Effect of source and sink limitation on yield and
some agronomic characteristics in modern bread wheat
cultivars under post anthesis water deficiency
Majid ABDOLI,
Mohsen
SAEIDI,
Saeid JALALI-HONARMAND, Sirus MANSOURIFAR,
Mohammad-Eghbal GHOBADI, Kianoush CHEGHAMIRZA
ABSTRACT
In order to examine the effect of source and sink limitation
and post anthesis water deficiency stress in determining of
grain yield potential in nine modern bread wheat cultivars
in the west of Iran with arid and semi-arid weather that is
one of the main centers of crop diversity in the world, a
split plot-factorial experiment based on randomized complete
block design with three replications was used in crop year
2010-2011. Three treatments includes: control, flag leaf
removal and removal of half of each spike was applied in the
field research campus of agriculture and natural resources
of Razi University. Water deficiency stress was started at
anthesis and continued till physiological maturity
(withholding of irrigation). Water deficiency caused
significant reduction in the grain yield and the 1000 grain
weight and caused significant increase in the number of
fertile spikelets per spike. Flag leaf removal (source
limitation) treatments showed that flag leaf contribution in
grain yield production during grain filling in control and
post-anthesis water deficiency stress condition were 10.1%
and 13.4% respectively. In both conditions removal of
spikelets spike-1 (sink limitation) treatment had
higher significant effect on fertility of spikelets, grains
spike-1, grain yield spike-1 and 1000
grain weight than flag leaf removal. Flag leaf removal
treatment in some cultivars not only had no reduction effect
on grain yield and 1000 grain weight but also increased
them. These results may be due to an increase in
photosynthesis rate of remaining leaves and/or increase in
amount of carbohydrates remobilization that is stored in the
stems. This phenomenon is called the compensatory effect. In
both water regimes, there was a correlation between lower
grain weight, no grains spike-1 and fertile
spikelet spike-1 and lower yield potential of
‘Chamran’ cultivar. But, ‘Zarin’ and ‘Pishgam’ cultivars due
to higher grain yield potential in post-anthesis under water
deficiency stress and control, performed more studies, to
advise farmers to cultivate them. There are probably better
than any other cultivars that are common in these regions
and sowing of them by farmers will be associated with less
risk.
Key
words:
wheat, grain yield, water deficiency, source, sink, flag
leaf, spike
IZVLEČEK
OMEJITVENI
VPLIV VIRA IN PONORA NA PRIDELEK IN NEKATERE AGRONOMSKE
LASTNOSTI NOVEJŠIH SORT KRUŠNE PŠENICE V RAZMERAH
POMANJKANJA VODE PO ANTEZI
Za preučevanje omejitvenega učinka vira in ponora v razmerah
pomankanja vode po antezi na potencial pridelka zrnja pri
devetih novejših sortah krušne pšenice je bil v zahodnem
Iranu, s sušnim in polsušnim podnebjem, na območju enega
izmed glavnih centrov diverzitete kulurnih rastlin, izveden
“split-plot” faktorski poskus, temelječ na naključno
izbranih blokih v treh ponovitvah v pridelovalni sezoni
2010-2011. Tri obravnavanja so obsegala: kontrolo,
odstranitev najvišjega lista (“zastavarja”) in odstranitev
polovice vsakega klasa na raziskovalnem polju Kampusa za
agronomijo in naravne vire Razi univerze. Stres pomanjkanja
vode je nastopil ob antezi s prekinitvijo namakanja in je
trajal do fiziološke zrelosti. Pomanjkanje vode je
povzročilo značilno zmanjšanje pridelka zrnja, zmanjšanje
teže 1000 zrn in značilno povečanje števila fertilnih
klaskov na klas. Odstranitev lista zastavarja (omejitev
vira) je pokazala, da ta prispeva pridelku zrnja v obdobju
polnjenja zrn v kontroli in v poanteznem stresu pomankanja
vode 10.1 %, oziroma 13.4 %. V obeh razmerah je imela
odstranitev klaskov v klasu (omejitev ponora) večji značilni
vpliv na fertilnost klaskov, število zrn na klas, pridelek
zrnja na klas in na težo 1000 zrn kot odstranitev lista
zastavarja. Odstranitev lista zastavarja pri nekaterih
sortah ne samo, da ni zmanjšala pridelka zrnja in teže 1000
zrn ampak ju je celo povečala. To bi lahko bilo posledica
povečanja fotosinteze preostalih listov in /ali povečanja
količine sproščenih ogljikovih hidratov iz zalog v steblu.
Ta pojav se imenuje nadomestni učinek. V obeh vodnih režimih
je bila korelacija med parametri kot so manjša teža zrnja,
nič zrn na klas in fertilnimi klaski na klas z manjšim
potencialom pridelka pri sorti ‘Chamran’. Toda s sortama
‘Zarin’ in ‘Pishgam’, bi bilo zaradi njunega večjega
potenciala v pridelku zrnja v razmerah
sušnega stresa po cvetenju kot v kontroli, potrebno
opraviti še več poskusov predenj bi svetovali kmetom njuno
pridelovanje. Ti dve sta verjetno boljši kot katerakoli
druga sorta, ki so pogoste v tem območju, in njuno sejanje
bi kmetom povzročilo manjše tveganje glede na okoljske
strese.
