Letnik 99 Ljubljana, 2012 Številka 3   Genske banke kot kulturna dediščina človeštva Borut BOHANEC IZVLEČEK V sestavku je kratko opisan pomen genskih bank od ustanovitve prvih nacionalnih ustanov do trenutnega stanja na tem področju. Poudarjen je tako pomen ohranjanja genskih virov za napredek kmetijstva kot tudi pomen genskih virov kot kulturne dediščine človeštva. Kratko je predstavljen pogled na zakonodajo, ki je nastala z uveljavitvijo mednarodne pogodbe o genskih virih.  Ključne besede: pomen genskih bank, načini ohranjanja, ogroženost akcesij Abstract   GENEBANKS AS CULTURAL HERITAGE OF MANKIND The article briefly describes the importance of genebanks from setting up the first national institutions to the current situation in this area. The importance of conserving genetic resources is addressed for the future progress of agriculture, as well as the importance of genetic resources as cultural heritage of mankind. Views related to adaption of the legislation related to the implementation of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture is discussed.  Key words: role of genebanks, preservation management, genetic erosion of accessions   Izvajanje Mednarodne pogodbe o rastlinskih genskih virih za prehrano in kmetijstvo v Sloveniji Primož GRIŽON IZVLEČEK Mednarodna pogodba o rastlinskih genskih virih za prehrano in kmetijstvo (ITPGRFA) predstavlja mednarodno dogovorjen okvir za ohranjanje in trajnostno rabo rastlinskih genskih virov za prehrano in kmetijstvo. ITPGRFA je bila sprejeta v okviru FAO, Komisije za genske vire za prehrano in kmetijstvo leta 2001 in je skladna s Konvencijo o biološki raznovrstnosti (CBD). Cilji ITPGRFA so usmerjeni v vzpostavitev globalnega sistema za izmenjavo rastlinskih genskih virov ter delitev koristi, ki so posledica uporabe teh virov. Slovenija je ratificirala ITPGRFA jeseni 2005 in postala pogodbenica leta 2006. Implementacija tega mednarodno zavezujočega sporazuma v Sloveniji se je pričela z vzpostavitvijo večstranskega sistema za izmenjavo rastlinskega materiala, ki vključuje 64 najpomembnejših rodov kmetijskih rastlin iz priloge I ITPGRFA. V ta sistem bodo vključene akcesije iz javnih zbirk, ki se vzdržujejo v okviru Slovenske rastlinske genske banke (SRGB) kot tudi akcesije zasebnih zbirateljev. Za centralno izmenjavo akcesij je pristojen Kmetijski inštitut Slovenije. Izmenjava akcesij poteka ob uporabi tipskega sporazuma o prenosu materiala (SMTA), ki določa pogoje za uporabo in plačevanje prispevka od uporabe teh akcesij v določenih okoliščinah. V prvi fazi vzpostavitve večstranskega sistema poteka s strani skrbnikov vrst revizija osnovnih podatkov skladno z mednarodno dogovorjenimi deskriptorji pri vseh akcesijah iz javnih zbirk in vnos manjkajočih podatkov v podatkovno bazo SRGB. Trenutno (15. september 2010) je v podatkovni bazi SRGB zbranih nekaj več kot 2.500 osnovnih podatkov o akcesijah, ki pripadajo 66 rastlinskim rodovom. Izmed teh rodov jih 22 sodi v večstranski sistem. Ključne besede: rastlinski genski viri, Mednarodna pogodba o rastlinskih genskih virih za prehrano in kmetijstvo, večstranski sistem, implementacija, Slovenija ABSTRACT   Implementation of the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture in Slovenia The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) represents an internationally agreed framework for the conservation and sustainable use of plant genetic resources for food and agriculture. ITPGRFA was adopted within the framework of Food and agriculture organization (FAO), Commission on genetic resources for food and agriculture in 2001 and is in line with the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). ITPGRFA objectives are to establish a global system for the exchange of plant genetic resources and ensure sharing of benefits arising from the use of these resources. Slovenia has ratified ITPGRFA in autumn of 2005 and became a contracting party in the beginning of 2006. The implementation of an internationally binding agreement in Slovenia began with the establishment of a multilateral system for the exchange of plant material, which includes 64 of the most important genera of crops from Annex I of the ITPGRFA. This system will include accessions from public collections maintained in the Slovenian plant gene bank as well as private collections. Exchange of accessions is coordinated by the Agricultural Institute of Slovenia and includes the use of standard material transfer agreement (SMTA), which lays down the conditions for the use and payment of the contribution under certain circumstances. The first phase of establishment of a multilateral system conducted by the curators of a certain species include a review of the main data according to internationally agreed descriptors of all accessions from public collections and complete data gaps in the appropriate database. Currently (15th September 2010), the database collected a little more than 2.500 main data on accessions belonging to 66 plant genera, 22 of them belongs to the multilateral system. Key words: plant genetic resources, International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, multilateral system, implementation, Slovenia   Genska banka Oddelka za agronomijo Biotehniške fakultete v Ljubljani Zlata LUTHAR, Ludvik ROZMAN, Gregor OSTERC, Jure ČOP IZVLEČEK Skrb za ohranjanje narave, v ožjem smislu tudi genskih virov, ne sme biti prepuščena posameznikom ali posameznim ustanovam, ampak je potrebno ta problem reševati na regionalni, nacionalni in mednarodni ravni. S tem namenom je bila ustanovljena leta 1974 organizacija IBPGR (sedaj Bioversity International), ki je samostojna inštitucija, povezana s FAO ter podobnimi organizacijami po celem svetu in skrbi za ohranjanje svetovnih genskih virov. Pod njenim okriljem so bili za posamezne vrste izdelani tudi deskriptorji, po katerih se genski material opisuje in vrednoti. To je eden od razlogov, da so se leta 1996 v Sloveniji posamezne zbirke, ki hranijo kmetijske rastline združile in dobile status nacionalnega pomena z imenom Slovenska rastlinska genska banka. Del tega je tudi Genska banka kmetijskih rastlin Oddelka za agronomijo Biotehniške fakultete, ki jo sestavljajo štiri genske banke povečini domačih vzorcev ajde (navadna in tatarska), koruze (populacije in iz njih vzgojene linije), sadnih rastlin (jablane, hruške in orehi) ter trav in metuljnic (rod Lolium, Dactylis in Trifolium). Kljub temu, da se skrbi za različne rastlinske vrste, ima genska banka nekaj skupnih organizacijskih značilnosti. Način in razmere hranjenja so podobne, ne glede na rastlinsko vrsto. Tako se vzorci semen hranijo ex situ - izven naravnega okolja v hladilnikih. Sadne vrste se hranijo ex situ v obliki nasadov. Delo genske banke je osredotočeno na pravilno hranjenje vzorcev, zbiranje (kolekcioniranje) vzorcev, obnavljanje in razmnoževanje semen, vzdrževanje in zasaditev novih nasadov sadnih rastlin. Med glavnimi nalogami je tudi zbiranje osnovnih (pasport) podatkov o vzorcih, opisovanje in vrednotenje zbranih podatkov po mednarodnih deskriptorjih, sodelovanje med genskimi bankami ter dosegljivost zbirke oz. vzorcev. Razlogi za zbiranje vzorcev in ustanavljanje genske banke ter aktivnosti imajo nekaj skupnih značilnosti, predvsem rešiti genski material pred propadom, vsaka zbirka pa ima specifičnosti, po katerih je tudi razpoznavna.  Ključne besede: genska banka, ajda, pšenica, koruza, jablane, hruške, orehi, trave, detelje ABSTRACT GENEBANK OF THE AGRONOMY DEPARTMENT OF THE BIOTECHNICAL FACULTY IN LJUBLJANA Caring for nature conservation in the strict sense of genetic resources cannot be left to individuals or individual institutions, this issue must be tackled at regional, national and international levels. The organization IBPGR (now Bioversity International), an independent institution founded for this purpose in 1974, is associated with the FAO and similar organizations worldwide and is responsible for organizing conservation of the world's genetic resources. Under its auspices, descriptors for individual species have been produced by which genetic material is described and evaluated. This is one of the reasons why individual collections in Slovenia responsible for storing agricultural plants, merged in 1996 and became a body of national importance called the Slovenian Plant Genebank. It includes also the genebank of agricultural plants of the Department of Agronomy of the Biotechnical Faculty, consisting of four genebanks containing primarily samples of domestic buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum and Fagopyrum tataricum), maize (populations and lines grown from them), fruit plants (apple, pear and walnut trees) and grasses and legumes (genuses Lolium, Dactylis and Trifolium). Despite preserving a variety of plant species, the genebank has some common organizational characteristics. The method and conditions of storage, irrespective of plant species are similar. Seed samples are thus stored ex situ – outside of the natural environment in a refrigerator. Fruit species are stored ex situ in the form of plantations. Genebank work focuses on the proper storage of samples, collection of samples, regeneration and multiplication of seeds, maintaining and planting new crops of fruit plants. The main tasks also include the collection of basic (passport) data on samples, characterization and evaluation of data collected by international descriptors, cooperation among genebanks and the availability of collections and samples. Grounds for collecting samples and the creation of the genebank and activities have some common characteristics, mainly preserving genetic material from decay. Each collection has specificities by which it is also recognizable.  