Genetic diversity and correlation estimates for
grain yield and quality traits in Kosovo local maize (Zea mays L.) populations
Sali
Aliu, Imer
Rusinovci,
Shukri Fetahu,
and Emilija
Simeonovska
Abstract
The aim of the presented
investigation was to estimate the genetic diversity, and
correlation analysis among yield and quality traits in
twenty local maize populations. The experiment was based on
randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three
replications. In the study we compared grain yield, and
quality traits such as protein, oil and starch content in
grain. The results showed that there were significant
differences among populations. The overall mean grain yield
was 79.33 g plant-1 with the highest grain yield
in population GBK-7 (105.13 g plant-1). The
protein and oil contents ranged between 11.02 to 13.02% and
2.56 to 5.57%, respectively. The starch content varied from
68.58 to 70.92%. The first two canonical discriminant
functions were significant at
p < 0.01. It is
important to point out the great relevance of the first two
discriminant functions justifying 95.80% of the variability
among populations. There were also big differences regarding
phenotypic correlations. The study suggests that the quality
traits are phenotypically and genotypically highly variable
and therefore very useful for breeding process.
Key words:
local maize populations,
protein, oil, starch
IZVLEČEK
Genetska raznolikost in
korelacije med pridelkom zrnja in kakovostnimi lastnostmi
zrnja lokalnih populacij koruze (Zea mays L.) na Kosovem
Namen raziskave je bil
proučiti genetsko raznolikost in korelacije med pridelkom in
nekaterimi kakovostnimi lastnostmi zrnja (vsebnost
beljakovin, olja, škroba in pepela v zrnju) 20 lokalnih
populacij koruze na Kosovem. Poskus je bil postavljen po
metodi naključnih blokov v 3 ponovitvah. Za vse lastnosti so
ugotovljene statistično značilne razlike med proučevanimi
populacijami. Povprečni pridelek zrnja vseh populacij je
znašal 79,33 g rastlino-1, najvišji pridelek je
imela populacije GBK-7 (105,13 g rastlino-1).
Vsebnost beljakovin se je gibala med 11,02 in 13,02 %, olja
med 2,56 in 5,57 % in škroba med 68,58 in 70.92 %. Z
diskriminantno analizo je ugotovljeno, da sta prvi dve
komponenti pojasnili 95,80 % varabilnosti med populacijami.
Med nekaterimi lastnostmi so za proučevane populacije
ugotovili signifikantne korelacije. Glede na veliko genetsko
variabilnost smatramo, da bi proučevane lokalne populacije
lahko bile koristne v nadaljnjem žlahtnjenju genotipov
koruze z dobrimi kakovostnimi lastnostmi zrnja.
Ključne
besede:
lokalne populacije
koruze, Kosovo, pridelek zrnja, beljakovine, olje, škrob
Testing
of 'Gisela 5' and 'Santa Lucia 64' cherry rootstocks in
Bosnia and Herzegovina
Pakeza
Drkenda, Amna
Spahić, Ajla
Spahić, Asima
Begić-Akagić
Abstract
Cherry cultivation has a
long tradition in Bosnia and Herzegovina mainly due to
favorable climatic conditions for cherry growing in this
region. However, current cherry production is insufficient
because of prevailing old cultivars and rootstocks. Modern
intensive production of sweet cherry (Prunus avium
L.) requires planting of high quality cultivars on dwarfing
rootstocks planted in high density orchards. Cherry
rootstock breeding programs worldwide require data on
tolerance and performance of their rootstocks in different
climatic conditions.
Therefore, the influence of two cherry rootstocks ('Gisela
5 and 'Santa Lucia 64') on phenological events
(blooming), growth and pomological properties of two cherry
cultivars ('Stella'
and 'Burlat') planted in modern orchard (managed
according to standard commercial practice for integrated
fruit production), near Sarajevo was evaluated.
The trees grafted on
'Gisela 5' rootstocks were planted in 2004 and on
'Santa Lucia 64' in 2005. All tress were trained in a
spindle system and the analyzed parameters were monitored in
2010. Rootstocks greatly influenced blooming time, growth
and fruit characteristics of both investigated cultivars.
The weaker rootstock was 'Gisela 5', which stimulated
earlier blooming and caused statistically significant better
fruit characteristics (fruit size, % flesh of fruit as well
as total soluble solids content in fruit). The results of
the analysis showed that both cherry cultivars reached
better fruit quality on 'Gisela 5'. 'Stella' had better
fruit quality than 'Burlat'. 'Santa Lucia 64' proved a
better rootstock for 'Burlat' than for 'Stella'.