Ključne besede:
pšenica,
pridelek zrnja, pomanjkanje vode, vir, ponor, list zastavar,
klas
Effect
of nitrogen rate on seed yield, protein and oil content of
two canola (Brassica
napus L.) cultivars
Hashem AMINPANAH
ABSTRACT
A field experiment was
conducted at Rice Research Station, Tonekabon, Iran, to
determine the effect of N rate on seed yield, protein and
oil content of two canola (Brassica
napus L.) cultivars. Two canola cultivars (‘Hayola-308’
and ‘RGS-003’) and five N rates (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg
ha-1), organized into a randomized complete
block design with a factorial treatment arrangement and
three blocks, were applied to plot areas. Results showed
that N rate effect was significant (P < 0.01) for
seed yield, protein content and yield, and oil yield but not
for oil content. On the other hand, cultivar had only
significant (P < 0.01) effect on seed protein and oil
content. Moreover, the interaction between N rate and
cultivar was significant at P < 0.01 for seed,
protein and oil yield, illustrating that cultivars showed
different responses to N rates for these traits. In general,
the quadratic equation provided a good description of the
relationship between seed, protein and oil yield and
nitrogen rate. For ‘Hayola-308’, seed, protein and oil yield
increased significantly as N application rate increased from
0 to 150 kg ha-1, but thereafter remained
constant. In contrast, for ‘RGS-003’, seed, protein and oil
yield increased significantly as N application rate
increased from 0 to 200 kg ha-1. Therefore, at
the highest N application rate (200 kg ha-1),
‘RGS-003’ produced greater seed, protein and oil yield than
‘Hayola-308’. Averaged across N application rate, the seed
protein content of RGS-003 was significantly (P <
0.01) higher than that of ‘Hayola-308’, while the opposite
result was observed for seed oil content. This study
demonstrated the differential response of two canola
cultivars to N rate in terms of seed, protein and oil yield.
Key words:
canola, nitrogen rate,
oil, protein
IZVLEČEK
VPLIV GNOJENJA Z DUŠIKOM NA PRIDELEK SEMEN, VSEBNOST BELJAKOVIN IN
OLJA PRI DVEH SORTAH OLJNE OGRŠČICE (Brassica
napus L.)
Za določanje vpliva
različnega gnojenja z dušikom na pridelek semen in vsebnost
beljakovin in olja v dveh sortah oljne ogrščice (Brassica
napus L.) je bil izveden poljski poskus na Rice Research
Station, Tonekabon, Iran. Dve sorti oljne ogrščice
(‘Hayola-308’ in ‘RGS-003’) sta bili posejani v petih
obravnavanjih z dušikom (0, 50, 100, 150, in 200 kg ha-1)
v naključnem bločnem poskusu s faktorsko obravnavo v treh
blokih. Rezultati so pokazali, da je gnojenje z N
statistično značilno (P < 0.01) vplivalo na pridelek
semen, vsebnost beljakovin in pridelek olja, ne pa na
vsebnost olja. Po drugi strani sta imeli sorti statistično
značilen vpliv (P < 0.01) samo na vsebnost beljakovin
in olja v semenu. Še več, interakcija med obravnavanji z N
in sortami je bila statistično značilna (P < 0.01) za
pridelek semen, beljakovin in olja, kar kaže na različen
odziv sort v teh znakih na gnojenje z dušikom. V splošnem je
kvadratna enačba dobro opisala razmerja med pridelkom semen,
beljakovin in olja z gnojenjem z dušikom. Pri sorti
‘Hayola-308’ je pridelek semen, beljakovin in olja
statistično značilno naraščal pri uporabi od 0 do 150 kg N
ha-1, potem je ostal konstanten. Nasprotno, se je
pri sorti ‘RGS-003’ pridelek semen, beljakovin in olja
značilno povečeval od 0 do 200 kg N ha-1. Sorta
‘RGS-003’ je pri obravnavanju z največjo količino dušika
(200 kg N ha-1) dala večji pridelek semen,
beljakovin in olja kot sorta ‘Hayola-308’. Povprečno je bila
pri vseh obravnavanjih z dušikom vsebnost beljakovin
značilno večja pri sorti ’RGS-003’(P < 0.01) kot pri
sorti ‘Hayola-308’, obratni so rezultati za vsebnost olja.
Raziskava je pokazala različen odziv pridelka semen,
beljakovin in olja dveh sort oljne ogrščice na gnojenje z
dušikom.
Ključne besede:
oljna ogrščica, gnojenje
z dušikom, pridelek, semena, olje, beljakovine
Sheep wool and leather waste as fertilizers in organic production of
asparagus (Asparagus
officinalis L.)
Andrej VONČINA, Rok MIHELIČ
ABSTRACT
Sheep's wool and leather
shavings tanned without chromium (III) salts would be
suitable for fertilization in organic farming, where is the
lack of easily accessible fertilizer nitrogen. This
hypothesis was tested in a two-year field experiment growing
asparagus at Rogelj organic farm in Kranj (Slovenia). The
block designed experiment with three replicates comprised
fertilization treatments with sheep's wool (W), leather
shavings (L), cattle manure (FYM) and unfertilized (Ø).
Doses of fertilizers were relevant to 0 (Ø), 140 (W1, L1),
280 (W2, L2, FYM) and 560 kg (W3, L3) N/ha. Fertilizers were
dosed the first year before the start of the vegetation.
Within the next year we followed their subsequent effect.
The highest soil mineral N was found in the W2, which
produced also the highest asparagus yield (non-significant)
in the first year. On contrary, NO3-N content in
the asparagus crop was small what reflects the good
synchrony of N mineralization and consumption of N at W2.
Treatments W and L released significantly more N in the next
year than the same dose of nitrogen from FYM. The experiment
showed that mainly sheep wool represents a quality
alternative organic fertilizer.
Key words:
horticulture, asparagus,
leather waste, sheep wool, organic fertilizers, nitrogen
IZVLEČEK
OVČJA VOLNA IN OSTRUŽKI USNJA KOT GNOJILI V
EKOLOŠKI PRIDELAVI ŠPARGLJA (Asparagus
officinalis L.)
Ovčja volna in ostružki usnja strojenega brez
kromovih (III) soli bi bili lahko primerni za gnojenje v
ekološkem kmetijstvu, kjer primanjkuje gnojil z lahko
dostopnim dušikom. To hipotezo smo preverjali v dvoletnem
poljskem poskusu z vzgojo špargljev na ekološki kmetiji
Rogelj v Kranju. V bločnem poskusu smo v treh ponovitvah
obravnavali gnojenje z ovčjo volno (W), ostružki usnja (L),
govejim hlevskim gnojem (FYM) ter negnojeno (Ø). Odmerki
gnojil so ustrezali 0 (Ø), 140 (W1, L1), 280 (W2, L2, FYM)
in 560 kg (W3, L3) N/ha. Gnojila smo odmerili prvo leto pred
začetkom vegetacije, v naslednjem letu pa spremljali njihov
naknadni učinek. V tleh je bilo največ mineralnega dušika
pri W2, tudi pridelek je bil največji, vsebnost NO3-N
v pridelku špargljev pa je bila majhna, kar kaže na dobro
sinhronost mineralizacije in porabe N. Obravnavanji W in L
sta imeli tudi v naslednjem letu značilno večje sproščanje N
kot enak odmerek dušika iz FYM. Poskus je pokazal, da
predvsem ovčja volna predstavlja kakovostno alternativno
organsko gnojilo.