Key words: genebank, buckwheat, wheat, maize, apple, pear, walnut, grasses, legumes   Genska banka ajde - vir slovenske genetske variabilnosti Zlata LUTHAR IZVLEČEK Osnovni razlogi za zbiranje domačih vzorcev ajde po Sloveniji so bili predvsem v opuščanju pridelovanja domačih populacij in nadomestitev s tujimi uvoženimi sortami in populacijami, katerih seme je bilo na razpolago v zadostni količini pridelovalcem. Drug razlog je bil v nevarnosti, da se domače populacije skrižajo s tujim uvoženim materialom ali z novimi slovenskimi sortami in kot tretji razlog zbran material je nudil veliko variabilnost in možnost izbire ter uporabe kot vir genov za žlahtniteljsko delo. Pogosto so tam, kjer so se oz. se z žlahtnjenjem še ukvarjajo, kot potreba nastajale zbirke posameznih rastlinskih vrst. To so bili glavni razlogi pred 30 in več leti za zbiranje in reševanje gen fonda. Glede na dosedanje opise, bi lahko v grobem razdelili zbrani material v 2 skupini. Vzorce s sivimi semeni, ki imajo drobna siva semena in bele cvetove, le pri nekaterih populacijah se pojavljajo posamične rastline z rahlo roza cvetovi. Prilagojene so nižinskim in gričevnatim talnim in podnebnim razmeram, legam brez pogostih zgodnjih jesenskih slan in megla. V drugi skupini so populacije z nekoliko debelejšimi, temnimi - rjavimi semeni, osnovna barva cvetov je svetlo do temno roza, lahko se pojavijo posamične rastline z rahlo rdečimi cvetovi. Primerne so za višinske, hribovite lege s 7 do 10 dni krajšo rastno dobo. Konec septembra so primerne za žetev, saj jim v ugodnih klimatskih razmerah do takrat že odpade listje. Pri sivih populacijah pa listje odpade šele po prvih jesenskih slanah. Vzorci iz genske banke v preteklosti niso služili samo kot izhodiščni material za žlahtniteljsko delo (slovenske sorte ajde), ampak se je proučevala vitalnost semen, vsebnost polifenolov (tanina) v posameznih delih semen, genetska variabilnost in identifikacija vzorcev na nivoju DNA ter regeneracijska sposobnost v in vitro razmerah. Značilnost te zbirke je, da se je več ne dopolnjuje z domačimi populacijami, ker jih pridelovalci ne pridelujejo in jih na terenu ni možno več nabrati oz. dobiti. Ključne besede: ajda, genska banka, populacija, genetska variabilnost ABSTRACT BUCKWHEAT GENEBANK - A SOURCE OF SLOVENIAN GENETIC VARIABILITY The primary reason for collecting domestic samples of buckwheat in Slovenia is the abandonment of growing domestic populations and their replacement with foreign, imported species and populations, whose seed is available in sufficient quantity to growers. Another reason is the threat that domestic populations will cross with foreign imported material or with new Slovenian varieties. A third reason is that the collected material provides a lot of variability and the possibility of choice and use as a source of genes for breeding work. Breeding has often been accompanied with the collection of selected plant species that were required and used during the breeding process. More than 30 years ago, therefore, a buckwheat gene fund was created. Based on existing descriptions, the collected material can be roughly divided into two groups. Samples with small gray seeds mainly have white flowers, although individual plants with slightly pink flowers emerge in some populations. They are adapted to lowland and hilly soil and climatic conditions, as well positions without frequent or early autumn hoarfrosts and mist. The second group includes populations with slightly thicker dark - brown seeds; the basic color of the flowers is light to dark pink, although individual plants with slightly red flowers may emerge. They are suitable for higher altitude, mountainous locations with a 7 to 10 days shorter growth period. They are suitable for harvest at the end of September because, with good weather conditions, the leaves have already fallen off by then. In the case of grey populations, the leaves do not fall until the first autumn hoarfrosts. Samples from the gene bank have not only served as starting material for breeding work in the past (Slovenian buckwheat varieties) but also for investigation of the seed viability, of the seed content of polyphenols (tannins) in individual parts of seeds, genetic variability, identification of samples on the level of DNA and regeneration capacity under in vitro conditions. A characteristic of this collection is that it is no longer being supplemented by local populations because these are no longer to be found in the natural environment.  Key words: buckwheat, genebank, population, genetic variability Genska banka koruze v Sloveniji Ludvik ROZMAN IZVLEČEK Genska banka koruze na Oddelku za agronomijo Biotehniške fakultete v Ljubljani je ena od najstarejših in najobsežnejših genskih bank kmetijskih rastlin v Sloveniji. Prve populacije, ki jih hranimo so bile nabrane že v začetku 50. let. Trenutno hranimo v genski banki skupno 587 genotipov koruze, od katerih je največ domačih populacij trdink ter iz njih vzgojenih samooplodnih linij z različno stopnjo homozigotnosti. Njen glavni namen je ohraniti živost oz. kalivost hranjenega genskega materiala. Ker ga hranimo na srednjeročni način (pri temp. 4-6 °C, z do 8 % vlage v zrnju), ki zagotavlja ustrezno kalivost približno 20 let, je za dolgoročno ohranjanje živosti genskega materiala, le-tega potrebno kontinuirano obnavljati in razmnoževati na selekcijskem polju z ročno izolacijo in opraševanjem. Z obnavljanjem genotipov poteka istočasno tudi opis in vrednotenje po deskriptorjih IPGRI ter v sklopu drugih projektov še dodatno proučevanje na druge gospodarske lastnosti, pomembne za velik in kakovosten pridelek. Rezultati vrednotenja in proučevanja dokazujejo, da hranimo vreden material, ki bi ga v bodoče bilo potrebno intenzivneje vključiti v žlahtnjenje novih kultivarjev.  Ključne besede: koruza, genska banka, deskriptorji IPGRI, Hbr markerji, populacije, linije, tolerantnost na koruzno progavost ABSTRACT The Slovenian maize gene bank The maize gene bank at the Agronomy Department of the Biotechnical Faculty in Ljubljana is one of the oldest and the most comprehensive plant gene banks in Slovenia. The first maize populations were collected in early 1950s. Presently, in our gene bank, there are 587 maize genotypes. Most of the materials represent domestic flint landraces of maize and selected inbreds with different levels of homozygosity. The main objective of our activity is preservation and maintenance of the acessions. The moisture of the stored material (kernels) is 8 % and the storage temperature is 4-6 °C. In order to maintain viability and sufficient amount of seeds, we are permanently multiplying genotypes in our breeding nursery, based on hand isolation and pollination. At the same time, we are also characterising and evaluation the materials according to the IPGRI descriptors. Evaluation of these traits is taking place every year. For the stored gene bank materials it is also important to have data about agronomic and breeding traits, such as yield, kernel quality, and resistance against diseases and pests. Results indicate that our accessions may represent a very useful genetic material for further breeding as well as for direct use.  