Key words:cherry, cultivar,
dwarfing rootstocks, trunk cross section area (TCSA),
'Stella', 'Burlat', 'Gisela 5', 'Santa Lucia 64'
IZVLEČEK
PREIZKUŠANJE ČEŠNJEVIH PODLAG 'GISELA 5' IN 'SANTA LUCIA 64' V BOSNI IN
HERCEGOVINI
Gojenje češenj v Bosni in Hercegovini ima dolgo
tradicijo. Glavni razlog so ugodne klimatske razmere za
gojenje češenj. Vendar pa je trenutna pridelava češenj
premajhna zaradi starih sort in njihovih podlag. Sodobna
intenzivna pridelava češenj (Prunus avium L.) zahteva
sajenje visokokakovostnih sort na šibkih podlagah v nasadih
z gostim sajenjem. Programi vzgoje novih češnjevih podlag po
svetu potrebujejo podatke o odpornosti in obnašanju podlag v
različnih klimatskih razmerah. Ugotavljali smo vpliv dveh
češnjevih podlag ('Gisela
5' in 'Santa Lucia 64')
na fenološke
lastnosti (cvetenje), rast in pomološke lastnosti dveh
češnjevih sort ('Stella' in 'Burlat'), ki sta bili posajeni
v sodobnem nasadu blizu Sarajeva, oskrbovanem po načelih
integrirane pridelave. Drevesa na podlagi 'Gisela 5' so bila
posajena leta 2004 in na podlagi 'Santa Lucia 64'
leta 2005. Drevesa smo opazovali v letu 2010, vzgojena so
bila v gojitveni obliki vretenast grm. Podlagi sta značilno
vplivali na cvetenje, rast in na značilnosti plodov pri obeh
obravnavanih sortah. Šibkejša podlaga je bila 'Gisela 5',
kjer je bilo cvetenje zgodnejše in plodovi so imeli boljše
značilnosti (velikost ploda, delež mesa kakor tudi vsebnost
suhe snovi v plodu). Analiza je pokazala, da sta obe
češnjevi sorti razvili bolj kakovostne plodove na podlagi
'Gisela 5'. Sorta 'Stella' je imela kakovostnejše plodove
kot sorta 'Burlat'. Za sorto 'Burlat' je podlaga 'Santa
Lucia 64' bolj primerna kot za sorto 'Stella'.
Ključne besede:
češnja, sorta, šibke podlage, ploščina preseka debla,
'Stella', 'Burlat', 'Gisela 5', 'Santa Lucia 64'
Reasearch of Energy use efficiency for maize production
systems in Izeh, Iran
SH. Lorzadeh, A. Mahdavidamghani, M. R.
Enayatgholizadeh
and M. Yousefi
Abstract
This study was carried
out in Khuzestan province in Iran and aim of investigation
was energy analysis (input-output) of maize production
systems in Izeh County of Iran. Data were
collected from 30 maize farms by using a face to face
questionnaire method in 2011. The results revealed that in
maize production systems total energy input was 34.640 MJ.ha-1.
The highest share of energy consumed was recorded for N
fertilizer (20.80%) which is a nonrenewable resource. Output
energy was 102.973 MJ.ha-1. Accordingly, energy
use efficiency (output-input ratio) was 2.97, energy
productivity calculated as 0.20 kg.MJ-1 and net
energy was observed as 68.333 MJ.Kg-1. Also,
agrochemical energy ratio was 48.97% which is high ratio of
input energy in this agro ecosystems.
Key words:
Energy use efficiency,
Energy productivity, Maize, Agrochemical
IZVLEČEK
Raziskava
energetske učinkovitosti pridelave koruze v Izehu, Iran
Raziskava energetske
učinkovitosti pridelave koruze je bila opravljena v provinci
Khuzestan, okrožja Izeh v Iranu. Podatki za raziskavo so
bili pridobljeni z ustnim anketiranjem 30 pridelovalcev
koruze v letu 2011. Rezultati so pokazali, da je bil
celokupen vnos energije v ta pridelovalni sistem 34,640
MJ.ha-1. Največji delež porabljene energije
odpade na dušikova gnojila (20,80 %), kar predstavlja
neobnovljivi vir. Izplen energije je znašal 102, 973 MJ.ha-1.
Učinkovitost izrabe energije (vnos/iznos) je bila 2,97,
izračunana energetska produktivnost je bila 0,20 kg.MJ-1,
neto energija pridelka je znašala 68,333 MJ.Kg-1.
Agrokemijsko energijsko razmerje je bilo 48,97 %, kar
predstavlja dokaj velik vnos energije v tem agro-ekosistemu.
Ključne besede: izkoristek energije,
energetska učinkovitost, koruza, agrokemikalije
Collection and genetic characterization of
Vitis vinifera ’
Žilavka’ by microsatellites and AFLP markers
Lidija
Tomić, Nataša
Štajner,
Tatjana Jovanović
Cvetković, Miljan
Cvetković and
Branka Javornik
Abstract
‘Žilavka’ has been grown in
Bosnia and Herzegovina
since the XIVth century and is exploited for wine
production. Although not sufficiently studied, this
grapevine cultivar has high economic potential for the
country. Five survey missions resulted in the collection of
eighty ‘Žilavka’ accessions that varied in terms of names
and characteristics. Because of the unknown origin of the
cultivar, these accessions were analyzed with
microsatellites markers in order to obtain a standard
‘Žilavka’ genotype. AFLP markers were used to investigate
the genetic basis of variability within the cultivar.
‘Žilavka’ grapevines were screened on 14 microsatellite
loci, thus revealing 4 different genotypes arising from
mutations observed at 10 polymorphic loci. AFLP analysis of
52 ‘Žilavka’ accessions revealed 35 different genotypes,
with an average polymorphism of 57 %. Cluster analysis
showed no grouping of different Žilavka accessions according
to their names, characteristics or collection locations. The
standard ‘Žilavka’ genotype was further compared to 211 cultivars
from Slovenia
(49), Austria/Germany (20),
France
(13), Portugal
(27), Croatia (19),
Greece
(32), Spain
(21) and Italy (30) in
order to assess their genetic relationships.