Ključne besede:
hortikultura, špargelj, odpadki usnja, ovčja volna,
organska gnojila, dušik
Cultivar and growth phases – the factors affecting
antioxidant activity of buckwheat
(Fagopyrum
esculentum Moench.)
Janette MUSILOVÁ,
Jaromír
LACHMAN,
Judita BYSTRICKÁ, Alena VOLLMANNOVÁ, Iveta ČIČOVÁ,
Mária TIMORACKÁ
ABSTRACT
The aim of this study was
to assess the
influence of cultivar and growth phase
on the antioxidant activity
(AOA) changes
in common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), as well as the its distribution
in different plant parts. During 4 growth phases (GP) (buds
formation - I, beginning of flowering - II, full flowering -
III, full maturity - IV) stems, leaves, flowers, seeds were
collected sequentially from
6 buckwheat cultivars –
‘Pyra’, ‘Spacinska’,
‘Kasho’, ‘Jana C1’, ‘Hrusowska’, ‘Emka’. The highest values
of AOA were measured in flowers (GP III) in ‘Jana C1’
(93.17%) and the lowest value in stems (GP I) in ‘Spacinska’
(46.09%). The highest increase of AOA was observed in GP IV
in stems in ‘Pyra’. Differences were compared for
statistical significance at the level
P
< 0.05.
Key words:
buckwheat, cultivar,
growth phase, plant part, antioxidant activity
IZVLEČEK
SORTA IN RAZVOJNE
FAZE RASTLINE KOT DEJAVNIKI VPLIVA NA ANTIOKSIDATIVNO
AKTIVNOST NAVADNE AJDE
(Fagopyrum
esculentum Moench.)
Namen te raziskave je bil
oceniti vpliv sorte in razvojnih faz navadne ajde
(Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)
na antioksidativno aktivnost različnih organov rastline. V
štirih razvojnih fazah (GP; tvorba popkov-I, začetek
cvetenja-II, polno cvetenje- III, polna zrelost-IV) smo
vzorčili stebla, liste, cvetove in semena pri šestih sortah
navadne ajde (‘Pyra’, ‘Spacinska’, ‘Kasho’, ‘Jana C1’, ‘Hrusowska’,
‘Emka’). Največja antioksidativna aktivnost (AOA) je bila
izmerjena v cvetovih pri sorti ‘Jana C1’ (GP III, 93.17 %)
in najmanjša v steblih pri sorti ‘Spacinska’ (GP I; 6.09%).
Največje povečanje AOA je bilo izmerjeno v steblih pri sorti
‘Pyra’ v razvojni fazi GP IV. Statično ovrednotenje razlik
je bilo opravljeno na ravni
P
< 0.05.
Ključne
besede:
navadna ajda, sorta,
razvojne faze, organi rastline, antioksidativna aktivnost
A
decade of research in mofette areas has given us new
insights into adaptation of soil microorganisms to abiotic
stress
Irena MAČEK
ABSTRACT
Natural CO2 springs (mofettes) represent extreme ecosystems
with severe exhalations of ambient temperature geological CO2,
inducing long-term soil hypoxia. In
this paper an overview of mofette research in the fields of
microbial ecology and biodiversity in presented, with a
focus on the studies describing the impact of the changed
soil gas regime on communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal
fungi, archaea and bacteria. Along with the fast development
of new, high-throughput molecular techniques driving the
field of molecular ecology, mofettes enable new insights
into the importance of the abiotic environmental factors in
regulating soil biodiversity, and the community structure of
these functionally important microbial groups.
Key words:
natural CO2 springs, hypoxia, abiotic environmental factors,
carbon capture and storage – CCS, soil ecology, archaea,
bacteria, Glomeromycota
IZVLEČEK
DESETLETJE RAZISKAV NA OBMOČJIH MOFET NAM JE OMOGOČILO NOVE
VPOGLEDE V ADAPTACIJO MIKROORGANIZMOV NA ABIOTSKI STRES
Naravni izviri CO2 ali mofete predstavljajo ekstremen
ekosistem, kjer zaradi izhajanja geološkega plina v tleh
prihaja do dologoročnega pojava hipoksije. V preglednem članku
so predstavljene raziskave z območij mofet s področja mikrobne
ekologije, ki opisujejo vplive sprememenjenih koncentracij
talnih plinov na združbe arbuskularnih mikoriznih gliv, arhej
in bakterij. Skupaj s hitrim razvojem novih molekulskih
pristopov, predvsem novih generacij visokozmogljivega
paralelnega sekvenciranja, ki poganjajo področje molekularne
ekologije, mofete omogočajo raziskovanje vpliva abiotskih
dejavnikov okolja na biodiverziteto in strukturo združb teh
funkcionalno pomembnih skupin talnih mikrobov.
