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Letnik 101

Ljubljana, 2013

Številka 2

 

Effect of source and sink limitation on yield and some agronomic characteristics in modern bread wheat cultivars under post anthesis water deficiency

Majid ABDOLI, Mohsen SAEIDI, Saeid JALALI-HONARMAND, Sirus MANSOURIFAR, Mohammad-Eghbal GHOBADI, Kianoush CHEGHAMIRZA

ABSTRACT

In order to examine the effect of source and sink limitation and post anthesis water deficiency stress in determining of grain yield potential in nine modern bread wheat cultivars in the west of Iran with arid and semi-arid weather that is one of the main centers of crop diversity in the world, a split plot-factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was used in crop year 2010-2011. Three treatments includes: control, flag leaf removal and removal of half of each spike was applied in the field research campus of agriculture and natural resources of Razi University. Water deficiency stress was started at anthesis and continued till physiological maturity (withholding of irrigation). Water deficiency caused significant reduction in the grain yield and the 1000 grain weight and caused significant increase in the number of fertile spikelets per spike. Flag leaf removal (source limitation) treatments showed that flag leaf contribution in grain yield production during grain filling in control and post-anthesis water deficiency stress condition were 10.1% and 13.4% respectively. In both conditions removal of spikelets spike-1 (sink limitation) treatment had higher significant effect on fertility of spikelets, grains spike-1, grain yield spike-1 and 1000 grain weight than flag leaf removal. Flag leaf removal treatment in some cultivars not only had no reduction effect on grain yield and 1000 grain weight but also increased them. These results may be due to an increase in photosynthesis rate of remaining leaves and/or increase in amount of carbohydrates remobilization that is stored in the stems. This phenomenon is called the compensatory effect. In both water regimes, there was a correlation between lower grain weight, no grains spike-1 and fertile spikelet spike-1 and lower yield potential of ‘Chamran’ cultivar. But, ‘Zarin’ and ‘Pishgam’ cultivars due to higher grain yield potential in post-anthesis under water deficiency stress and control, performed more studies, to advise farmers to cultivate them. There are probably better than any other cultivars that are common in these regions and sowing of them by farmers will be associated with less risk.

 Key words: wheat, grain yield, water deficiency, source, sink, flag leaf, spike

IZVLEČEK

 OMEJITVENI VPLIV VIRA IN PONORA NA PRIDELEK IN NEKATERE AGRONOMSKE LASTNOSTI NOVEJŠIH SORT KRUŠNE PŠENICE V RAZMERAH POMANJKANJA VODE PO ANTEZI

Za preučevanje omejitvenega učinka vira in ponora v razmerah pomankanja vode po antezi na potencial pridelka zrnja pri devetih novejših sortah krušne pšenice je bil v zahodnem Iranu, s sušnim in polsušnim podnebjem, na območju enega izmed glavnih centrov diverzitete kulurnih rastlin, izveden “split-plot” faktorski poskus, temelječ na naključno izbranih blokih v treh ponovitvah v pridelovalni sezoni 2010-2011. Tri obravnavanja so obsegala: kontrolo, odstranitev najvišjega lista (“zastavarja”) in odstranitev polovice vsakega klasa na raziskovalnem polju Kampusa za agronomijo in naravne vire Razi univerze. Stres pomanjkanja vode je nastopil ob antezi s prekinitvijo namakanja in je trajal do fiziološke zrelosti. Pomanjkanje vode je povzročilo značilno zmanjšanje pridelka zrnja, zmanjšanje teže 1000 zrn in značilno povečanje števila fertilnih klaskov na klas. Odstranitev lista zastavarja (omejitev vira) je pokazala, da ta prispeva pridelku zrnja v obdobju polnjenja zrn v kontroli in v poanteznem stresu pomankanja vode 10.1 %, oziroma 13.4 %. V obeh razmerah je imela odstranitev klaskov v klasu (omejitev ponora) večji značilni vpliv na fertilnost klaskov, število zrn na klas, pridelek zrnja na klas in na težo 1000 zrn kot odstranitev lista zastavarja. Odstranitev lista zastavarja pri nekaterih sortah ne samo, da ni zmanjšala pridelka zrnja in teže 1000 zrn ampak ju je celo povečala. To bi lahko bilo posledica povečanja fotosinteze preostalih listov in /ali povečanja količine sproščenih ogljikovih hidratov iz zalog v steblu. Ta pojav se imenuje nadomestni učinek. V obeh vodnih režimih je bila korelacija med parametri kot so manjša teža zrnja, nič zrn na klas in fertilnimi klaski na klas z manjšim potencialom pridelka pri sorti ‘Chamran’. Toda s sortama ‘Zarin’ in ‘Pishgam’, bi bilo zaradi njunega večjega potenciala v pridelku zrnja v razmerah  sušnega stresa po cvetenju kot v kontroli, potrebno opraviti še več poskusov predenj bi svetovali kmetom njuno pridelovanje. Ti dve sta verjetno boljši kot katerakoli druga sorta, ki so pogoste v tem območju, in njuno sejanje bi kmetom povzročilo manjše tveganje glede na okoljske strese.