In pairwise comparisons, the highest genetic similarity was found with
Slovenian cultivars ‘Glera’ and ‘Briška Glera’ (64 %) and
the highest genetic dissimilarity (100 %) with two Italian
cultivars, ‘Nebbiolo Lampia’ and ‘Vespolina’. Inventory,
collection and genetic characterization of ‘Žilavka’
accessions are important steps towards
cultivar standardization, identification of parental cultivars and
investigation of cultivar origin, required for
its sustainable use.
Key words:
grapevine, microsatellite, standard genotype, variability,
AFLP
IZVLEČEK
Zbiranje vinske trte sorte
Žilavka (Vitis vinifera L.)
in genetska karakterizacija z mikrosatelitnimi in AFLP markerj
‘Žilavka’ je pomembna
vinska sorta z območja Bosne in Hercegovine kjer jo gojijo
že od XIV stoletja. V preteklosti ni bila dovolj proučevana
vendar ima velik ekonomski potencial za omenjeno območje.
Akcesije žilavke (80), ki imajo različna imena in se
razlikujejo po nekaterih osnovnih karakteristikah so bile
nabrane na različnih področjih Bosne in Hercegovine. Za
pridobitev standardnega genotipa žilavke smo uporabili
mikrosatelitne markerje in z analizo 14 lokusov odkrili
mutacije na 10 lokusih in določili 4 različne genotipe. Vse
akcesije (52) katerim smo na osnovi mikrosatelitov določili
standardni genotip smo nadalje analizirali z AFLP markerji
in tako določili 35 različnih genotipov. Povprečni
polimorfizem pri AFLP analizi je bil 57 %.
S
klastrsko analizo nismo odkrili skupin povezanih z
različnimi karakteristikami, poimenovanjem ali izvorom
akcesij žilavke.
Standardni genotip žilavke smo nadalje primerjali z genotipi 211
kultivarjev iz Slovenije (49), Avstrije/Nemčije (20),
Francije (13), Portugalske (27), Hrvaške (19), Grčije (32),
Španije (21) in Italije (30), da bi ugotovili kakšna je
sorodnost z njimi. V analizi primerjave parov smo ugotovili,
da je žilavka najbolj sorodna (64 %) s slovenskima
kultivarjema ‘Glera’ in ‘Briška Glera’ ter najbolj genetsko
oddaljena od italijanskih kultivarjev ‘Nebbiolo Lampia’ in
‘Vespolina’. Zbiranje, vrednotenje in genetska
karakterizacija akcesij žilavke je pomembna za
standardizacijo kultivarjev, analizo starševstva in izvora
sorte.
Ključne
besede:
vinska trta, mikrosateliti, standardni genotip, variabilnost,
AFLP
Improved quality of fungicide deposition and coverage of
potato leaves using flat fan air-injector nozzle IDK
Filip VUČAJNK, Rajko
BERNIK
Abstract
The aim of our experiment
was to improve fungicide spray deposition and coverage of
potato leaves by using air-injector nozzle types. We used
two standard nozzle types - a flat fan nozzle ST and a
hollow cone nozzle TR, as well as a couple of air-injector
nozzle types - an air-injector compact nozzle IDK and a
symmetric double flat fan air-injector nozzle TWIN (with a
30 ° forward and a 30 ° backward spray jet angle).
Water-sensitive paper was placed on the upper, middle and
lower part of the plant in order to determine the quality of
fungicide deposition and the ability of droplets to
penetrate lower parts of the plant. When using the
air-injector compact nozzle IDK, potato leaves were covered
well at all three levels of the plant. The use of the
above-mentioned nozzle resulted in the lowest reduction in
coverage value and droplet impression area from the top
towards the lowest part of the plant. Furthermore, the
nozzle created large enough droplets with sufficient mass
and speed to penetrate the dense canopy all the way to the
lowest part of the plant. When using the symmetric double
flat fan air-injector nozzle TWIN, the angle of both spray
jets was excessively wide in order for the droplets to reach
the lower part of the plant despite a very large droplet
impression area. The use of both standard nozzle types
resulted in a poor spray mixture coverage of the middle and
lower part of the plant. This predominantly occurred due to
insufficient droplet size and the subsequent lack of kinetic
energy. Results show that the use of a newer air-injector
compact nozzle IDK improves the deposition and coverage of
potato leaves with spray mixture.