Key words: maize, gene bank, IPGRI descriptors, Hbr markers, populations, inbreds, tolerance to Exserohilum turcicum Genska banka sadnih rastlin: naravna zbirka različnih sladkorjev in kislin v jabolkih Gregor OSTERC in Franci ŠTAMPAR IZVLEČEK V okviru “Nacionalnega programa genske banke kulturnih rastlin” smo v Kartuziji Pleterje zasadili sadovnjak, kjer zbiramo različne stare sorte jablan in hrušk. Z zasajanjem sadovnjaka smo začeli leta 1994, trenutno raste v sadovnjaku 119 različnih sort jablan ter 44 različnih sort hrušk. Drevesa so cepljena na ustrezne podlage in pri vsaki sorti je posajenih pet dreves skupaj. Varstvo pred boleznimi in škodljivci poteka v zadnjih letih po programu biološkega varstva rastlin, tako da je mogoče zelo hitro oceniti občutljivost posameznih sort za okužbo z različnimi boleznimi in škodljivci. V članku smo zbrali podatke za 100 različnih sort jablan. Vsebnost sladkorjev v jabolkih je tesno povezana s časom zorenja jablan. V zgodnjih sortah jablan smo tako izmerili največ fruktoze, 64 g/kg plodu, vsebnost ostalih sladkorjev je bila precej manjša. Pri srednje zgodnjih sortah se je vsebnost saharoze povečala iz 24,6 g/kg, kolikor je znašala pri zgodnjih sortah, na 38,5 g/kg ter srednje poznih sortah na 37,6 g/kg. Pri poznih sortah pa je spet prevladovala fruktoza s 70,3 g/kg plodov. Od kislin je v plodovih ne glede na čas obiranja prevladovala jabolčna kislina. Največ, 4 g/kg plodov, smo je izmerili v plodovih zgodaj zorečih sort jablan, 3 g/kg pa v pozno zorečih sortah. V plodovoh srednje zgodaj zorečih ter srednje pozno zorečih sort smo namerili manj kot 3 g jabolčne kisline/kg plodov.  Ključne besede: Malus × domestica, organske kisline, sladkorji, primarni metaboliti ABSTRACT Gene bank of fruit plants: a natural collection of different sugars and acids in apples The fruit plantation was made in monastry Karthusia Pleterje financed by the “National program of the gene bank of cultivated plants”. Different apple and pear cultivars were brought together in this plantation. The plantation was started in 1994, 119 different apple cultivars and 44 different pear cultivars are growing there at the moment. Trees were grafted on the proper rootstocks and five trees were planted together for each cultivar. The sensitivity of different cultivars against diseases and pests can be observed due the biological protection against pests and diseases, which is carried out in the plantation. The data, which are demonstrated in this manuscript were collected for 100 different apple cultivars. The sugar concentrations in apples tightly corresponded with the ripening time. The concentration of fructose was with 64 g/kg fruit the highest in early ripening cultivars, the content of other sugars was lower. The middle-early ripening cultivars showed an increase of the succrose content from 24.6 g/kg, which was the succrose content in early ripening cultivars to 38.5 g/kg, the concentration in middle-late ripening cultivars was 37.6 g/kg. The fructose was with 70.3 g/kg the most present sugar again in late ripening cultivars. The most present organic acid in apple fruits was regardless the ripening time the malic acid. The highest concentration, 4 g/kg of malic acid, was analysed in early ripening cultivars, followed with late ripening cultivars with 3 g/kg malic acid. In both groups of middle-time ripening cultivars less than 3 g/kg malic acid was detected. Key words: Malus × domestica, organic acids, sugars, primar metabolites Genska banka trpežne ljuljke in črne detelje v Sloveniji Jure ČOP IZVLEČEK V slovensko rastlinsko gensko banko sta poleg drugih kulturnih rastlin vključeni tudi trpežna ljuljka in črna detelja. V prispevku so prikazani: kratka zgodovina genske banke trav in metuljnic na Biotehniški fakulteti v Ljubljani, ex situ zbirka ekotipov trpežne ljuljke in črne detelje, delo in izbrani rezultati karakterizacije in evalvacije. Organizirano delo pri genski banki trpežne ljuljke in črne detelje poteka od leta 1989. Zbranih je 71 ekotipov trpežne ljuljke in 104 ekotipi črne detelje. Zaradi tradicionalne in lokalno pogojene rabe naravnega travinja in različnih ekoloških razmer obstaja še precej možnosti za nadaljnje zbiranje ekotipov teh dveh vrst. Nabirajo se semena z manjših travnih površin, začasno izločenih iz pridelave krme. Pri ekstenzivni rabi ta izločitev ni potrebna. Razmnoževanje obeh vrst poteka ob ustrezni izolaciji populacij pred tujim cvetnim prahom. Pri črni detelji je potrebna tudi uporaba čmrljev. Ekotipi trpežne ljuljke in črne detelje se med seboj in od sort značilno razlikujejo v morfoloških in agronomskih lastnostih. V teh lastnostih so enkrat bolj, drugič pa manj izenačeni od sort. Po kakovosti glede merjenih agronomskih lastnostih le nekateri ekotipi dosegajo standardne sorte.  Ključne besede: genska banka, trpežna ljuljka, črna detelja, Slovenija ABSTRACT GENE BANK OF PERENNIAL RYEGRASS AND RED CLOVER IN SLOVENIA Among other plant species, Slovenian gene bank also includes perennial ryegrass and red clover. This paper briefly presents the history of gene bank of herbage grasses and legumes and ex situ collection of ecotype populations of perennial ryegrass and red clover kept at Biotechnical Faculty in Ljubljana. It also describes specific work activities on this gene bank and gives selected results obtained at characterisation and evaluation of the ecotype populations of the two species. At Biotechnical Faculty, organized gene bank work on perennial ryegrass and red clover species has functioned since 1989. This gene bank is comprised of 71 accessions of perennial ryegrass ecotypes and 104 accessions of red clover ecotypes. Due to traditional and locally related management of semi-natural grasslands and diverse environmental conditions present in Slovenia there are quite a lot of possibilities to continue with ecotype collecting of these two species. Ecotypes have been collected as seed from smaller grassland areas, temporary excluded from forage production. Such exclusion is not needed in the case of extensive production systems. Multiplication of each ecotype requires isolation against outer pollen for both species whereas the use of bumblebees’ colonies as pollinators for red clover is additionally required. In the estimated traits, ecotypes of both species differed among themselves and from the cultivars. On average, intra-ecotype variability is higher in some cases and lower in others compared to the intra-cultivar one. Agronomic value of the ecotypes, based on measured traits, is lower in most cases than that of cultivars.  Key words: gene bank, perennial ryegrass, red clover, Slovenia Genska banka hmelja ter zdravilnih in aromatičnih rastlin na Inštitutu za hmeljarstvo in pivovarstvo Slovenije Nataša Ferant, Andreja Čerenak IZVLEČEK Genska banka hmelja (Humulus lupulus L.) je del Inštituta za hmeljarstvo in pivovarstvo Slovenije (IHPS) že 60 let, medtem ko je bila genska banka zdravilnih in aromatičnih rastlin ustanovljena leta 1976. Prva vključuje 16 sort hmelja (14 slovenskih in 2 nemški, vpisani v Slovensko sortno listo) ter 59 divjih ženskih in 52 moških akcesij, ki so bile pridobljene na območju Slovenije, nekdanje Jugoslavije, Altaja in Kavkaza. Vzdržujejo se v trajnih nasadih, izbrane tudi v in vitro razmerah. Njihova dednina je uspešno vključena v naše najpomembnejše sorte hmelja. Danes je v genski banki 237 avtohtonih in pridobljenih akcesij zdravilnih in aromatičnih rastlin z območja Slovenije, bivše Jugoslavije in Evrope. Ves čas potekajo raziskave zlasti pri avtohtonih akcesijah vrst pravega kolmeža (Acorus calamus L.), navadne arnike (Arnica montana L.), navadne kumine (Carum carvi L.), zdravilne špajke (Valeriana officinalis L.) in žajblja (Salvia officinalis L.), kot tudi pri ostalih. Akcesije vzdržujemo v ex situ razmerah, izbrane vrste pa hranimo tudi v in vitro razmerah. Vse akcesije iz genske banke na IHPS so vpisane v EURISCO podatkovno bazo.  Ključne besede:  genska banka rastlin, hmelj, zdravilne rastline, aromatične rastline ABSTRACT GENE BANK OF HOP AND MEDICAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS AT THE SLOVENIAN INSTITUTE OF HOP RESEARCH AND BREWING Gene bank of hop (Humulus lupulus L.) is a part of Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing for 60 years, while gene bank of medicinal and aromatic plants was established in 1976. The first one includes 16 hop varieties (14 Slovenian and 2 German, registered on the Slovenian variety list) and 59 wild female and 52 male accessions which were obtained in Slovenia, former Yugoslavia, on Altai and Caucasus. They are maintained as permanent crops while selected accessions are kept also under in vitro conditions. Their germplasm is succesfully included in our most important hop varieties. Today, the gene bank consists of 237 native and obtained accessions of medicinal and aromatic plants from the areas of Slovenia, former Yugoslavia and Europe. The ongoing research is particularly oriented in autochtonous accessions of sweet flag (Acorus calamus L.), mountain arnica (Arnica montana L.), caraway (Carum carvi L.), valerian (Valeriana officinalis L.) and common sage (Salvia officinalis L.), as well as the others. Accessions are maintained in ex situ conditions, while selected species are kept in vitro as well. All accessions from the gene bank are entered in the EURISCO database.  