technologically complex process that
depends on the level of heterosis, hybrid seed yield per
area unit and the market price of wheat.
Key
words:
Heterosis, hybrid variety, male sterility induction, common
wheat, chemical hybridizing agents
Vpliv selena in
izključitve UV-B sevanja na pridelek semen buč golic
Lucija
Glorija JELEN, Vida ŠKRABANJA
IZVLEČEK
Raziskan je bil vpliv okoljskega sončnega
sevanja z in brez UV-B dela spektra ter foliarnega gnojenja
z raztopino selenata na pridelek bučnic buče golice (Cucurbita
pepo L.) Pridelek semen na enoto površine je bil večji,
ko je bil s filtriranjem UV-B sevanja odstranjen vpliv tega
dela spektra na rastline, v primerjavi z vplivi celotnega
sončnega spektra. Na osnovi rezultatov se ugotavlja, da je
manjši pridelek v razmerah celotnega sončnega spektra
odvisen od antioksidativnih poškodb, ki jih povzroča UV-B
sevanje, saj je foliarno tretiranje z raztopino selenata
zmanjšalo negativen vpliv tega sevanja.
Ključne
besede: buče, bučnice, olje, selen, UV-B sevanje
ABSTRACT
IMPACT OF SELENIUM AND UV-B RADIATION
ON THE YIELD OF NAKED PUMPKIN SEEDS
The
impact of ambient and filtered solar UV-B radiation and of
selenium foliar treatment on the yield of naked seeds in
pumpkins, Cucurbita pepo L. was determined. Seed
yield was higher when solar UV-B radiation was filtered out.
The results suggested that the reduced yield under solar
UV-B radiation was related to the oxidative damage, as
selenium foliar treatment increased the yield under ambient
radiation conditions.
Key words:
pumpkins, naked pumpkin seeds, oil, selenium, UV-B radiation
Kateri biofizikalni in
biokemični dejavniki lahko pripomorejo k večji odpornosti
zelja (Brassica oleraceae L. var. capitata) na
napad gospodarsko najpomembnejših škodljivcev
Dragan ŽNIDARČIČ, Damir MARKOVIČ, Rajko
VIDRIH, Tanja BOHINC, Stanislav TRDAN
IZVLEČEK
Raziskava o vplivu
nekaterih biofizikalnih (vsebnost epikutikularnega voska) in
biokemičnih (obarvanost listov, skupni polifenoli in
antioksidacijski potencial) dejavnikov na odpornost zelja (Brassica
oleracea L. var. capitata) proti poškodbam, ki
jih povzročajo kapusovi bolhači (Phyllotreta spp.),
kapusove stenice (Eurydema
spp.) in
tobakov resar (Thrips tabaci), je potekala v
letu 2010 na Laboratorijskem polju Biotehniške fakultete v
Ljubljani. V poljski poskus je bilo vključenih 20 genotipov
zelja in sicer 9 zgodnjih, 5 srednje zgodnjih in 6 srednje
poznih genotipov (glede na dolžino rastne dobe), 3 rdeči in
17 belih genotipov (glede na barvo listov) ter 14 hibridov
in 6 sort (glede na poreklo). Statistična analiza je
pokazala, da biofizikalna in biokemična sestava listov zelja
najbolj vpliva na odpornost te vrtnine na napad kapusovih
bolhačev. Ti namreč kažejo šibko preferenco do zgodnjega in
rdečega zelja ter do hibridov, ki imajo visoko vsebnost
epikutikularnega voska (r2 = –0,6137, r2
= –0,7603 in r2 = –0,6812). Prav tako smo pri
kapusovih bolhačih ugotovili močno negativno korelacijo med
antioksidacijskim potencialom in obsegom poškodb pri srednje
poznem zelju (r2 = –0,7185), pri rdečem zelju (r2
= –0,7811) in pri sortah zelja (r2 = –0,7802).
Ključne
besede: kapusovi bolhači,
kapusove stenice, tobakov resar, poškodbe, epikutikularni
vosek, barva, polifenoli, antioksidacijski potencial, zelje
Research
on the impact
of certain
biophysical (epicuticular
wax content) and
biochemical (colour,
total polyphenols
and antioxidative
potential)
factors on the
resistance of
cabbage (Brassica
oleracea L.
var. capitata)
against damage
caused by flea
beetles (Phyllotreta
spp.), cabbage stink
bugs (Eurydema
spp.) and
onion thrips (Thrips
tabaci) was
carried out in
2010 at the
Experimental field of
the Biotechnical
Faculty. In a field trial the following
20 cabbage genotypes
were included: 9 early, 5 mid-early, 6 mid-late (regarding
the longevity of growing period), 3 red, 17 white (regarding
the colour), 14 hybrids and 6 varieties (regarding genetic
origin). Statistical
analysis showed
that the biophysical and
biochemical
composition of cabbage
leaves has the greatest impact
on resistance of
this vegetable to flea beetles
attack.
Flea beetles
showed only weak
preference to
early and
red cabbage, and to
the hybrids,
which have
a high
epicuticular wax content
(r2 =
–0.6137,
r2 =
–0.7603,
and r2 =
–0.6812).
It has also been
found a
strong negative
relationship
between the antioxidative
potential and
extent of damage
in the mid-late
cabbage (r2
= –0.7185),
red cabbage
(r2 =
–0.7811)
and cabbage varieties
(r2 =
–0.7802).
Key words:
flea beetles,
cabbage stink
bugs,
onion thrips, damage, epicuticular wax, colour,
polyphenols,
antioxidative
potential, cabbage
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