Key words:
deposition, coverage,
nozzles, potato, fungicide
IZVLEČEK
IZBOLJŠANJE DEPOZICIJE IN POKRITOSTI LISTOV KROMPIRJA S
ŠKROPILNO BROZGO PRI UPORABI INJEKTORSKE ŠPRANJASTE ŠOBE IDK
Namen
poskusa je bil izboljšanje nanosa in pokritosti listov
krompirja s škropilno brozgo pri uporabi novejših izvedb
injektorskih šob. Uporabili smo dve standardni izvedbi šob,
špranjasto šobo ST in vrtinčno šobo TR ter dve injektorski
izvedbi šob, šobo IDK in šobo z dvojnim simetričnim curkom
TWIN (škropilni curek pod kotom 30 o naprej in 30 o
nazaj). Na zgornji, srednji in spodnji del rastline smo
namestili na vodo občutljive lističe, da bi pri uporabljenih
šobah ugotovili kakovost fungicidnega nanosa in sposobnost
prodiranja kapljic v spodnje dele rastlin. Ugotovili smo, da
je bila najboljša pokritost listov krompirja na vseh etažah
pri uporabi injektorske šobe IDK. Pri tej šobi je bilo
najmanjše zmanjšanje odstotka pokritosti in površine odtisa
posamezne kapljice od vrha proti spodnjemu delu rastline. Ta
šoba tvori dovolj velike kapljice, ki imajo veliko hitrost in
zadostno maso, da lahko prodrejo skozi gost listni sestoj do
spodnjega dela rastline. Pri injektorski šobi z dvojnim
simetričnim curkom TWIN je bil kot obeh škropilnih curkov
prevelik, da bi kapljice zadele spodnji del rastline, kljub
temu da je bila površina odtisa posamezne kapljice zelo
velika. Pri obeh standardnih izvedbah šob je bila preslaba
pokritost s škropilno brozgo v srednjem in spodnjem delu
rastline predvsem zaradi premajhnih kapljic in posledično
premajhne kinetične energije. Rezultati kažejo izboljšanje
depozicije in pokritosti listov krompirja s škropilno brozgo
pri uporabi novejše injektorske šobe IDK.
Ključne
besede:
nanos, pokritost, šobe, krompir, fungicid
Determination of water balance components with high
precision weighing lysimeter in Kleče
Vesna ZUPANC, Reinhard
NOLZ, Peter CEPUDER, Branka BRAČIČ – ŽELEZNIK, Marina PINTAR
Abstract
Components of the basic water balance equation and water
balance calculation for July 2011 for weighing lysimeter on
water supply pumping station in Kleče, Ljubljana the presented.
Lysimeter and outflow mass measured with high precision
weighing cells and precipitation as determined from changes
in the mass of the lysimeter were used in calculation.
Precipitation measurements in the same time resolution as
the lysimeter mass measurements would be needed for correct
calculation of actual evapotranspiration. In time of high
plant water requirements only substantial precipitation
events directly contribute to immediate groundwater
recharge. The low water retention of the aquifer sediments
shows susceptibility of the aquifer to ground water
pollution.
Key words:
weighing lysimeter, water
balance, lysimeter station
IZVLEČEK
DOLOČITEV ČLENOV VODNE
BALANCE Z NATANČNIM TEHTALNIM LIZIMETROM V KLEČAH
Obravnavani so členi in izračun osnovne enačbe za vodno
balance za julij 2011 za tehtalni lizimeter na črpališču
pitne vode Kleče v Ljubljani. Pri izračunu so bile
uporabljene meritve mase lizimetra in iztoka, merjene z
natačnimi tehtalnimi celicami ter padavin, izračunane iz
spremembe mase lizimetra. Za pravilen izračun dejanske
evapotranspiracije bi bile potrebne meritve padavin v enakem
časovnem razkoraku kot potekajo meritve na tehtalnem
lizimetru. V času visoke porabe vode s strani rastlinskega
pokrova k bogatitvi podtalnice prispevajo le večji,
zaporedni padavinski dogodki. Nizke zadrževalne sposobnosti
sedimentov vodonosnika kažejo občutljivost vodonosnika in
ogroženost podzemne vode zaradi onesnaženja.
Ključne besede:
tehtalni lizimeter, vodna
bilanca, lizimetrska postaja
E-readiness of Rural ICT Offices for Rice
e-marketing in Rasht Township,
Iran
Seyed Jaber Alavion,
Mohammad Sadegh
Allahyari
Abstract
Applying Information and Communication Technology
(ICT) in different economic sectors, especially the
agricultural sector is increasing in developing countries.
Rural ICT offices in Iran have an important role in
decreasing the digital divide by representing internet, post
and bank services; however they are not yet active in
agricultural services. The present study seeks to survey the
electronic readiness of 68 rural ICT offices in the rural
area of Rasht in Guilan province, in the northern part of
Iran. A five-point Likert type scale questionnaire was
prepared, to survey socio-cultural, legal, connection and
back-up services indices. Results indicated that intention
to adopt, and legal aspects, required development, but the
socio-cultural index had a better situation in comparison
with others, and receptivity to agricultural electronic
commerce (e-commerce) showed a high percentage among
respondents. So this points to the necessity of creating an
integrated website for rural offices to represent
agricultural services. Also, the level of education and age
of managers did not show any significant influence on
receptivity to e-commerce, but internet skills and farmers
visiting the offices have been important factors in
receptivity to e-commerce.
Key words: E-readiness, rural ICT offices, e-marketing, Rasht
IZVLEČEK
Pripravljenost podeželskih IKT
svetovalcev za e-marketing riža na območju mesta Rasht, Iran
Uporaba
informacijske in komunikacijske tehnologije (IKT) v različnih
gospodarskih sektorjih, še posebej v kmetijstvu, se v državah
v razvoju stalno povečuje. Podeželski IKT svetovalci imajo v
Iranu pomembno vlogo v zmanjševanju digitalne pregrade tako,
da posredujejo internetne, poštne in bančne usluge, niso pa še
aktivni pri posredovanju elektronskih uslug za kmetijstvo.