 Ključne besede: pšenica, pridelek zrnja, pomanjkanje vode, vir, ponor, list zastavar, klas

 

Effect of nitrogen rate on seed yield, protein and oil content of two canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars

Hashem AMINPANAH

ABSTRACT

A field experiment was conducted at Rice Research Station, Tonekabon, Iran, to determine the effect of N rate on seed yield, protein and oil content of two canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars. Two canola cultivars (‘Hayola-308’ and ‘RGS-003’) and five N rates (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha­-1), organized into a randomized complete block design with a factorial treatment arrangement and three blocks, were applied to plot areas. Results showed that N rate effect was significant (P < 0.01) for seed yield, protein content and yield, and oil yield but not for oil content. On the other hand, cultivar had only significant (P < 0.01) effect on seed protein and oil content. Moreover, the interaction between N rate and cultivar was significant at P < 0.01 for seed, protein and oil yield, illustrating that cultivars showed different responses to N rates for these traits. In general, the quadratic equation provided a good description of the relationship between seed, protein and oil yield and nitrogen rate. For ‘Hayola-308’, seed, protein and oil yield increased significantly as N application rate increased from 0 to 150 kg ha-1, but thereafter remained constant. In contrast, for ‘RGS-003’, seed, protein and oil yield increased significantly as N application rate increased from 0 to 200 kg ha-1. Therefore, at the highest N application rate (200 kg ha-1), ‘RGS-003’ produced greater seed, protein and oil yield than ‘Hayola-308’. Averaged across N application rate, the seed protein content of RGS-003 was significantly (< 0.01) higher than that of ‘Hayola-308’, while the opposite result was observed for seed oil content. This study demonstrated the differential response of two canola cultivars to N rate in terms of seed, protein and oil yield.

 

Key words: canola, nitrogen rate, oil, protein

IZVLEČEK

 VPLIV GNOJENJA Z DUŠIKOM NA PRIDELEK SEMEN, VSEBNOST BELJAKOVIN IN OLJA PRI DVEH SORTAH OLJNE OGRŠČICE (Brassica napus L.)