Key words:  plant gene bank, hops, medicinal plants, aromatic plants Vrednotenje genskih virov hmelja z molekulskimi markerji Andreja Čerenak, Jernej Jakše, Nataša Štajner, Branka Javornik IZVLEČEK Genska banka hmelja zagotavlja dolgoročno gensko pestrost in ohranitev biotske raznovrstnosti v kmetijstvu. Na Inštitutu za hmeljarstvo in pivovarstvo Slovenije predstavlja genska banka hmelja zbirko akcesij hmelja, nabranih na naravnih rastiščih hmelja v Sloveniji in na območju bivše Jugoslavije, ter slovenske sorte hmelja. V kolekciji avtohtonega hmelja ženskih rastlin, ki je bila nabrana v začetku sedemdesetih let na območju bivše Jugoslavije, imamo zbranih 25 različnih akcesij hmelja. Zbirko genskih virov hmelja vsako leto povečujemo z novo nabranim materialom. Pri žlahtnjenju novih sort hmelja je takšna kolekcija avtohtonega, genetsko raznolikega materiala izrednega pomena. V članku so predstavljeni rezultati vrednotenja divjih genotipov, pridobljeni z molekulskimi pristopi.  Ključne besede: hmelj, genska banka, molekulski markerji ABSTRACT  Evaluation of hop genetic resources with molecular markers Hop gene bank provides long lasting preservation of genetic and biotic diversity in agriculture. At the Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing genetic bank presents collection of hop accessions gathered on natural sites in Slovenia and ex-Yugoslavia, and Slovenian varieties as well. In the hop collection of female autochthonous plants we have 25 different accessions which were gathered in the early seventies on territory of ex-Yugoslavia. The hop gene bank is increasing every year with new collected material. In hop breeding program is such collection of autochthonous and genetically diverse material very important. The article presents results of evaluation of wild genotypes with molecular approaches.  Key words: hop, gene bank, molecular markers Ohranjanje in vrednotenje genskih virov zdravilnih rastlin Dea Baričevič, Petra Ratajc, Marko Zupan, Boris Turk, Branko Vreš, Andrej Seliškar, Tomaž Seliškar IZVLEČEK V okviru genske banke zdravilnih in aromatičnih rastlin pri Biotehniški fakulteti Univerze v Ljubljani (BFUNI) poteka ohranjanje genskih virov in situ, ex situ in in vitro. Pri in situ ohranjanju je bistveno popisovanje gostote populacij na naravnih rastiščih zdravilnih rastlin, pri čemer lokacije označimo z geografskimi koordinatami in ovrednotimo z deskriptorji za kolekcioniranje, okoljskimi deskriptorji in vrstno specifičnimi deskriptorji. Metodologija vrednotenja naravnih populacij rastlinskih vrst in njihovih habitatov, osnovana na sistemu deskriptorjev, je harmonizirana v okviru držav članic programa ECPGR in SEEDNet. S pomočjo terenskih vzorčenj zdravilnih in aromatičnih rastlin ter obdelave zbranih podatkov s pomočjo informacijskega sistema MEDPLANT bo mogoče prikazati biodiverziteto med preučevanimi populacijami zdravilnih in aromatičnih rastlin, kar bo v pomoč končnim uporabnikom in eventuelno žlahtniteljem v prihodnosti. V okviru terenskega dela ocenjujemo pojavnost 10 izbranih rastlinskih vrst: skupina taksonov navadnega rmana (Achillea millefolium L. s. lat.), skupina taksonov pravega ranjaka (Anthyllis vulneraria L. s. lat.), navadna arnika (Arnica montana L.) – zavarovana (kategorija varovanja – C, O) in ranljiva vrsta (kategorija ogroženosti – V), pravi pelin (Artemisia absinthium L.), skupina taksonov rumenega svišča, košutnika (Gentiana lutea L. s. lat.) – zavarovana (kategorija varovanja – C) in ranljiva vrsta (kategorija ogroženosti – V) (Uradni list RS 82/02, 46/04; 49/04; 110/04), šentjanževka (Hypericum perforatum L. s. lat.), navadna dobra misel (Origanum vulgare L. s. lat.), razkrečena rutica (Ruta divaricata Ten.), žajbelj (Salvia officinalis L.) in kraški šetraj (Satureja montana L. s. lat.).  Ključne besede: zdravilne in aromatične rastline, naravna rastišča, genski viri, informacijski sistem ABSTRACT Conservation and evaluation of genetic resources of medicinal plants   The gene bank of medicinal and aromatic plants at the Biotechnical Faculty University of Ljubljana (BFUNI) runs the conservation of genetic resources in situ, ex situ and in vitro. An inventory of populations density in natural habitats of medicinal plants is essential in in situ conservation, where locations are recorded using geographic coordinates, and collecting, environmental as well as species-specific descriptors are used in evaluation. The methodology of evaluation of natural populations of plant species and their habitats, based on the descriptor system is harmonized within the member states of ECPGR and SEEDNet. Based on the evaluation of field samples of medicinal and aromatic plants and processing of collected data by the information system MEDPLANT biodiversity among the populations of studied medicinal and aromatic plants will be presented, which will help end users and eventually breeders in the future. The fieldwork estimated incidence of 10 selected plant species: Achillea millefolium L. s. lat., Anthyllis vulneraria s. lat., Arnica montana L. - Protected (protection category - C, O) and vulnerable species (risk category - V), Artemisia absinthium L., Gentiana lutea L. s. lat. - Protected (protection category - C) and vulnerable species (risk category - V) (Official Gazette of RS 82/02, 46/04; 49/04; 110/04), Hypericum perforatum L. s. lat., Origanum vulgare L. s. lat., Ruta divaricata L., Salvia officinalis L. and Satureja montana L. s. lat. Key words: medicinal and aromatic plants, natural habitats, genetic resources, information system Genska banka Fakultete za kmetijstvo in biosistemske vede (FKBV) Univerze v Mariboru Metka Šiško in Anton Ivančič IZVLEČEK Gensko banko Fakultete za kmetijstvo in biosistemske vede (FKBV) smo začeli oblikovati leta 1996. Prvih 10 let je delo potekalo na zbiranju in vzdrževanju rastlinskih genskih virov in je bilo prilagojeno predvsem pedagoškim potrebam fakultete in žlahtnjenja. V zadnjih petih letih se je delo reorganiziralo v skladu s smernicami Ministrstva za kmetijstvo in okolje RS. Pomemben dejavnik je bila selitev fakultete iz Vrbanske ulice v Mariboru v Hoče. Na posestvu (ob botaničnem vrtu) je bila za potrebe genske banke ograjena površina v velikosti nekaj več kot 3 ha. Sedanja genska banka FKBV obsega rodove Prunus, Rubus in Vitis, za slednjega je to dopolnilna zbirka. Trenutno je poudarek na slivah, ki smo jih zbirali in vegetativno razmnožili (s cepljenjem in stranskimi poganjki). Na polju genske banke se trenutno nahaja 48 akcesij. Materiali češenj, marelic, višenj in breskev so v fazi zbiranja oz. prenosa na površine namenjene genski banki. V nastajanju je tudi genska banka malinjaka in robid. Površina za dopolnilno gensko banko žlahtne vinske trte in njenih sorodnikov se nahaja na Meranovem in obsega 288 akcesij. V prihodnje nameravamo gensko banko razširiti tudi na genske vire nekaterih drugih vrst, ki so bile nekdaj na Štajerskem zelo pomembne, sedaj pa izginjajo. To so po naših raziskavah navadno proso, lan in velikoplodne buče vrste Cucurbita pepo, ki so se nekoč uporabljale za prehrano ljudi in živali. V gensko banko bomo vključili tudi bezge (predvsem črni bezeg - Sambucus nigra), skorš (Sorbus domestica) in hruške moštnice. Mnoge ključne genotipe imamo dokumentirane, potrebno jih je le prenesti v gensko banko.  