Predstavljena študija želi preučiti pripravljenost 68
podeželskih IKT svetovalcev v območju provinc Rasht in Guilan
v severnem Iranu. Pripravljen je bil vprašalnik s
petstopenjsko Likertovo lestvico s katerim smo ocenjevali
kulturno-sociološke, pravne, povezovalne in podporne
storitvene kazalnike. Rezultati kažejo, da namen za sprejetje
storitev in pravna vprašanja zahtevajo dodatni razvoj, medtem
ko imajo kulturno- socialni kazalniki, v primerjavi z
ostalimi, višje vrednosti, kar velja tudi za sprejemljivost
elektronsko trgovanje v kmetijstvu. To nakazuje potrebo po
oblikovanju celovite spletne storitve za kmetijstvo, ki jo
bodo podeželski svetovalci lahko uporabljali. Stopnja
izobrazbe in starost podeželskih svetovalcev ni pokazala
nobenega statistično značilnega vpliva na njihovo
pripravljenost za elektronsko trgovanje, obratno pa velja za
poznavanje interneta in pogostnost obiskov kmetov.
Ključne
besede:
E-pripravljenost, podeželski IKT svetovalci,
e-marketing, Rasht
Somatic
embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration from nucleus tissues
of Local orange
(Citrus sinensis
(L.) Osbeck)
Huda Abdel-karim Al-TAHA, Abbas Mehdi JASIM and Muayed Fadhil ABBAS
Abstract
Somatic
embryogenesis and plantlet regeneration were achieved in
callus cultures of nucellus tissues derived from undeveloped
ovules of immature fruits of local orange (Citrus
sinensis (L.) Osbeck). Four types of culture media were
used and all produced embryogenic callus. Somatic embryos
were developed on MS medium supplemented with BA only.
Embryo maturation took place on MS medium supplemented with
BA and 2,4-D. Plantlets were regenerated from those somatic
embryos on half strength MS medium free of plant growth
regulators. The well-developed plantlets were transferred to
a potting mix containing sand and peat moss (2: 1) and grown
for 8 months, with a survival rate of 100 %.
Abbreviation: BA: 6-benzyl amino purine; 2,4-D:
2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid; NAA: α-naphthalene acetic
acid
Key words:
citrus sinensis,
embryogenic callus, somatic embryogenesis, nucleus
tissues, plantlet regeneration
IZVLEČEK
Somatska embriogeneza in regeneracija iz nucelarnega tkiva
lokalne pomaranče
(Citrus
sinensis
(L.) Osbeck)
Somatska embriogeneza in regeneracija je bila dobljena iz kalusne kulture
nucelarnega tkiva pridobljenega iz nerazvitih semenskih zasnov
nezrelih plodov lokalne pomaranče
(Citrus sinensis
(L.) Osbeck).
Uporabljena so bila štiri gojišča in na vseh je nastal
embriogeni kalus. Somatski embriji so se razvili na MS gojišču
obogatenim samo z BA. Razviti embriji so bili prestavljeni na
MS gojišče z dodatkom BA in 2,4-D. Rastline so nastale iz vseh
somatskih embrijev na polovičnem MS gojišču brez rastlinskih
hormonov. Dobro razvite rastline so bile prestavljene v
mešanico substrata, ki je vsebovala pesek in šoto
(2 : 1) in 8 mesečno rast so 100 % preživele.
Kratice BA:
6-benzil amino purin; 2,4-D: 2,4-diklorofenoksi ocetna
kislina; NAA: α-naftalen ocetna kislina
Ključne
besede:
Citrus
sinensis,
embriogeni kalus, somatska embriogeneza, nucelarno tkivo,
regeneracija
Assessment of production practices of small scale
farm holders of tomato in Bagrote Valley, CKNP region of
Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan
Muhammad
Saeed Awan,
Azhar Hussain,
Tanveer Abbas
and Rehmat Karim
Abstract
The primary data used for the investigation were obtained
through a questionnaire. One hundred and twenty (120)
farmers were randomly selected; their education level, area
of cultivation, time of planting, intercropping, varieties
grown, fertilizer used, time of picking, packing,
transportation and processing were looked at. It was found
that out of 120 respondents, 52% were literate, and 48% were
illiterate. 90% land holders were owners while remaining
were tenants. Roma variety (46%) was preferred variety
followed by Rio-Grind (38%) and Heirloom
variety (16%). In terms of picking time, majority of
farmers picked tomatoes in the afternoon (38%) or evenings
(34%) and rest picked them in the mornings (28%). All the
farmers transported tomatoes to local market either in
wooden boxes (76%) or traditional baskets (24%). Majority of
the farmers responded positively to drying tomato, but (27%)
were unaware of processing procedures. Over all loss of
tomato crop to fungal and viral diseases was estimated to be
24%.
Key words:
Tomato, production
practices, post-harvest losses, assessment
IZVLEČEK
Ocenjevanje pridelovanja
paradižnika na majhnih kmetijah v dolini Bagrote, CKNP
območje Gilgit-Baltistana, Pakistan
Podatki za raziskavo so
bili pridobljeni z anketnim vprašalnikom. Naključno je bilo
izbrano 120 kmetov glede na njihovo izobrazbo, velikost
obdelovalne površine, čas sajenja, uporabo medposevkov,
sorte paradižnika, uporabo gnojil, čas pobiranja, način
pakiranja, transporta na trg in predelave. Raziskava je
pokazala, da je bilo 52 % pridelovalcev pismenih in 48 %
nepismenih. 90 % pridelovalcev so bili lastniki zemljišč,
ostali so bili najemniki. Najbolj priljubljena sorta je bila
‘Roma’ (46%), sledili sta ji sorti ‘Rio-Grind’ (38 %) in
‘Heirloom’ (16%). Kmetje so najbolj pogosto pobirali
paradižnike ob popoldnevih (38%) ali zvečer (34%), ostali
zjutraj (28%). Večina kmetov je transportirala paradižnik na
lokalne trge v lesenih zabojih (76%) ali v tradicionalnih
košarah (24%). Večina pridelovalcev se je odzvala pozitivno
na možnost sušenja paradižnikov, le manjši del (27%) ni
poznal tega postopka predelave. Celokupna izguba pridelka
zaradi glivnih in virusnih okužb je bila ocenjena na 24%.