Za določanje vpliva različnega gnojenja z dušikom na pridelek semen in vsebnost beljakovin in olja v dveh sortah oljne ogrščice (Brassica napus L.) je bil izveden poljski poskus na Rice Research Station, Tonekabon, Iran. Dve sorti oljne ogrščice (‘Hayola-308’ in ‘RGS-003’) sta bili posejani v petih obravnavanjih z dušikom (0, 50, 100, 150, in 200 kg ha­-1) v naključnem bločnem poskusu s faktorsko obravnavo v treh blokih. Rezultati so pokazali, da je gnojenje z N statistično značilno (P < 0.01) vplivalo na pridelek semen, vsebnost beljakovin in pridelek olja, ne pa na vsebnost olja. Po drugi strani sta imeli sorti statistično značilen vpliv (P < 0.01) samo na vsebnost beljakovin in olja v semenu. Še več, interakcija med obravnavanji z N in sortami je bila statistično značilna (< 0.01) za pridelek semen, beljakovin in olja, kar kaže na različen odziv sort v teh znakih na gnojenje z dušikom. V splošnem je kvadratna enačba dobro opisala razmerja med pridelkom semen, beljakovin in olja z gnojenjem z dušikom. Pri sorti ‘Hayola-308’ je pridelek semen, beljakovin in olja statistično značilno naraščal pri uporabi od 0 do 150 kg N ha-1, potem je ostal konstanten. Nasprotno, se je pri sorti ‘RGS-003’ pridelek semen, beljakovin in olja značilno povečeval od 0 do 200 kg N ha-1. Sorta ‘RGS-003’ je pri obravnavanju z največjo količino dušika (200 kg N ha-1) dala večji pridelek semen, beljakovin in olja kot sorta ‘Hayola-308’. Povprečno je bila pri vseh obravnavanjih z dušikom vsebnost beljakovin značilno večja pri sorti ’RGS-003’(P < 0.01) kot pri sorti ‘Hayola-308’, obratni so rezultati za vsebnost olja. Raziskava je pokazala različen odziv pridelka semen, beljakovin in olja dveh sort oljne ogrščice na gnojenje z dušikom.

Ključne besede: oljna ogrščica, gnojenje z dušikom, pridelek, semena, olje, beljakovine

 

Sheep wool and leather waste as fertilizers in organic production of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.)

Andrej VONČINA, Rok MIHELIČ

ABSTRACT

Sheep's wool and leather shavings tanned without chromium (III) salts would be suitable for fertilization in organic farming, where is the lack of easily accessible fertilizer nitrogen. This hypothesis was tested in a two-year field experiment growing asparagus at Rogelj organic farm in Kranj (Slovenia). The block designed experiment with three replicates comprised fertilization treatments with sheep's wool (W), leather shavings (L), cattle manure (FYM) and unfertilized (Ø). Doses of fertilizers were relevant to 0 (Ø), 140 (W1, L1), 280 (W2, L2, FYM) and 560 kg (W3, L3) N/ha. Fertilizers were dosed the first year before the start of the vegetation. Within the next year we followed their subsequent effect. The highest soil mineral N was found in the W2, which produced also the highest asparagus yield (non-significant) in the first year. On contrary, NO3-N content in the asparagus crop was small what reflects the good synchrony of N mineralization and consumption of N at W2. Treatments W and L released significantly more N in the next year than the same dose of nitrogen from FYM. The experiment showed that mainly sheep wool represents a quality alternative organic fertilizer.

 Key words: horticulture, asparagus, leather waste, sheep wool, organic fertilizers, nitrogen

IZVLEČEK

OVČJA VOLNA IN OSTRUŽKI USNJA KOT GNOJILI V EKOLOŠKI PRIDELAVI ŠPARGLJA (Asparagus officinalis L.)

Ovčja volna in ostružki usnja strojenega brez kromovih (III) soli bi bili lahko primerni za gnojenje v ekološkem kmetijstvu, kjer primanjkuje gnojil z lahko dostopnim dušikom. To hipotezo smo preverjali v dvoletnem poljskem poskusu z vzgojo špargljev na ekološki kmetiji Rogelj v Kranju. V bločnem poskusu smo v treh ponovitvah obravnavali gnojenje z ovčjo volno (W), ostružki usnja (L), govejim hlevskim gnojem (FYM) ter negnojeno (Ø). Odmerki gnojil so ustrezali 0 (Ø), 140 (W1, L1), 280 (W2, L2, FYM) in 560 kg (W3, L3) N/ha. Gnojila smo odmerili prvo leto pred začetkom vegetacije, v naslednjem letu pa spremljali njihov naknadni učinek. V tleh je bilo največ mineralnega dušika pri W2, tudi pridelek je bil največji, vsebnost NO3-N v pridelku špargljev pa je bila majhna, kar kaže na dobro sinhronost mineralizacije in porabe N. Obravnavanji W in L sta imeli tudi v naslednjem letu značilno večje sproščanje N kot enak odmerek dušika iz FYM. Poskus je pokazal, da predvsem ovčja volna predstavlja kakovostno alternativno organsko gnojilo.