Ključne besede: genska banka, Prunus, Vitis, Rubus ABSTRACT Gene bank of the Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor The gene bank of the Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences was established in 1996. During the first 10 years we were intensively collecting the genetic materials and establishing the techniques for their maintaining. The activities were closely associated with student's education and research. Later the activities were reorganised according to the guidelines on the Ministry of agriculture and the environment. During that time the faculty moved to a new location in the suburbs of Maribor – Hoče. For the need of the Faculty gene bank, an area of 3 ha was fenced next to the Botanical garden of the University of Maribor. The current collection of the Faculty gene bank involves three crucial genera: Prunus, Rubus and Vitis. For the genus Vitis, it is considered as supplementary collection. Currently, the emphasis is put on plums which have been collected past two years and maintained vegetatively (i.e., by grafting and side shoots). There are 48 accessions of plums. Materials of sweet and sour cherries, apricots, and peaches are in a state of being collected, multiplied and transferred to the collection field. Recently, a collection of raspberry and blackberry genotypes has been established. Our collection of Vitis species and genotypes is located at Meranovo, 8 km from the Faculty. It includes 288 accessions. In the future we plan to expand our collection and include genetic resources of other species, especially those which used to be very important in the past, but now they are subjected to intensive genetic erosion. According to our investigations these vulnerable species are: millet, flax, winter squashes, marrows and oil pumpkins, which used to be important food sources for humans and animals. The gene bank will also include elderberries (Sambucus nigra), service tree (Sorbus domestica L.), and pears used for the production of alcoholic drinks ('Moštnica' group). Many of the crucial genotypes are documented, however, they need to be grafted on suitable rootstocks and transferred to the collection field. Kwy words:  gene bank, Prunus, Vitis, Rubus Genska banka in žlahtnjenje krompirja v Sloveniji Peter DOLNIČAR, Katarina RUDOLF PILIH izvleček Opisana je zgodovina hranjenja in vzgoje novih sort krompirja v Sloveniji, od prvih sortnih poskusov leta 1895 na Ljubljanskem barju, do varietetnega vrta po letu 1935 na Bokalcah. Z vzgojo novih sort so na Kmetijskem inštitutu Slovenije začeli leta 1949 in do leta 1999 vzgojili 15 novih slovenskih sort krompirja. Z novim programom žlahtnjenja smo po letu 1993 vzgojili 9 na PVY odpornih sort krompirja. Slovenske sorte krompirja: 'Igor', 'Cvetnik', 'Dobrin', 'Jubilej', 'Karmin', 'Vesna', 'Matjaž', 'Jana', 'Jaka', 'Meta', 'Tone', 'Kresnik', 'Cita', 'Pšata', 'Bistra', 'KIS Mirna', 'KIS Sora', 'KIS Sotla', 'KIS Kokra', 'KIS Mura', 'KIS Vipava' in 'KIS Krka' se hrani na Kmetijskem inštitutu Slovenije v laboratoriju za tkivne kulture in vitro kot rastline in mikrogomolje ter kot rastline v mrežniku in na polju. Sortno pristnost zagotavljamo z metodo mikrosatelitskih markerjev.  Ključne besede: žlahtnjenje, genska banka, krompir, in vitro, mikrosatelitski markerji abstract GENE BANK AND POTATO BREEDING IN SLOVENIA The history of potato breeding and gene bank in Slovenia is described. First variety trials were organized in 1895 in Ljubljansko barje, followed by variety garden in Bokalce after 1935. Breeding of new potato varieties started at Kmetisjski inštitut Slovenije in 1949 and 15 varieties had been released until 1999. 9 new potato varieties resistant to PVY has been developed in a new breeding programme after 1993. At Kmetijski inštitut Slovenije slovenian potato varieties are maintained as in vitro plantlets in tissue culture lab, as micro tubers, and as plants in screenhouse and in the field: 'Igor', 'Cvetnik', 'Dobrin', 'Jubilej', 'Karmin', 'Vesna', 'Matjaž', 'Jana', 'Jaka', 'Meta', 'Tone', 'Kresnik', 'Cita', 'Pšata', 'Bistra', 'KIS Mirna', 'KIS Sora', 'KIS Sotla', 'KIS Kokra', 'KIS Mura', 'KIS Vipava'  and 'KIS Krka'. Variety identity is checked by microsatelite markers.  Key words: breeding, gene bank, potato, in vitro, microsatelite markers Genska banka zelja in žlahtnjenje hibridnih sort (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. f. alba ) Katarina RUDOLF PILIH, Borut BOHANEC, Jelka ŠUŠTAR VOZLIČ IZVLEČEK V Sloveniji ima pridelovanje zelja stoletno tradicijo, kljub temu pa se danes v glavnem pridelujejo le tuji hibridi in v manjši meri stare domače sorte. Prednost domačih sort je v lastnostih (npr. za kisanje), ki so vezane na zahteve domačega trga, medtem ko so hibridni kultivarji izenačeni, dosegajo veliko višje pridelke in imajo vnesene določene gene za specifične odpornosti proti boleznim. Pri dosedanjem žlahtnjenju zelja smo se na Kmetijskem inštitutu Slovenije kot tudi na Biotehniški fakulteteti osredotočili predvsem na žlahtnjenje hibridnih sort zelja, ki naj bi vključevale dednino domačih ali udomačenih sort ter imeli povečano odpornost na črno žilavko kapusnic (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, Pammel). Kot izhodiščni material smo uporabili udomačeno sorto 'Varaždinsko' in angleški hibridni kultivar 'Hawke'. Čiste linije smo v preteklih letih dobili z indukcijo haploidov s pomočjo kulture mikrospor. Linije smo ocenili in križali ter križance primerjali z že uveljavljenimi tujimi hibridi. Na osnovi teh rezultatov bo zasnovan nadaljnji postopek. V kolikor bomo določili ugodno kombinacijo dveh ali več linij, bo del projekta usmerjen v razmnoževanje linij s samoopraševanjem, del pa v ugotavljanje izražanja inkompatibilnosti in navzkrižne sposobnosti opraševanja. Na ta način bomo pridelali hibridno seme, ki ga bo možno oddati v sortno testiranje, obenem pa se bo nadaljevalo delo na zagotavljanju možnosti pridobivanja semen izbranih linij. Na novo pridobljene linije bomo vključili v nova križanja in tako pridobili material, ki je potreben za nemoteno nadaljevanje žlahtniteljskega programa. Pomemben vir dednine za križanja predstavljajo tudi domače avtohtone sorte. V genski banki zelja na Kmetijskem inštitutu Slovenije hranimo 12 različnih akcesij iz različnih predelov Slovenije. Od tega sta dva slovenska kultivarja, 'Emona' in 'Kranjsko okroglo', ki sta bila požlahtnjena na Kmetijskem inštitutu Slovenije. Akcesijam smo v preteklih letih določili tako morfološke kot tudi biokemične lastnosti. Na podlagi dobljenih rezultatov smo izbrali najprimernejše in le te semenili. Na ta način smo pridobili seme rastlin primernih za selekcijo kot tudi za križanja, ki bodo v nadaljevanju lahko pripeljala do požlahtnitve novih sort in hibridov zelja.  Ključne besede: zelje, žlahtnjenje, genska banka ABSTRACT CABBAGE GENEBANK AND BREEDING OF HYBRID VARIETIES (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. f. alba) Cabbage production in Slovenia has a long tradition. Domestic varieties are bred from autochthonous population from different parts of Slovenia. The characteristics of domestic varieties (e.g. for sauering) are important for Slovenian consumers. On the other hand hybrid cultivars are uniform, give much higher yields and they are resistant to different diseases. So far, cabbage breeding at the Agricultural Institute of Slovenia and at Biotechnical faculty was focused on breeding of hybrid cultivar with germplasm of domesticated varieties and with increased resistance to black root (Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, Pammel). A cross-breeds between domesticated variety ‘Varaždinsko’ and English hybrid cultivar ‘Hawke’ were used for inbreed production via microspore culture. Lines and hybrids were analysed in field trial and compared with commercial hybrids. Based on these results, the new procedure of breeding will be designed. If we will determine a favorable combination of two or more lines, the part of a project will be focused on lines reproduction with self pollination, detecting expression of incompatibility and cross-pollination abilities. In this way the hybrid seed will be produced and included in the national variety tests. At the same time we will continue with self-pollination to provide enough seeds of selected lines. The newly produced lines will be included in the new crossings. In this way we will gain the material needed for the continuation of breeding program. As an important source of germplasm for crosses are the local autochthonous varieties. The gene bank of cabbage at Agricultural Institute of Slovenia combines 12 accessions from different parts of Slovenia. Two of these are Slovenian cultivars: ‘Emona’ and ‘Kranjsko okroglo’. Both varieties were bred at Agricultural Institute of Slovenia. According to the assessment of morphological and biochemical characteristics of all accessions in gene bank the most appropriate ones will be chosen for the production of new varieties and hybrids.  