Ključne
besede: paradižnik, tehnologija
pridelave, izguba pridelka po obiranju, ovrednotenje
Pomen prehranske vlaknine v prehrani človeka
Terezija
Golob,
Jasna
Bertoncelj, Mojca
Korošec
IZVLEČEK
Prispevek podaja definicijo in opredelitev prehranske
vlaknine ter njeno vlogo v prehrani človeka. Predstavljena
je delitev prehranske vlaknine glede na fizikalno-kemijske
lastnosti in fiziološke učinke. Prikazani so fiziološki
učinki topnih in netopnih komponent vlaknine, priporočila
glede dnevno zaužite količine vlaknine in njena energijska
vrednost. Prikazani so pozitivni učinki uživanja prehranske
vlaknine na zdravje ljudi in na zaščito pred različnimi
obolenji. Nakazani so dvomi o pretiranem pomenu prehranske
vlaknine v prehrani.
Ključne besede:
prehranska vlaknina, fiziološki učinki prehranske
vlaknine,
zdravje,
živila rastlinskega izvora
ABSTRACT
THE IMPORTANCE OF DIETARY
FIBRE IN HUMAN NUTRITION
The paper provides a definition of dietary fiber and describes
its role in a human nutrition. Dietary fiber is presented in
the respect of the physico-chemical properties and
physiological effects. The recommendations for daily intake of
fiber and the energy value of dietary fiber are stated. The
positive effects of dietary fiber on human health and
protection against various diseases are shown. The doubts
about the exaggerated importance of dietary fiber in the diet
are mentioned.
Key
words: dietary fibre,
physiological effects of dietary fiber,
health, plant-derived food
Migration of Scaphoideus titanus Ball from
the surrounding vineyards into the nursery
Primož GRIŽON,
Gabrijel SELJAK,
Irma VUK
abstract
A one-year study of the mobility of leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus
Ball (ST), vector of Flavescence dorée phytoplasma, was
conducted in 2009 and included three Slovenian nurseries in
the Primorska winegrowing region, as well as two Italian and
one Swiss nursery, and was aiming at evaluating the risk of
spreading ST with vine propagating material. The presence of
ST was monitored by the means of yellow sticky traps that
were placed at three distances in the nurseries and the
nearby vineyards on three parallel lines (replicates). The
traps were equidistantly placed from the nurseries’ and
vineyards’ borders in order to determine the possible
distance gradient. The monitoring started in the latest
nymphal stages (middle of June) and terminated in the first
decade of October. Insecticide treatments with deltamethrin
(Decis 2.5 EC) were applied in nurseries, according to the
instructions for use and recommendations for suppression of
ST. On all Slovenian plots in the vineyards, the population
level of ST was high (1796 adults in average / vineyard or
18 adults per trap / week), which indicated a great
migration potential of the vector towards the nurseries.
Catches were very low (54 adults in average / nursery or 0.4
adults / trap / week) on two nurseries’ plots (Lože and
Slap), although high numbers of ST adults were caught in the
adjacent untreated vineyards. On the Poreče nursery plot,
insecticide treatments were not sufficient to avoid high
numbers of ST catches (in total 481 adults or 3 adults /
trap / week). This could be related to the sub-optimal
timing of the first insecticide treatment and/or migration
of adults from two nearby untreated vineyards located at a
distance of 70 and 150 m. The distance between the nurseries
and vineyards did not affect ST catches in the nurseries.
Key
words:
Scaphopideus titanus, Flavescence Dorée, migration, nursery
izvleček
Migracija ameriškega
škržatka
(Scaphoideus titanus
Ball)
iz bližnjih
vinogradov v trsnico
Z namenom preučitve nevarnosti širjenja prenašalca zlate trsne rumenice
z razmnoževalnim materialom vinske trte smo v letu 2009
izvedli raziskavo mobilnosti ameriškega škržatka (Scaphoideus
titanus Ball) (ST) v treh trsnicah v vinorodni deželi
Primorska. V manjšem obsegu je bil poskus izveden tudi pri
partnerskih institucijah v Italiji in Švici. Zastopanost in
nalet ST smo ugotavljali z rumenimi lepljivimi ploščami, ki
so bile postavljene na treh različnih razdaljah od roba
trsnice in vinogradov v 3 vzporednih ponovitvah. S
postavitvijo lepljivih plošč v enakomernih razmakih od roba
trsnice in vinogradov v globino smo želeli ugotoviti
morebitni gradient naleta. Z monitoringom naleta smo začeli,
ko je bil škodljivec v 5. stadiju ličinke (sredi junija) in
ga zaključili v prvi dekadi oktobra. Tretiranje z
deltametrinom (Decis 2.5 EC) je bilo izvedeno v trsnici,
skladno z navodili za uporabo insekticida in s priporočili
za zatiranje ST. Populacija ST v vinogradih je bila na vseh
treh lokacija v Sloveniji visoka (v povprečju 1796 odraslih
osebkov / vinograd oziroma 18 osebkov / ploščo / teden), kar
je predstavljalo velik migracijski potencial prenašalca
proti trsnicam. Kljub visoki populaciji ST v bližnjih
vinogradih je bilo število ujetih ST v trsnicah na lokaciji
Slap in Lože nizko (v povprečju 54 osebkov / trsnico oziroma
0,4 osebka / ploščo / teden). Število ujetih odraslih
osebkov na lokaciji Poreče je bilo kljub tretiranju z
insekticidom visoko (skupno 481 osebkov ali 3 osebki /
ploščo / teden). Vzrok za to gre iskati v neustreznem času
prvega tretiranja z insekticidom ali v dodatnem naletu ST iz
bližnjih vinogradov, ki so bili oddaljeni
70 in 150 m. Razdalja med trsnico in
vinogradom ni vplivala na število ujetih ST v trsnici.