 Ključne besede: hortikultura, špargelj, odpadki usnja, ovčja volna, organska gnojila, dušik

 

Cultivar and growth phases – the factors affecting antioxidant activity of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.)

Janette MUSILOVÁ, Jaromír LACHMAN, Judita BYSTRICKÁ, Alena VOLLMANNOVÁ, Iveta ČIČOVÁ, Mária TIMORACKÁ

ABSTRACT

The aim of this study was to assess the influence of cultivar and growth phase on the antioxidant activity (AOA) changes in common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench), as well as the its distribution in different plant parts. During 4 growth phases (GP) (buds formation - I, beginning of flowering - II, full flowering - III, full maturity - IV) stems, leaves, flowers, seeds were collected sequentially from 6 buckwheat cultivars – Pyra’, ‘Spacinska’, ‘Kasho’, ‘Jana C1’, ‘Hrusowska’, ‘Emka’. The highest values of AOA were measured in flowers (GP III) in ‘Jana C1’ (93.17%) and the lowest value in stems (GP I) in ‘Spacinska’ (46.09%). The highest increase of AOA was observed in GP IV in stems in ‘Pyra’. Differences were compared for statistical significance at the level P < 0.05.

Key words: buckwheat, cultivar, growth phase, plant part, antioxidant activity

IZVLEČEK

SORTA IN RAZVOJNE FAZE RASTLINE KOT DEJAVNIKI VPLIVA NA ANTIOKSIDATIVNO AKTIVNOST NAVADNE AJDE (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench.)

Namen te raziskave je bil oceniti vpliv sorte in razvojnih faz navadne ajde (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) na antioksidativno aktivnost različnih organov rastline. V štirih razvojnih fazah (GP; tvorba popkov-I, začetek cvetenja-II, polno cvetenje- III, polna zrelost-IV) smo vzorčili stebla, liste, cvetove in semena pri šestih sortah navadne ajde (Pyra’, ‘Spacinska’, ‘Kasho’, ‘Jana C1’, ‘Hrusowska’, ‘Emka’). Največja antioksidativna aktivnost (AOA) je bila izmerjena v cvetovih pri sorti ‘Jana C1’ (GP III, 93.17 %) in najmanjša v steblih pri sorti ‘Spacinska’ (GP I; 6.09%). Največje povečanje AOA je bilo izmerjeno v steblih pri sorti ‘Pyra’ v razvojni fazi GP IV. Statično ovrednotenje razlik je bilo opravljeno na ravni P < 0.05.

 Ključne besede: navadna ajda, sorta, razvojne faze, organi rastline, antioksidativna aktivnost

 

A decade of research in mofette areas has given us new insights into adaptation of soil microorganisms to abiotic stress

Irena MAČEK

ABSTRACT

Natural CO2 springs (mofettes) represent extreme ecosystems with severe exhalations of ambient temperature geological CO2, inducing long-term soil hypoxia. In this paper an overview of mofette research in the fields of microbial ecology and biodiversity in presented, with a focus on the studies describing the impact of the changed soil gas regime on communities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, archaea and bacteria. Along with the fast development of new, high-throughput molecular techniques driving the field of molecular ecology, mofettes enable new insights into the importance of the abiotic environmental factors in regulating soil biodiversity, and the community structure of these functionally important microbial groups.

 Key words: natural CO2 springs, hypoxia, abiotic environmental factors, carbon capture and storage – CCS, soil ecology, archaea, bacteria, Glomeromycota

IZVLEČEK

DESETLETJE RAZISKAV NA OBMOČJIH MOFET NAM JE OMOGOČILO NOVE VPOGLEDE V ADAPTACIJO MIKROORGANIZMOV NA ABIOTSKI STRES

Naravni izviri CO2 ali mofete predstavljajo ekstremen ekosistem, kjer zaradi izhajanja geološkega plina v tleh prihaja do dologoročnega pojava hipoksije. V preglednem članku so predstavljene raziskave z območij mofet s področja mikrobne ekologije, ki opisujejo vplive sprememenjenih koncentracij talnih plinov na združbe arbuskularnih mikoriznih gliv, arhej in bakterij. Skupaj s hitrim razvojem novih molekulskih pristopov, predvsem novih generacij visokozmogljivega paralelnega sekvenciranja, ki poganjajo področje molekularne ekologije, mofete omogočajo raziskovanje vpliva abiotskih dejavnikov okolja na biodiverziteto in strukturo združb teh funkcionalno pomembnih skupin talnih mikrobov.