Ključne besede:
naravni izviri CO2, hipoksija, abiotski dejavniki okolja,
zajemanje in skladiščenje CO2, ekologija tal,
arheje, bakterije, Glomeromycota
Influence of arbuscular mycorrhiza on osmotic
adjustment compounds and antioxidant enzyme activity in
nodules of salt-stressed soybean (Glycine
max)
Omid YOUNESI,
Ali
MORADI,
Amin NAMDARI
ABSTRACT
The influence of the colonization with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus,
Glomus mosseae (Nicolson and Gerdemann), on
characteristics of growth, osmotic adjustment compounds and
activity of antioxidant enzymes in nodules of salt-stressed
soybean (Glycine max
(L.) Merr.) was studied in this experiment. The pot experiment
was arranged as a factorial in randomized complete block
design with four replications at greenhouse of College of
Agriculture, Tehran University, Iran. Results indicated that
the contents of glycine betaine and proline in nodules were
higher in inoculated than in non-inoculated plants. AM
fungal colonization increased the activities of superoxide
dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase in the nodules. The
results indicate that the AM fungus is capable of
alleviating the damage caused by salt stress on symbiotic
nitrogen fixation of soybean plants by increasing the
accumulation of compatible osmolytes and by increased
antioxidant enzyme activity. Consequently, arbuscular
mycorrhiza formation highly enhanced the salinity tolerance
of soybean plant, which increased symbiotic nitrogen
fixation and promoted plant growth.
Key words:
antioxidants, nodules,
osmolytes, salinity, soybean
IZVLEČEK
VPLIV
ARBUSKULARNE MIKORIZE NA SPOJINE OSMOTSKE PRILAGODITVE IN
ANTIOKSIDACIJSKO ENCIMSKO AKTIVNOST V NODULIH SOJE (Glycine
max (L.) Merr.) V SLANOSTNEM STRESU
V poskusu je bil preučevan vpliv kolonizacije z arbuskularno mikorizno
glivo (AM), Glomus mosseae (Nicolson and Gerdemann),
na značilnosti rasti, snovi osmotskega prilagajanja in
aktivnost antioksidacijskih encimov v nodulih soje
(Glycine max
(L.) Merr.) v slanostnem stresu.
Lončni poskus je bil
izveden kot naključni faktorski bločni poskus v štirih
ponovitvah v rastlinjaku College of Agriculture, Tehran
University, Iran. Izsledki so pokazali, da sta bili
vsebnosti glicin betaina in prolina večji v inokoliranih kot
v neinokuliranih rastlinah. Kolonizacija z AM glivo je
povečala aktivnost superoksid dizmutaze, katalaze in
peroksidaze v nodulih. Rezultati kažejo, da je AM gliva
sposobna omiliti poškodbe, ki nastanejo ob slanostnem stresu
v simbiontski vezavi dušika pri soji s povečano akumulacijo
primernih osmotikov in povečano antioksidacijsko encimsko
aktivnostjo. Posledično tvorba arbuskularne mikorize pri
soji močno poveča toleranco na slanostni stres s povečano
simbiontsko vezavo dušika, kar pospeši rast.
Ključne besede:
antioksidanti, noduli,
osmotiki, slanost, soja
Indirect plant regeneration in aromatic rice (Oryza
sativa L.) var. ‘Kalijira’ and ‘Chinigura’
Mohammad Abdul MANNAN,
Tushar Chandra SARKER, Mst. Towhida AKHTER, Ahmad Humayan
KABIR, Mohammad Firoz ALAM
ABSTRACT
Mature seeds of two
traditional rice genotypes (Kalijira and Chinigura) were
used for callus induction and plant regeneration on
different concentrations and combinations of plant growth
regulators cultured on MS (Murashige and Skoog) basal
medium. Callus induction frequency was different between the
cultivars, as well as among the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic
acid (2,4-D) levels tested.
Both tested
cultivars exhibited highest callus frequency at 2 mgl-1
2,4-D. The incorporation of benzylaminopurine (BAP) and kinetin (KIN) in the callus induction medium supplemented with
2 mgl-1 2,4-D did not significantly improve the
callus induction frequency but required days of
callus initiation were decreased compared to single use of
2,4-D. After two
subcultures, at 21 days interval,
embryogenic callus was placed on medium containing different concentration
and combination of auxin and cytokinin. Treatment T4
(0.5 mg l-1 BAP and 0.1 mg l-1
IBA) showed the highest shoot induction: 91.67% in Kalijira
and 83.33% in Chinigura. Similarly, the highest range of
shoot number was also observed in both genotypes when
treated with 0.5 mgl-1 BAP and 0.1 mgl-1
IBA. Plant regeneration efficiency was further observed best
when treated with 1
mgl-1 2,4-D along with 1
mgl-1
2,4-D along with 1
mgl-1 BAP
and 1 mgl-1
IBA. Furthermore, the highest number of callus derived shoot
per culture was achieved in 2
mgl-1
2,4-D along with 1
mgl-1
BAP and 1
mgl-1 IBA. Both rice genotypes are promising in terms of callus
induction frequency and morphology, and regeneration ability
of the embryogenic callus.
Key words:
callus induction, plant regeneration, aromatic rice, shoots
IZVLEČEK
POSREDNA
REGENERACIJA AROMATIČNEGA RIŽA (Oryza
sativa L.), SORT
‘KALIJIRA’ IN ‘CHINIGURA’
Zrela semena dveh
tradicionalnih genotipov riža (‘Kalijira’ and ‘Chinigura’) so
bila uporabljena za indukcijo kalusa in regeneracijo rastlin
pri različnih koncentracijah in kombinacijah rastlinskih
rastnih regulatorjev pri gojenju na osnovnem MS (Murashige and
Skoog) mediju. Frekvenca indukcije kalusa je bila različna med
sortama kot tudi glede na koncentracije 2,4-diklorfenoksi
ocetne kisline (2,4-D). Obe preiskušeni sorti sta imeli
največjo frekvenco kalusa pri
2 mgl-1
2,4-D. Dodatek
benzilaminopurina
(BAP) in kinetina (KIN) v medij za indukcijo kalusa z dodatkom
2 mgl-1 2,4-D ni značilno izboljšal indukcije
kalusa, vendar so se potrebni dnevi za začetek tvorbe kalusa
zmanjšali v primerjavi s postopkom, ko smo uporabili samo
2,4-D. Po dveh predkulturah, v interval 21 dni, je bil
embriogeni kalus
prenešen na medij, ki je vseboval različno koncentracijo in
kombinacijo auksina in citokinina. Tretma T4
(0.5 mg l-1 BAP in 0.1 mg l-1 IBA) je
dal največjo indukcijo poganjkov: 91.67 % pri ‘Kalijira’ in
83.33 % pri ‘Chinigura’. Podobno je nastalo največ poganjkov
pri obeh sortah, kadar so jih tretirali z 0.5 mgl-1
BAP in 0.1 mgl-1 IBA. Nadalje je bila sposobnost
regeneracije rastlin najboljša, če so jih tretirali z 1
mgl-1 2,4-D
z dodatkom 1
mgl-1 BAP in 1
mgl-1 IBA.