Ključne besede:
ameriški škržatek, zlata
trsna rumenica, migracija, trsnica
Pisana polonica (Harmonia axyridis
[Pallas], Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) - invazivna
koristna vrsta
Žiga LAZNIK,
Lea MILEVOJ,
Stanislav
TRDAN
izvleček
V začetku
novembra 2011 smo v okolici Ljubljane na zidovih posameznih
stanovanjskih hiš opazili množičen pojav polonic. Nekaj
primerkov smo izlovili, da bi določili vrsto. Na podlagi
stereomikroskopskega pregleda in ob uporabi dostopne
literature smo potrdili vrsto
Harmonia axyridis
(Pallas). Vrsta pri nas še nima slovenskega poimenovanja,
zato v tem prispevku predlagamo uporabo imena pisana
polonica, ki izhaja iz angleškega poimenovanja Harlequin
ladybird. V prispevku je opisana bionomija vrste in njen
pomen za Slovenijo. Pisana polonica je bila v Evropo vnesena
z namenom uporabe v biotičnem varstvu rastlin. V nekaterih
državah poročajo o škodljivem hranjenju odraslih osebkov
pisane polonice z mehkimi plodovi nekaterih sadnih vrst, kot
tudi grozdnimi jagodami. Vrsta
H. axyridis
postaja nadležna v urbanem prostoru. Nekateri tuji viri
navajajo, da s svojimi izločki onesnažuje zidove in opremo,
povzroča lahko tudi alergijske reakcije pri ljudeh.
Ključne
besede:
Harmonia axyridis, pisana
polonica, bionomija, Slovenija, biotično varstvo
abstract
MULTICOLOURED ASIAN LADY
BEETLE (Harmonia
axyridis [Pallas], Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) - invasive beneficial species
In the beginning of November 2011, massive occurrence of lady
beetles was established on the walls of individual dwelling
houses in the vicinity of Ljubljana. Some individuals
were sampled for determination purposes. Based on
stereomicroscopic survey and the use of accessible scientific
literature we confirmed the coccinellid
Harmonia axyridis
(Pallas). Up to now this species did not have Slovenian name,
therefore we suggest the name ‘pisana polonica’, which
originated from English name Harlequin ladybird. In this paper
the bionomics of the species and its importance in
Slovenia
are presented. Multicoloured Asian lady beetle was introduced
to Europe for biological control purposes. In some countries
the adults of this insect species cause damage on soft fruits
and grape berries. In addition,
H. axyridis
also became inconvenient in urban areas. Some foreign sources
mention that this coccinellid soil the walls of dwelling
houses and equipment with their secretions, furthermore it can
cause the allergic reactions of humans.
Key
words: Harmonia
axyridis,
multicoloured Asian lady beetle, bionomics,
Slovenia, biological
control
Tools for agricultural drought detection in the frame of Drought
Management Centre for Southeastern Europe – DMCSEE
Andreja SUŠNIK, Ajda
VALHER, Gregor GREGORIČ, Marko TROŠT
ABSTRACT
Numerous specialized indices have been proposed to assess
drought severity, but the precise quantification of drought
is a difficult challenge. The purpose of this paper is to
evaluate two indices: the well known Standardized
Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Net Irrigation
Requirements (NIR) derived by WinISAREG model. WinISAREG
water balance model is tested in the frame of working
activities of Drought Management Centre for Southeastern
Europe (DMCSEE). The drought assessment for areas with
different climatic characteristics in Slovenia is
achieved using both indices for maize crop in the period
from 1961 to 2010. A simple water balance was used for the
comparison with the both indices.
Results of the indices were compared with information about
drought available in the agrometeorological reports of the
Environmental Agency of the Republic of Slovenia
for analysed time period. For the comparison among indices
qualitative analysis for the vegetation season
(April-September) was performed. For this reason 1-month and
6-month Standardized Precipitation Index were used. Soil type
with low soil water holding capacity was chosen for the study.
Seasonal NIR generally responds in a similar fashion to the
6-month Standardized Precipitation Index. With both indices
extremely dry periods were validated by agrometeorological
reports. There are some years with drought which are only
confirmed by NIR and not confirmed by SPI6. SPI6 performs
relatively well as indicator of long-term meteorological
droughts caused by the lack of precipitation while NIR
identifies also long-term agricultural droughts provoked by
high evapotranspiration triggered by temperature stress. Study
showed that at all locations NIR in the last ten years
(2001-2010) increased on soils with low water holding
capacity. NIR could be proposed as indicator for agricultural
drought detection in the frame of DMCSEE.