Key words: cabbage, breeding, genebank   Zbiranje genskih virov oljne ogrščice (Brassica napus ssp. napus L.) iz različnih habitatov v Sloveniji Barbara PIPAN, Jelka ŠUŠTAR-VOZLIČ, Vladimir MEGLIČ izvleček Oljna ogrščina (Brassica napus L.) se v naravi pojavlja v različnih habitatih, njena prisotnost izven pridelovalnih površin pa omogoča spontan prenos peloda v času cvetenja. V osnovi je navadna ali oljna ogrščina samoprašna rastlinska vrsta, vendar pa zaradi variabilne stopnje tujeprašnosti v naravi prihaja do opraševanj znotraj vrste (posevki, samosevne rastline in podivjane populacije) in med vrstami (spolno kompatibilnimi sorodniki iz družine Brassicaceae). Zbiranje genskih virov rastlin navadne ogrščice iz različnih habitatov na območju celotne Slovenije je potekalo v štiriletnem časovnem obdobju. Sočasno je potekalo tudi zbiranje semen referenčnih genotipov oljne ter krmne ogrščice, ki so se od leta 1984 pridelovale v Sloveniji. Skupno smo v obdobju od 2007 do 2010 zbrali 334 genskih virov ogrščice, od tega 195 vzorcev rastlin podivjanih populacij, 66 vzorcev samosevnih rastlin, 19 vzorcev posevkov oljne ogrščice ter 54 referenčnih genotipov. Podrobne podatke o vsakem vzorcu smo sproti beležili v posebne formularje za terensko vzorčenje. Zbiranje genskih virov iz različnih habitatov v daljšem časovnem obdobju predstavlja začetni korak raziskav, katerih namen je opredeliti dejansko stanje prenosa genov med vsemi pojavnimi oblikami ogrščice ter njihove vplive na genetsko raznolikost sorodnih rastlinskih vrst v slovenskem pridelovalnem prostoru. Ključne besede: Brassica napus, oljna ogrščina, Brassicaceae, samosevci, podivjane populacije, genski viri, genetska raznolikost ABSTRACT Acquirement of genetic resources of (Brassica napus ssp. napus L.) from different habitats in Slovenia Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) naturally occurs in different habitats. Its presence outside the cultivation areas allows the spontaneous transfer of pollen during the flowering time. B. napus is self-pollinated plant species with naturally occurred variable cross-pollination level. Consequently, the out-crossing within species (crops, volunteer plants and feral populations) and between species (sexually-compatible relatives of the Brassicaceae family) is possible. Collection of plant genetic resources of B. napus in different habitats in the entire territory of Slovenia was conducted in a four-year period. In addition seeds of reference genotypes of oilseed and fodder rape, which have been grown in Slovenia since 1984, were also obtained. In the period from 2007 to 2010 a total of 334 rapeseed accessions were collected; 195 samples were feral populations, 66 samples originated from volunteer plants, 19 samples were obtained from production fields and 54 samples were reference genotypes. Details for each sample were recorded simultaneously in specific forms for field sampling. The collected accessions of rapeseed from different habitats over time will be used in further studies of gene flow between appeared forms of B. napus and their impact on genetic diversity of related plants in the Slovenian production area. Kwy words: Brassica napus, rape, Brassicaceae, volunteers, feral populations, genetic resources, genetic diversity Raznolikost fižola v zbirki Kmetijskega inštituta Slovenije Jelka ŠUŠTAR-VOZLIČ, Marko MARAS, Alenka MUNDA, Tanja ZADRAŽNIK, Vladimir MEGLIČ izvleček Zbirka fižola, ki jo v okviru Slovenske rastlinske genske banke hranimo na Kmetijskem inštitutu Slovenije, obsega 1035 genskih virov, ki so bili v zadnjih 25ih letih zbrani na območju Slovenije. V zbirki imamo tudi 61 genskih virov, ki smo jih pridobili v okviru sodelovanja v mednarodnih ekspedicijah v tujini ter 39 virov, ki smo jih za potrebe raziskovalnega dela pridobili iz drugih genskih bank v Evropi in svetu. Večina slovenskih virov predstavlja navadni fižol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), manjši del pa je laškega, turškega fižola (P. coccineus L.). Za vse shranjene vzorce imamo na voljo osnovne podatke. Vsako leto določeno število vzorcev razmnožimo in naredimo osnovno karakterizacijo. Del zbirke smo podrobneje ovrednotili z uporabo morfoloških, biokemijskih in molekulskih markerjev. Rezultati so pokazali, da se je v več stoletjih pridelovanja v Sloveniji oblikovala raznolika dednina, ki jo je vredno ohraniti. Obsežneje smo ovrednotili odpornost na glivo Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, ki povzroča fižolov ožig. Vzorce, shranjene v genski banki, uporabljamo za različne raziskave, med katerimi prevladujejo raziskave sušnega stresa. Prav tako pa jo uporabljamo v žlahtniteljskem procesu za žlahtnjenje novih sort ter za reintrodukcijo starih sort. Ključne besede: Bfižol, genski viri, genska raznolikost, raziskave, žlahtnjenje ABSTRACT VARIABILITY OF COMMON BEAN ACCESSIONS IN THE GENE BANK OF AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE OF SLOVENIA The gene bank at the Agricultural institute of Slovenia holds a collection of 1035 bean accessions collected from various parts of Slovenia in the last 25 years. In addition, 61 accessions, collected during international expeditions and 39 accessions that were obtained from other gene banks in Europe and abroad for the research purposes are included in the collection. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is the predominant species, whereas runner bean (Phaseolus coccineus L.) is represented by a smaller number of accessions. Multicrop passport data are available for all the accessions stored in the gene bank. Every year a certain number of accessions are regenerated and characterized. A part of the collection was evaluated in detail with the use of morphological, biochemical and molecular markers. The results revealed that during the centuries of common bean cultivation in Slovenia a diverse collection was formed that should be preserved for the future. A part of collection was evaluated also for the resistance to bean anthracnose, caused by the fungus Colletotrichum lindemuthianum. The accessions that are stored in the gene bank are used for research purposes, where particular emphasis is given to drought stress. The collection is used also in breeding process and in the programme of reintroduction of old varieties. Kwy words: common bean, genetic resources, genetic variability, research, breeding   Raznolikost genskih virov vrtne solate v slovenski rastlinski genski banki Jelka ŠUŠTAR-VOZLIČ, Kristina UGRINOVIĆ, Marko MARAS, Vladimir MEGLIČ izvleček V stoletjih pridelovanja so se v Sloveniji razvile številne avtohtone sorte vrtne solate (Lactuca sativa L.). Z zbiranjem, ki je od začetka devetdesetih let prejšnjega stoletja potekalo po Sloveniji, smo do danes zbrali skupno 177 genskih virov, ki jih v okviru Slovenske rastlinske genske banke (SRGB) hranimo in vzdržujemo na Kmetijskem inštitutu Slovenije. Zbirka vsebuje tudi nekatere divje sorodnike vrtne solate in genske vire, ki smo jih za namene raziskovalnega dela pridobili iz drugih genskih bank v Evropi in svetu. Skupaj obsega 227 genskih virov. V okviru raziskovalnih projektov smo večji del zbirke podrobno ovrednotili z morfološkimi in molekulskimi markerji. Pretežni del zbirke predstavljajo krhkolistne solate, najbolj zastopana med njimi je avtohtona sorta 'Ljubljanska ledenka', kateri smo v zadnjih letih namenili posebno pozornost, saj ji je grozilo izumrtje. Na osnovi večletnega vrednotenja izbranih virov 'Ljubljanske ledenke' tako iz SRGB kot iz drugih genskih bank v svetu smo ugotovili, da še obstojajo genski viri, ki ustrezajo originalnemu opisu sorte in se hkrati razlikujejo od do sedaj znanih sort. Te vire smo uporabili za obuditev sorte 'Ljubljanska ledenka' in sorto bomo kot avtohtono vpisali v Sortno listo. Ključne besede: vrtna solata, genska banka, raznolikost, 'Ljubljanska ledenka' ABSTRACT Variability of lettuce genetic resources in the Slovene Plant Gene Bank Numerous autochthonous varieties have been developed during centuries of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cultivation in Slovenia. In the Slovene Plant Gene bank (SPGB), maintained at the Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, 177 accessions are included that were obtained from various parts of Slovenia in the nineties of the last century. In addition, wild relatives and accessions obtained for the research purposes from other gene banks worldwide are included. Altogether, 227 lettuce accessions are included in the collection. In the frame of different research projects a substantial part of the collection was evaluated by morphological and molecular markers. The majority of the accessions are of crisp type, the most well-known variety is ‘Ljubljanska ledenka’, which was threatened to disappear from the production fields. Based on extensive studies of selected genotypes of ‘Ljubljanska ledenka’ from SPGB and other gene banks throughout the world conducted in last years we were able to identify genotypes that correspond to the original variety ‘Ljubljanska ledenka’ and differ from all other varieties. These genotypes were selected for the reintroduction of original ‘Ljubljanska ledenka’ and its inscription on the variety list. Kwy words: lettuce, gene bank, variability, 'Ljubljanska ledenka'     Genska banka krmnih rastlin na Kmetijskem inštitutu Slovenije Janko VERBIČ in Vladimir MEGLIČ izvleček Začetki načrtnega zbiranja trav in metuljnic segajo v 50 leta prejšnjega stoletja, ko so iz zbranega materiala kasneje požlahtnili prve slovenske sorte trav in metuljnic. V