Največje število iz kalusa nastalih poganjkov na kulturo je
bilo doseženo pri 2 mgl-1
2,4-D z dodatkom 1
mgl-1 BAP
in 1 mgl-1
IBA. Oba genotipa riža sta obetavna v smislu morfologije in
pogostosti indukcije kalusa kot tudi v regeneracijski
sposobnosti embriogenega kalusa.
Ključne besede:
indukcija kalusa, regeneracija rastlin, aromatični riž, poganjki
Phenotypic evaluation of scutellum-derived calluses
in ‘Indica’ rice cultivars
Arman PAZUKI,
Mohammad Mehdi SOHANI
ABSTRACT
By using amenable MS
based medium containing 4 mg l-1
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 0.4 mg l-1 benzyl-aminopurine (BAP),
30 g l-1 sucrose, 8 g l-1 Agar-agar,
qualitative and quantitative traits of calluses initiated
from four genetically and commercially valuable Northern
Iranian rice cultivars including Hashemi, Hasani, Gerdeh,
and Gharib were studied. Five seeds were placed in each
Petri dish and three replicates of eight Petri dishes per
replicate were incubated in a growth chamber at 25 ±2
°C
in the dark and the averages for every replicate were
employed in the analyses. Several important parameters
related to callogenesis of the cultivars including rate of
non-viable seeds, necrotic, scutellar, slow growing, and
non-scutellar calluses, simultaneous callus induction from
scutellar and non-scutellar tissues, seeds with appropriate
callus, and root emergence were compared. Accordingly, calli
of Gharib and Hashemi were highly responsive in
callogenesis, while Gerdeh and Hasani produced dissatisfying
calluses. Necrotic calluses, scutellar calli, and non-viable
seeds were positively correlated with each other; although
they were negatively correlated with non-scutellar calli,
simultaneous scutellar and non-scutellar calli induction,
and root emergence. The results of the present study are
expected to be the first promising step to generate
genetically manipulated Iranian indigenous rice cultivars.
Key words:
tissue culture,
callogenesis, necrosis, Oryza sativa, ‘Gharib’,
‘Hashemi’, ‘Gerdeh’, ‘Hasani’
IZVLEČEK
FENOTIPSKO
VREDNOTENJE IZ SKUTELUMA PRIDOBLJENIH KALUSOV IZBRANIH SORT
‘INDICA’ RIŽEV
Z uporabo MS medija, ki je vseboval 4 mg l-1
2,4-diklorfenoksi ocetne kisline
(2,4-D), 0.4 mg l-1
benzil-aminopurina (BAP),
30 g l-1
saharoze in 8 g
l-1 agarja so bili preučevani kvalitativni in
kvantitativni znaki kalusov, pridobljeni iz štirih genetsko in
komercialno priznanih sort riža (‘Hashemi’, ‘Hasani’,
‘Gerdeh’, and ‘Gharib’) iz severnega Irana. Po pet semen je
bilo položeno v vsako od osem petrijevk v treh ponovitvah, ki
so jih inkubirali v rastni komori pri 25 ±2
°C v temi. Povprečje vsake ponovitve je
bilo uporabljeno v analizah. Primerjani so bili pomembni
parametri kalogeneze kot so: število nekalečih semen,
nekrotični, skutelarni, počasi rastoči in neskutelarni kalusi,
simultana indukacija kalusov iz skutelarnih in neskutelarnih
tkiv, semena s primernim kalusom in izraščanje korenin. V
kalogenezi sta bili zelo odzivni sorti ‘Gharib’ and ‘Hashemi’,
medtem ko sta sorti ‘Gerdeh’ and ‘Hasani’dali neustrezne
kaluse. Nekrotični kalusi, skutelarni kalusi in nekaleča
semena so bili med seboj v veliki pozitivni korelaciji in v
negativni korelaciji z neskutelarnimi kalusi, simultano
indukcijo skutelarnih in neskutelarnih kalusom in nastankom
korenin. Iz rezultatov te raziskave pričakujemo prvi obetajoči
korak v pridobivanju genetsko spremenjenih domačih sort
iranskega riža.
Ključne besede:
tkivne kulture, kalogeneza, nekroza, Oryza sativa, ‘Gharib’, ‘Hashemi’,
‘Gerdeh’, ‘Hasani’
Biogenic amines in red wine: The impact of
technological processing of grape and wine
Tatjana KOŠMERL,
Sanja
ŠUĆUR,
Helena PROSEN
ABSTRACT
The knowledge of the
biogenic amines present in wine is important to consumers in
terms of their potential threats of toxicity to human and to
wine producers as a result of market impact. In the
scientific field, biogenic amines have the potential to be
applied as indicators of food spoilage. Biogenic amines are
essential at low concentrations for metabolic and
physiological functions in animals, plants, and
microorganisms, but at high concentrations can induce
adverse reactions in susceptible individuals. Despite the
intensive research aimed at determining and reduction of
biogenic amines, our current knowledge remains far from
complete. However, a number of factors that influence the
biogenic amines concentration in red wine have been already
described. Most of them are related to the winemaking
conditions in the cellars and some of them are environmental
factors. During winemaking it is important to consider all
factors beginning from viticulture practices, alcoholic and
malolactic fermentation and physiochemical composition of
wine, as well as, aging and storage of wine. This paper
reviews changes of the concentration of biogenic amines
depending on technological processing of grape and wine.