Kwy
words:
drought, crop water
balance, WinISAREG model, Standardized Precipitation Index,
Net Irrigation Requirements, climate variability
izvleček
ORODJA ZA UGOTAVLJANJE KMETIJSKE SUŠE V OKVIRU
CENTRA ZA UPRAVLJANJE S SUŠO V JV EVROPI – DMCSEE
Intenzivnost suše je, kljub številnim specifičnim kazalcem,
zelo težko natančno vrednotiti. Namen članka je ovrednotenje
dveh indeksov: že dobro poznanega Standardiziranega
padavinskega indeksa (SPI) in Neto namakalne potrebe (NIR),
izračunane s programom WinISAREG. Vodno bilančni model
WinISAREG je preizkušen v okviru delovnih aktivnosti Centra za
upravljanje s sušo v jugovzhodni Evropi - DMCSEE. V študijo so
bile vključene lokacije po Sloveniji, z različnimi podnebnimi
značilnostmi, za primer koruze, v obdobju 1961-2010. Za
primerjavo obeh indeksov je bila uporabljena enostavna vodna
bilanca.
Vrednosti
indeksov za analizirano obdobje so bile primerjane z
arhivskimi podatki o sušah, dostopnih v agrometeoroloških
zapisih na Agenciji Republike Slovenije za okolje. Analizirana
so bila vegetacijska obdobja, ki trajajo od aprila do
septembra, zato sta bila uporabljena 1-mesečni in 6-mesečni
SPI. V študiji so bila uporabljena tla s slabo zadrževalno
kapaciteto za vodo.
Sezonski
NIR (obdobje rasti rastline) v splošnem odgovarja 6-mesečnem
Standardiziranem padavinskem indeksu (SPI6).
Agrometeorološki zapisi so potrdili ekstremno sušna leta glede
na oba indeksa. Pojavili pa so tudi primeri, ko so bila
nekatera sušna leta potrjena z NIR-om, z SPI6 pa ne in
obratno. Oba indeksa dobro zaznata dolgotrajne suše, SPI6
meteorološke suše na račun pomanjkanja padavin, NIR pa
upošteva tudi visoko izhlapevanje povzročeno s temperaturnim
stresom. Študija je pokazala, da se trend vrednosti NIR-a na
vseh izbranih lokacijah v zadnjem desetletju (2001-2010)
povečuje na tleh s slabo zadrževalno kapaciteto za vodo.
V okviru
DMCSEE NIR lahko predlagamo kot kazalec določanja kmetijske
suše.
Ključne besede:
suša, vodna bilanca rastlin, WinISAREG model,
Standardizirani padavinski indeks, Neto namakalne potrebe,
podnebna spremenljivost
Kaparji (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) vinske trte (Vitis vinifera L.) v Sloveniji in možnosti njihovega biotičnega
zatiranja
Melita ŠTRUKELJ, Irena
MAVRIČ PLEŠKO, Gregor UREK, Stanislav TRDAN
izvleček
V Sloveniji
se na vinski trti pojavljajo kaparji Neopulvinaria
innumerabilis, Pulvinaria vitis,
Parthenolecanium corni in Planococcus ficus. Te
žuželke sesajo rastlinski sok in povzročajo prezgodnje
odpadanje listov in bolezenske okužbe grozdov, kar vpliva na
kakovost pridelka. Kaparji so tudi pomembni prenašalci
rastlinskih virusov. Vrsti P. vitis in P. corni
sta razširjena po vsej Sloveniji, vrsta N. innumerabilis
v vinogradih na Primorskem, vrsto P. ficus pa
največkrat najdemo v zavarovanih prostorih. Običajno kaparje
zatiramo z uporabo insekticidov, vendar so sodobne strategije
varstva rastlin usmerjene v naravi prijaznejše načine, kot sta
mehansko in biotično zatiranje škodljivcev. Pri nas biotično
zatiranje kaparjev še ni dobro raziskano, čeprav se je v
srednji Evropi že izkazalo za uspešno.
Ključne besede:
kaparji,
Coccidae, Pseudococcidae, sistematika, morfologija,
bionomija, škodljivost, zatiranje, biotično varstvo
ABSTRACT
SOFT SCALES AND
MEALYBUGS (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) ON GRAPEVINE (Vitis
vinifera L.) IN SLOVENIA AND THE POSSIBILITIES OF THEIR
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
In Slovenia Neopulvinaria innumerabilis, Pulvinaria vitis,
Parthenolecanium corni and Planococcus ficus
have been identified on grapevine. These insects cause earlier
discolorations on the leaves and defoliation and consequently
cause poor growth of plants and reduction of yield and crop
quality. They can also transmit important plant viruses. P.
vitis and P. corni are widespread in Slovenia.
N. innumerabilis was found in vineyards of Primorska,
while P. ficus was found mainly in greenhouses. Because
of their great economic influence insecticides are used for
their control. Natural enemies make a significant contribution
to biological control of these insects. The biological control
of scale insects is not well studied in Slovenia, although it
has proved to be successful in Central Europe.
Kwy
words:
scale insects, mealybugs,
Coccidae,
Pseudococcidae, systematics, morphology, bionomics, damage,
control, biological control
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