prispevku je poleg zgodovine prikazano sedanje delo genske banke krmnih rastlin in nekateri rezultati vrednotenja genskih virov v zadnjem desetletju. Za najprimernejši način zbiranja genskih virov so se pokazale večdnevne odprave, katerih cilj so lahko travniki ali kmetije, ki še pridelujejo lokalne populacije oziroma stare sorte kmetijskih rastlin. Trenutno v genski banki hranimo 761 vzorcev krmnih rastlin, od tega je 281 metuljnic, 352 trav, 73 travniških zeli in 55 krmnih poljščin. Večina krmnih rastlin je tujeprašnih, kar otežuje množenje vzorcev zaradi potrebe po prostorski izolaciji. Obnova starih vzorcev je in bo v prihodnje velik izziv tudi naše genske banke. Pri ocenjevanjih travniškega mačjega repa (Phleum pratense), navadne pasje trave (Dactylis glomerata L.), plazeče detelje (Trifolium repens L.), navadne nokote (Lotus corniculatus L.) in navadne turške detelje (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) smo med posameznimi ekotipi ugotovili dokaj veliko morfološko raznolikost. Ekotipi se med seboj razlikujejo tudi po kemijski sestavi, krmni vrednosti in drugih agronomskih lastnostih. Ključne besede: genska banka, krmne rastline, trave, metuljnice ABSTRACT GENE BANK OF FORAGE PLANTS IN AGRICULTURAL INSTITUTE OF SLOVENIA The systematic collection of grasses and legumes started during the 50 years of the last century. The first Slovenian varieties of grasses and legumes were bred from collected material. This contribution shows the history of the Gene bank of forage crops and some evaluation results of genetic resources in the past decade. Gene resources of forage crops are collected at farms and meadows, where local populations/old varieties of agricultural crops are still cultivated. At the moment in the gene bank 761 samples of forage plants, including 281 legumes, 352 grasses, 73 herbs and 55 forage crops are stored. Most forage crops are open-pollinated, therefore for propagation the isolation of plants is necessary. This fact prevents the higher propagation rate of different forage crops. Propagation of old samples will be also a challenge for our gene bank in the near future. According to evaluation of timothy (Phleum pratense L.), cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), white clover (Trifolium repens L.), birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) and sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) quite high morphological diversity between different ecotypes was found. Ecotypes differ also in chemical composition, nutritive value and also in other agronomic traits. Kwy words: gene bank, forage crops, grasses, legumes     Slovenska genska banka žlahtne vinske trte Radojko PELENGIĆ in Boris KORUZA izvleček Zbiranje in ohranjanje genskega fonda rodu Vitis je pomembna naloga, ki smo se je v Sloveniji načrtno lotili leta 1980. Možnost izbire med različnimi genotipi omogoča nadaljevanje žlahtniteljskega dela, tako glede selekcije (odbire klonov žlahtne vinske trte), kot tudi glede vključevanja zanimivih lastnosti v že obstoječe genetske kombinacije (pridobivanje odpornejših sort). Predvsem pri starih domačih sortah žlahtne vinske trte je pomembno, da smo jih v čim večjem številu ohranili in zaščitili preden so povsem izginile iz naših vinogradov. Posebej to velja za avtohtone vinske sorte žlahtne vinske trte, ki so izključno del naše naravne dediščine in jih v drugih vinorodnih deželah ne najdemo. Slovenska genska banka žlahtne vinske trte je razdeljena na dva dela in sicer na kolekcijo starih sort ter na kolekcijo novih, doma selekcioniranih klonov žlahtne vinske trte ter podlag. Kolekcije in situ so posajene na treh lokacijah, kot kolekcija z okoli petdesetimi starimi domačimi vinskimi sortami žlahtne vinske trte, ki se sproti dopolnjuje v Ampelografskem vrtu BF v Kromberku pri Novi Gorici, kot kolekcija 29 novih doma selekcioniranih klonov žlahtne vinske trte na lokaciji Litmerk pri Ormožu in kot kolekcija 10 novih doma selekcioniranih klonov žlahtne vinske trte v Vipavi. Poleg treh glavnih lokacij, se kolekcije nahajajo še na štirih pomožnih lokacijah, kot kolekcije novih doma selekcioniranih klonov žlahtne vinske trte v Pleterjih, Čurilah pri Metliki in Gadovi peči, ter kot kolekcija starih domačih vinskih sort žlahtne vinske trte v Dobrovem v Goriških Brdih. Vse zbrane akcesije so vključene v program ampelografije, ki se opravlja po predpisani metodiki deskriptorjev, ki jih izdajajo mednarodna organizacija za vinsko trto in vino (OIV), mednarodni inštitut za rastlinske genske vire (IPGRI) in mednarodna zveza za zaščito novih sort rastlin (UPOV), ki skupno obsega opis 130 morfoloških značilnosti. Delo poteka postopno, osnovno opisovanje pa je bilo razširjeno s popolno filometrijo. Do leta 1999 smo bili kot sodelavci vključeni tudi v evropski projekt GENRES, vse naše zbrane vinske sorte pa so vpisane v »Mednarodni seznam sort vinske trte in njihovih sinonimov«, ki ga je izdala mednarodna organizacija za vinsko trto in vino. Ključne besede: genska banka, žlahtne vinska trta, avtohtona sorta, ampelografija, filometrija ABSTRACT Slovenian grapevine germplasm Collecting and preserving the genetic pool of the genus Vitis is an important task that we have in Slovenia systematically addressed already in 1980. The possibility to choose between different genotypes gives breeders an opportunitiy to develope of new varieties, both in terms of selection (selecting clones of the variety), as well as the integration of interesting features into the existing genetic combinations (making resistant varieties). It is very important that we have collected and preserved our old grapevine varieties which were in danger of estinction and are/were grown only in our country. This is especially true for indigenous grape varieties that are exclusively part of our natural heritage and they can not be found in other wine regions. Slovenian grapevine germplasm is divided into two parts, namely the collection of old grapevine varieties and the collection of new selected grapevine clones and rootstocks. Collections in situ are planted at three locations, (1) a collection of about fifty old grapevine varieties that are constantly updated in ampelographic garden BF in Kromberk in Nova Gorica, (2) a collection of 29 new selected clones on the location Litmerk near Ormož and (3) a collection of 10 new selected clones in Vipava. In addition to the three main sites there are four auxiliary locations, collection of new selected clones in Pleterje, Čurile near Metlika, Gadova peč, and a collection of old indigenous vine varieties in Dobrovo in Goriška brda. All collected accessions are included in the program of ampelographic description carried out according to the prescribed methodology descriptors issued by the International Organisation of Vine and Wine (OIV), International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) and International Union for Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV), and a total volume of 130 description of morphological features is done. The work is done gradually, basic description was expanded to a full phylometric processing. Till 1999, we were also involved as collaborators in the European project GENRES. All our collected grapevine varieties were entered in the "Liste Internationale des Variétés de Vigne et leurs Synonymes", issued by OIV. Kwy words: germplasm, grapevine, indigenous variety, ampelography, phylometry     Ovrednotenje genskih virov belih sort žlahtne vinske trte (Vitis vinifera L.) Radojko PELENGIĆ, Barbara PIPAN, Vladimir MEGLIČ, Denis RUSJAN izvleček Geografska lega, klimatske razmere in zgodovinska pripadnost so glavni dejavniki, ki so botrovali k oblikovanju raznolikega sortimenta sort žlahtne vinske trte na območju današnje Slovenije. Sorte žlahtne vinske trte (Vitis vinifera L.) je mogoče opisati na več nivojih in z različnimi metodami. Ovrednotenje ali celo okarakterizacija lahko poteka na podlagi morfoloških, morfometričnih, biokemijskih in genetskih značilnosti posamezne sorte. V prispevku smo na podlagi analiz karotenoidnih pigmentov ter DNK analiz z uporabo molekulskih markerjev ugotavljali podobnosti in sorodnost med 17-imi akcesijami žlahtne vinske trte. Namen raziskave je bil odkriti morebitno povezavo med karotenoidnimi profili in meritvami barve sort ter ovrednotenje kemotaksonomskega potenciala dobljenih rezultatov za razlikovanje sort žlahtne vinske trte. Dobljene rezultate smo primerjali z rezultati analiz z metodo mikrosatelitov. V raziskavo smo vključili 17 različnih genskih virov belih sort žlahtne vinske trte, ki so posajene v kolekcijskem vinogradu Biotehniške fakultete (BF), ki obenem služi tudi kot genska banka. Rezultati evalvacije