Key words:
biogenic amines, red
wine, winemaking conditions, fermentation, microbiological
decarboxylation
IZVLEČEK
BIOGENI AMINI V RDEČEM VINU: VPLIV
TEHNOLOŠKE PREDELAVE GROZDJA IN VINA
Poznavanje prisotnih biogenih aminov v vinu je
pomembno za potrošnike in pridelovalce zaradi potencialne
nevarnosti toksičnosti za človeka in posledično tržnih
vplivih. Na znanstvenem področju imajo biogeni amini
potencial, ki se uporablja kot pokazatelji kvarjenja hrane.
Biogeni amini so v majhnih koncentracijah bistvenega pomena
za normalne metabolne in fiziološke funkcije pri živalih,
rastlinah in mikroorganizmih, lahko pa imajo škodljive
učinke pri velikih koncentracijah ter predstavljajo tveganje
za zdravje občutljivih posameznikov. Kljub intenzivnim
raziskavam, usmerjenim v določanje in zmanjšanje vsebnosti
biogenih aminov, naše sedanje znanje še zdaleč ni dokončno.
Opisanih je več dejavnikov, ki vplivajo na vsebnost biogenih
aminov v rdečih vinih. Večina od njih je povezanih z
vinarskimi razmerami v kleti, od katerih so nekateri tudi
okoljski dejavniki. V vinarstvu je pomembno upoštevati vse
dejavnike, ki se začnejo z vinogradniških vplivi, alkoholno
in jabolčno-mlečnokislinsko fermentacijo, fizikalno-kemijsko
sestavo vina, kakor tudi staranjem in skladiščenjem vina. V
tem članku so pregledno podane spremembe vsebnosti biogenih
aminov glede na tehnološke postopke predelave grozdja in
pridelave vina.
Ključne besede: biogeni amini, rdeče vino, pogoji med pridelavo
vina, fermentacija, mikrobiološka dekarboksilacija
Biological Control of Root-Knot Nematodes
(Meloidogyne
spp.): Microbes against the Pests
Janja LAMOVŠEK,
Gregor
UREK,
Stanislav TRDAN
ABSTRACT
Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne
spp.) are important pests of many cultivated plants.
Recently, the most efficient chemical control products (e.g.
methyl bromide) have now been restricted due to their toxic
characteristics. Research on agents that work against
root-knot nematodes and do not have a detrimental impact on
the environment is becoming increasingly important. Advances
in the last decades produced quite a number of biocontrol
products that are already marketed. Some of the
well-accepted commercial products contain bacteria
Bacillus firmus
and Pasteuria
penetrans, and fungus
Purpureocillium
lilacinus. In this review we summarize the antagonistic
activity of bacteria and fungi, with their advantages and
limitations in biocontrol of root-knot nematodes.
Key words:
biological control,
Meloidogyne spp.,
antagonisms, bacteria, fungi, commercial products
IZVLEČEK
BIOTIČNO ZATIRANJE OGORČIC KORENINSKIH ŠIŠK
(Meloidogyne
spp.): MIKROORGANIZMI PROTI ŠKODLJIVCEM
Ogorčice koreninskih šišk (Meloidogyne spp.) uvrščamo med pomembne škodljivce številnih
kmetijskih rastlin. Najbolj učinkovita kemična sredstva za
njihovo zatiranje so močno strupena, zato je njihova uporaba
močno omejena ali celo prepovedana (npr. metil bromid). Razvoj
na področju pripravkov za zatiranje ogorčic koreninskih šišk z
okoljsko sprejemljivimi lastnostmi se povečuje. Napredek v
zadnjih desetletjih je viden v večjem številu biotičnih
pripravkov, mnogi med njimi se danes že tržijo. Aktivne snovi
v uveljavljenih biotičnih sredstvih sta bakteriji
Bacillus firmus in
Pasteuria penetrans
ter gliva
Purpureocillium lilacinus. V članku je predstavljen
pregled zaviralnih mehanizmov delovanja bakterij in gliv, prav
tako omenjamo največje prednosti in slabosti njihove uporabe v
biotičnem zatiranju ogorčic koreninskih šišk.
Ključne besede:
biotično varstvo rastlin,
Meloidogyne spp., antagonizem, bakterije, glive, tržni pripravki
Ohranjanje semena vrste Brassica
napus L. v talni semenski banki
Barbara PIPAN, Jelka ŠUŠTAR-VOZLIČ,
Vladimir MEGLIČ
Izvleček
Najbolj razširjena oblika vrste
Brassica napus L.
je oljna ogrščica, njeno seme pa je zaradi svojih fizikalnih
lastnosti zelo mobilno in zato nagnjeno k raztrosu.
Nenadzorovane izgube semena predstavljajo potencial za
pojavljanje samosevnih in podivjanih populacij te vrste
znotraj in zunaj pridelovalnih površin, saj se njeno seme
ohranja in ostaja viabilno v tleh tudi več let. Dinamika
pojavnosti teh rastlin je odvisna od potenciala talne
semenske banke in kompleksih interaktivnih lastnosti
genotipa semena ter pedoloških in agro-klimatskih
dejavnikov. Prisotnost nedefiniranih opraševalnih virov, ki
izvirajo iz talne semenske banke, pa v naravi predstavlja
potencial za spontane intra- in inter-speciesne oprašitve
vrste B. napus, kar vpliva na spremembe v njeni genetski strukturi.
Ključne
besede:
Brassica napus, samosevci, podivjane populacije, talna semenska
banka, tla, izgube semena, ohranjanje semena
ABSTRACT
PRESERVATION OF
Brassica napus
L. SEED IN SOIL SEED BANK
The most common form of the
Brassica napus L. is oilseed rape. Because of its physical
characteristics the seed is very mobile and therefore
disposed to spillage. Uncontrolled seed loss represents the
potential for the appearance of volunteer and feral
populations of B.
napus inside and outside production areas;
B. napus seed
remains viable in the soil for several years. The appearance
dynamics of these plants is dependent on the soil seed bank
potential and complex interactive characteristics of the
genotype seeds and soil and agro-climatic factors. The
presence of undefined pollinating resources originated from
soil seed bank in the nature presents the potential for
spontaneous intra- and inter-species pollination of
B. napus reflected also in its genetic structure.
Key words:
Brassica napus, volunteers, feral populations, soil seed bank,
soil, seed losses, seed preservation
Možnosti varstva oreha (Juglans
spp.) pred orehovo muho (Rhagoletis
completa Cresson, 1929 Diptera,: Tephritidae) s
poudarkom na biotičnem zatiranju škodljivca
Žiga LAZNIK, Stanislav TRDAN
Izvleček
Orehova muha (Rhagoletis
completa) je gospodarsko pomembna sadna muha, ki napada
različne vrste oreha (Juglans
spp.). Žuželka izvira iz Severne Amerike, za najbolj
učinkovito metodo lovljenja njenih odraslih osebkov pa velja
trikotna rumena lepljiva plošča, skupaj z amonijevim
karbonatom, ki deluje kot atraktant. V prispevku so
predstavljeni bionomija, razširjenost, načini spremljanja in
zatiranja orehove muhe, pri čemer je poseben poudarek
namenjen biotičnemu zatiranju škodljivca. O slednjem je v
strokovni literaturi relativno malo informacij, z njihovim
upoštevanjem, upoštevanjem domače zakonodaje in našimi
izkušnjami z razširjenostjo in učinkovitostjo različnih
biotičnih agensov v Sloveniji, za biotično zatiranje orehove
muhe predlagamo foliarni nanos entomopatogene glive
Beauveria bassiana
proti odraslim osebkom, jesensko talno aplikacijo
entomopatogenih ogorčic proti ličinkam ter spomladansko
talno aplikacijo entomopatogenih ogorčic proti odraslim
osebkom v obdobju njihovega izleganja iz bub. Na območjih
razširjenosti navadnega oreha pa bo potrebno v prihodnje
načrtno spremljati zastopanost potencialnih domorodnih
parazitoidov orehove muhe, saj na različnih koncih sveta
prav nekatere predstavnike iz omenjene skupine naravnih
sovražnikov (Coptera
occidentalis, Diachasmimorpha juglandis) omenjajo kot
dovolj ustrezne alternative sintetičnim insekticidom.
Ključne besede:
orehova muha,
Rhagoletis completa, parazitoidi, entomopatogene glive,
entomopatogene ogorčice, biotično varstvo
abstract
POSSIBILITIES OF
WALNUTS (Juglans
spp.) PROTECTION AGAINST WALNUT HUSK FLY (Rhagoletis
completa Cresson) WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS
ON BIOLOGICAL CONTROL
Walnut husk fly (Rhagoletis
completa) is an economically important fruit fly, which
attacks several species of walnuts (Juglans
spp). The insect is indigenous to North America, the best
method for trapping the walnut husk fly adults is a yellow
sticky board with ammonium carbonate as an attractant. In the
present paper the bionomics, geographical distribution,
methods of monitoring and controlling the walnut husk fly with
special emphasis on biological control of the pest are
presented. In a scientific literature is a lack of information
regarding biological control, however if we take into
consideration the foreign researches, Slovenian legislation
and our experiences we suggest for biological control of
walnut husk fly the foliar application of entomopathogenic
fungi Beauveria bassiana
against adults, soil application of entomopathogenic nematodes
against larvae in autumn and spring soil application of
entomopathogenic nematodes against adults, when they emerge
from pupas. Monitoring of domestic parasitoids of walnut husk
fly will be in the future needed in areas where the walnuts
are expanded. On different areas of the world several species
of parasitoids (Coptera occidentalis,
Diachasmimorpha juglandis) are mentioned as an alternative
biological control agents to chemicals.
Key words:
walnut husk fly,
Rhagoletis completa, parasitoids, entomopathogenic fungi,
entomopathogenic nematodes, biological control
Tehnike indukcije haploidov in podvojenih haploidov
Jana MUROVEC
IZVLEČEK
Haploidi so samostojne rastline (sporofiti) z
gametnim (haploidnim, n) številom kromosomov. Čeprav se
spontano v naravi redko pojavijo, so dandanes poznane
številne tehnike s katerimi lahko sprožimo njihov nastanek.
Indukcija in regeneracija haploidnih (in podvojenih
haploidnih) rastlin omogoča pridobivanje popolnoma
homozigotnih linij v eni generaciji, kar lahko bistveno
pospeši žlahtniteljski proces in genetske študije. Prav zato
se haploidi intenzivno uporabljajo pri številnih vrstah za
katere so poznani uspešni protokoli kot so pšenica, ječmen,
koruza, tobak, čebula, kumara, oljna ogrščica in druge
kmetijsko pomembne križnice. Prispevek povzema glavne
lastnosti haploidov in podvojenih haploidov, načine njihove
indukcije in regeneracije s poudarkom na njihovi uporabnosti
v žlahtnjenju rastlin.
Ključne
besede:
Ginogeneza, androgeneza, mikrospora, homozigotnost,
heterozigotnost, obsevan pelod, rastlinske tkivne kulture,
ploidnost
ABSTRACT
TECHNIQUES FOR HAPLOID AND DOUBLED HAPLOID
PRODUCTION
Haploids are plants (sporophytes) that contain a
gametic chromomosome number (n). They rarely occur
spontaneously in nature but several techniques are nowadays
available for their production. Induction and regeneration of
haploids (doubled haploids) enables the production of
completely homozygous lines in one generation, thus shortening
this process by many years. They are broadly used in breeding
programs of plant species for which efficient protocols have
been developed, such as barley, wheat, maize, tobacco, onion,
cucumber, rapeseed and other
Brassica species.
This article presents the main characteristics of haploids,
doubled haploids and inducing techniques, with an emphasis on
their role in plant breeding.