obravnavanih genskih virov belih sort žlahtne vinske trte se tako na biokemijskem kot tudi na genetskem nivoju dopolnjujejo, kar pomeni, da so obravnavane akcesije generalno razdelili v tri večje skupine, znotraj katerih prihaja do manjših odstopanj, kar je verjetno posledica lastnosti posameznih genotipov in vpliva okolja. Ključne besede: žlahtna vinska trta, genski viri, kemotaksonomija, karotenoidi, mikrosateliti, lokus ABSTRACT Evaluation of genetic resources of white grapevine varieties (Vitis vinifera L.) Geographical location, climate and historical affinities are the main factors that have contributed to creating a diverse assortment of grapevine varieties in the area of Slovenia. The grapevine varieties (Vitis vinifera L.) can be described at several levels, using different methods. Evaluation can be done on the basis of morphological, morphometrical, biochemical and genetic characteristics of each variety. In this paper the biochemical analysis of carotenoid pigments and DNA analysis using molecular markers observed similarities between seventeen grapevine accessions. The purpose of this study was to find connections between carotenoids, shapes and measurements, evaluation of chemotaxonomical potential of obtained results to distinguish among varieties, and these properties compare with the results of the qualitative analysis with microsatellites. The study included 17 different genetic resources of white grapevine varieties, which are planted in the collection vineyard of Biotechnical Faculty (BF), which can also serve as a gene bank. The results of the evaluation with treated genotypes are supplemented on biochemical and genetic level. Generally, the accessions are divided into three major groups within which there are minor discrepancies, probably due to the properties of individual genotypes and the impact environment. Kwy words: grapevine, genetic resources, chemotaxonomy, carotenoids, microsatellites, locus   Genska banka jagodičja Darinka KORON izvleček Genska banka jagodičja v sklopu Slovenske rastlinske genske banke (SRGB) obsega monitoring in vrednotenje avtohtonih jagodičastih sadnih rastlin in situ; kolekcioniranje in spremljanje rasti in razvoja avtohtonih jagodičastih rastlin iz posameznih območij, presajenih v kolekcijsko poskusni nasad Kmetijskega inštituta Slovenije na Brdu pri Lukovici; kolekcioniranje starih in novih sort ter raziskovalno delo na avtohtonem rastlinskem materialu. Avtohtone jagodičaste sadne rastline zbiramo na potencialnih rastiščih po Sloveniji. Odbrane tipe rastlin in lokacije popišemo ter ovrednotimo na podlagi deskriptorjev. Ocene parametrov so temelj za presaditev rastlin v kolekcijski nasad in nadaljnje vrednotenje. Stare in nove sorte jagodičja so namenjene ohranjanju sort za izobraževanje in morebitno žlahtnjenje. Vse sorte oskrbujemo po običajnih tehnologijah. Na odbranih sortah posameznih jagodičastih sadnih vrst vsako leto spremljamo fenofaze razvoja, rodnost in občutljivost rastlin za škodljive organizme ter za zunanje vplive. V letu 2012 je bilo v poskusnih nasadih jagodičja Kmetijskega inštituta Slovenije na Brdu pri Lukovici (0,8 ha) in Drenovem griču (2,5 ha) posajenih 60 sort jagodnjaka, 29 sort malinjaka, 2 sorti črnega malinjaka, 7 sort robid, dva križanca med malinjakom in robido, preko 50 sort in selekcij črnega ribeza, 13 sort rdečega ribeza, 6 sort belega ribeza, 14 sort kosmulj, 1 križanec med črnim ribezom in kosmuljo, 50 sort ameriških borovnic ter 20 samosevk in križancev ameriških borovnic, ena brusnica in ena ameriška mahovnica (brusnica). Kolekcija vključuje tudi ostale, manj poznane vrste jagodičja. Skupno je več kot 270 sort, tipov in selekcij s preko 600 grmi rastlin in 300 grmiči jagod. Na avtohtonem sadilnem materialu ali starejših sortah iz kolekcij so opravljene raziskave morfoloških lastnosti avtohtonih tipov malinjaka, monitoring virusov na avtohtonih in gojenih malinjakih ter raziskava genskih markerjev in vsebnosti fenolov v plodovih borovnic. Ključne besede: avtohtono jagodičje, sorte jagodičja, kolekcioniranje, odpornost, kakovost plodov ABSTRACT SMALL FRUIT GENE BANK Small fruit Gene Bank, as a part of Slovenian plant gene bank (SRGB) includes monitoring and evaluating of autochthonous small fruit plants in situ; collecting and evaluating of autochthonous small fruit plants in the experimental orchard of the Agricultural Institute of Slovenia at Brdo pri Lukovici; collecting of old and new varieties and researches on autochthonous plant material. Autochthonous small fruit plants are collected throughout Slovenia. Selected types of plants and the locations are described and evaluated on the basis of descriptors. For transplantation of plants in to the collection and for further evaluation we decide on the base of parameters. Old and new varieties of small fruits are intended for education and as potential breeding material. All varieties are supply with standard technologies. On the selected varieties of small fruits the annually monitoring of phenology development, fertility and sensitivity of plants to pests and external influences is carried out. In 2012 in experimental stations of Agricultural Institute of Slovenia at Brdo pri Lukovici (0.8 ha) and Drenov grič (2.5 ha) we had 60 varieties of strawberries, 29 varieties of raspberries, 2 varieties of black raspberries, 7 varieties of blackberries, 2 crosses between raspberries and blackberries, more than 50 varieties and selections of black currant, 13 varieties of red currants, 6 varieties of white currants, 14 varieties of gooseberries, 1 cross between black currant and gooseberries, 50 varieties of highbush blueberries and 20 seedlings and hybrids of blueberries, one lingonberry and one large American cranberry. The collections also include other, less-known types of small fruit. More than 270 varieties, types and selections with over 600 shrubs and 300 plants of strawberry bushes are included in collection. On autochthonous planting material and older varieties of collections we held researches on morphological properties of autochthonous raspberries types, monitoring of viruses in autochthonous and cultivated raspberries and study of genetic markers and phenolic compounds in fruits of bilberries. Kwy words: autochthonous small fruit, varieties, collecting, resistance, quality of fruit   Zbirka samoniklih virov rukole v Slovenski rastlinski genski banki Kristina UGRINOVIĆ in Mojca ŠKOF izvleček Med vrstami, ki jim s skupnim imenom pravimo rukola, v Sloveniji samoniklo rastejo le tri vrste iz rodu dvoredca (Diplotaxis tenuifolia, Diplotaxis muralis in Diplotaxis viminea), medtem ko vrste iz rodu rukvice (Eruca) v naravi niso prisotne. V Genski banki kmetijskih rastlin pri Kmetijskem inštitutu Slovenije je zbranih in shranjenih 19 avtohtonih virov iz različnih predelov Slovenije. Pri vseh smo ocenili nekatere morfološke in agronomske lastnosti. Pri večini virov so prisotni različni tipi rastlin, nekateri viri pa so tudi mešanica različnih vrst. Razmnoževanje v izolaciji se je pokazalo za težavno in ne prav uspešno. Pri različnih virih je bila oploditev v izolaciji različno dobra, iz česar lahko sklepamo, da imajo različno samoinkompatibilnost. V prihodnje bi bilo zbirko potrebno dopolniti z viri iz še nepregledanih predelov Slovenije, vire še podrobneje oceniti in proučiti razmnoževanje v izolaciji. Ključne besede: Diplotaxis, dvoredec, genski viri, ocenjevanje, razmnoževanje, shranjevanje ABSTRACT Collection of autochthonous germplasm of rocket in the Slovene Plant Gene Bank Among the species, that are collectively called “rocket”, only three species of genus Diplotaxis (D. tenuifolia, D. muralis and D. viminea), can be found growing wild in Slovenia while species from the genus Eruca are not occurring. The Gene Bank of Agricultural Plants at the Agricultural Institute of Slovenia holds 19 autochthonous accessions from different parts of Slovenia. The main morphological and agronomical traits of all the accessions were described. In the majority of the accessions plants with different characteristics are present and some accessions are composed of different species. The multiplication in isolation cages turned out to be complicated and the success was poor. The success of fertilisation differed among the accessions, what allow us to conclude, that accessions differ in their self-incompatibility. In the future the collection should be completed with the accessions from the regions of the country that have not been examined yet. The accessions need to be further evaluated and the maintenance in isolation studied dipper. Kwy words: Diplotaxis, wild rocket, genetic resources, evaluation, multiplication, preservation