Key
words:
Gynogenesis, androgenesis, microspore, homozygosity,
heterozygosity, irradiated pollen, plant tissue culture,
ploidy level
Novejši podatki o vsebnosti semen vrst iz rodu
Ambrosia v krmi za prostoživeče ptice v Sloveniji
Breda JAKOVAC STRAJN, Kristina Jelka POZVEK,
Tanja PROSENIK, Mario LEŠNIK, Igor UJČIČ VRHOVNIK
izvleček
Vdihavanje peloda vrst iz rodu
Ambrosia lahko povzroči preobčutljivostne reakcije. Krma za
prostoživeče ptice je eden od dejavnikov, ki pripomorejo k
širjenju omenjenih rastlin. Leta 2010 so zato k Direktivi o
nezaželenih snoveh v živalski krmi (2002/32/ES) dodali aneks,
da lahko krma za živali, ki vsebuje nezmleta žita, vsebuje do
50 mg semen vrst iz rodu
Ambrosia v kilogramu krme (UL L 290/54). Podatkov o
vsebnosti semen te rastline v krmi je zelo malo, zato smo z
mikroskopsko metodo preiskali 40 vzorcev krme za prostoživeče
ptice. Semena ambrozije je vsebovalo 20 vzorcev oziroma 50 %.
Ugotovljeno število semen v kilogramu posameznega vzorca je
bilo od 2 do 146 (10 mg do 774 mg). V skladu s predpisi smo
vsebnosti preračunali relativno na vzorec z 12 % vlage in
ugotovili, da je dovoljeno mejo presegalo 5 vzorcev (12,5 %).
Ključne besede:
Ambrosia, semena, krma – analize, mikroskopija, ptice
ABSTRACT
RECENT DATA ON
Ambrosia
spp. SEEDS CONTENT IN FEED FOR WILD
BIRDS IN SLOVENIA
Inhalation of pollen
belonging to the species of
Ambrosia may cause
hypersensitivity reactions. Feed for wild birds is one of the
factors that contribute to the spread of these plants. For this
reason an amendment to the Directive on undesirable substances
in animal feed (2002/32/EC) was added, in 2010 stating that
animal feed made of unground cereals can contain up to 50 mg
of Ambrosia spp.
seeds per kilogram (UL L 290/54). Due to the lack of data, 40
samples of feed for wild birds were examined with a
microscopic method.
Ambrosia spp. seeds were found in 20 samples (50%). The
number of seeds was from 2 to 146 (10 mg to 774 mg).
In
accordance with the legislation, results were expressed
relative to a feed with the moisture content of 12%. Five
samples (12.5%) exceeded the permitted value.
Kwy
words:
Ambrosia,
seeds, feed –
analysis, microscopy, birds
Tla ali prst ? Prispevek k razpravam o rabi izrazov 'tla' in 'prst' v
slovenskem poljudnem in strokovnem izrazoslovju
Borut VRŠČAJ
izvleček
Skrb za natančno in bogato izrazoslovje, tako
poljudno in predvsem strokovno, je nujen in pomemben prispevek
k razvoju in pestrosti materinega jezika. Pri rabi strokovnih
izrazov se pogosto soočamo z različnimi interpretacijami in
nepotrebno pestrostjo izrazov. To praviloma ne prispeva h
kakovosti jezika in prej kaže na premalo skrbno izrazoslovje,
na pomanjkljive oz. strokovno neustrezne opredelitve in/ali
spregledan izvorni pomen posameznih izrazov. Strokovni izrazi
morajo biti nedvoumni in ne smejo dovoljevati različne
interpretacije, pomena. Raba in uvajanje poljudnih izrazov v
strokovno izrazoslovje je prisotno tudi v izobraževanju.
Primer takih zadreg v pedologiji je tudi raba besed 'tla' in
'prst'. Na prvi pogled sicer obrobna tematika ima širšo in
pomembnejšo dimenzijo. Zmeda v strokovnem jeziku se namreč
pojavlja tudi v prevodih evropske zakonodaje. Tako slovenske
verzije nekaterih EU dokumentov mestoma zaradi neustreznih in
pomensko dvoumnih oz. zgrešenih prevodov ne odražajo pravega
pomena izvornih besedil. To predstavlja zadrego, ki jo je
potrebno urediti. Prispevek predstavlja terminološke
nedoslednosti v pedološkem izrazoslovju, pojasnjuje in
utemeljuje razloge za rabo osnovnih izrazov s področja tal,
osvetljuje ljudski pomen besed 'prst' in 'zemlja', primerja s
stanjem v drugih jezikih ter nakazuje ustrezno rabo nekaterih
ključnih izrazov v strokovnih/znanstvenih besedilih, za
potrebe prevajanja in pedagoškega procesa.
Ključne besede:
tla, prst, zemlja, jerina, ilovica, pedologija
ABSTRACT
A CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEBATE ON THE USE OF THE TERMS
'TLA' AND 'PRST' IN SLOVENIAN COLLOQUIAL AND PROFESSIONAL
TERMINOLOGY
Correct and rich
professional and scientific terminology is an important
contribution to the development and richness of the national
languages. Within the scientific and professional terminology
we can often find incorrect, missed or misinterpreted use of
professional terms. In general, such ‘diversity’ of terms does
not contribute to the quality and the development of the
professional terminology. On the contrary, it demonstrates the
lack of precision in scientific terminology, presence of
definitions without scientific background and/or overlooked
original etymology of individual terms. We are witnessing the
attempts of replacement of terms and changes in professional
terminology without scientifically sound arguments. Moreover,
even at the university level the inappropriate use of
technical / professional terms can be detected. An example of
such embarrassments in Slovenian language is the use of the
words' tla' and 'prst' in professional language.
Terminological dispute can be considered as peripheral theme,
even unnecessary, however it has a much broader and more
important dimension. Namely, confusion in the technical
language is also appearing in translations of the European
legislation. The Slovenian versions of some EU legal documents
are semantically ambiguous and inadequate and, thus do not
reflect the correct meaning of source texts due to missed
translations. The latter can evolve in a problem and has to be
adjusted. The paper presents the soil science terminological
inconsistencies, explains and arguments the reasons for use of
selected basic soil science terms in Slovenian language.
Additionally, it recalls the etymology of the popular terms
‘prst’ and ‘zemlja’, compares the situation in number of
European languages and, most importantly, suggests the
appropriate use of terms in professional/scientific language,
in education and for translation purposes.
Kwy
words:
soil, fine earth, earth,
terra rossa, loam, pedology
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