 Ključne besede: naravni izviri CO2, hipoksija, abiotski dejavniki okolja, zajemanje in skladiščenje CO2, ekologija tal, arheje, bakterije, Glomeromycota

 

Influence of arbuscular mycorrhiza on osmotic adjustment compounds and antioxidant enzyme activity in nodules of salt-stressed soybean (Glycine max)

Omid YOUNESI, Ali MORADI, Amin NAMDARI

ABSTRACT

The influence of the colonization with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus, Glomus mosseae (Nicolson and Gerdemann), on characteristics of growth, osmotic adjustment compounds and activity of antioxidant enzymes in nodules of salt-stressed soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) was studied in this experiment. The pot experiment was arranged as a factorial in randomized complete block design with four replications at greenhouse of College of Agriculture, Tehran University, Iran. Results indicated that the contents of glycine betaine and proline in nodules were higher in inoculated than in non-inoculated plants. AM fungal colonization increased the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase in the nodules. The results indicate that the AM fungus is capable of alleviating the damage caused by salt stress on symbiotic nitrogen fixation of soybean plants by increasing the accumulation of compatible osmolytes and by increased antioxidant enzyme activity. Consequently, arbuscular mycorrhiza formation highly enhanced the salinity tolerance of soybean plant, which increased symbiotic nitrogen fixation and promoted plant growth.

 Key words: antioxidants, nodules, osmolytes, salinity, soybean

IZVLEČEK

VPLIV ARBUSKULARNE MIKORIZE NA SPOJINE OSMOTSKE PRILAGODITVE IN ANTIOKSIDACIJSKO ENCIMSKO AKTIVNOST V NODULIH SOJE (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) V SLANOSTNEM STRESU

V poskusu je bil preučevan vpliv kolonizacije z arbuskularno mikorizno glivo (AM), Glomus mosseae (Nicolson and Gerdemann), na značilnosti rasti, snovi osmotskega prilagajanja in aktivnost antioksidacijskih encimov v nodulih soje (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) v slanostnem stresu. Lončni poskus je bil izveden kot naključni faktorski bločni poskus v štirih ponovitvah v rastlinjaku College of Agriculture, Tehran University, Iran. Izsledki so pokazali, da sta bili vsebnosti glicin betaina in prolina večji v inokoliranih kot v neinokuliranih rastlinah. Kolonizacija z AM glivo je povečala aktivnost superoksid dizmutaze, katalaze in peroksidaze v nodulih. Rezultati kažejo, da je AM gliva sposobna omiliti poškodbe, ki nastanejo ob slanostnem stresu v simbiontski vezavi dušika pri soji s povečano akumulacijo primernih osmotikov in povečano antioksidacijsko encimsko aktivnostjo. Posledično tvorba arbuskularne mikorize pri soji močno poveča toleranco na slanostni stres s povečano simbiontsko vezavo dušika, kar pospeši rast.

Ključne besede: antioksidanti, noduli, osmotiki, slanost, soja

 

Indirect plant regeneration in aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) var. ‘Kalijira’ and ‘Chinigura’

Mohammad Abdul MANNAN, Tushar Chandra SARKER, Mst. Towhida AKHTER, Ahmad Humayan KABIR, Mohammad Firoz ALAM

ABSTRACT

Mature seeds of two traditional rice genotypes (Kalijira and Chinigura) were used for callus induction and plant regeneration on different concentrations and combinations of plant growth regulators cultured on MS (Murashige and Skoog) basal medium. Callus induction frequency was different between the cultivars, as well as among the 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) levels tested. Both tested cultivars exhibited highest callus frequency at 2 mgl-1 2,4-D. The incorporation of benzylaminopurine (BAP) and kinetin (KIN) in the callus induction medium supplemented with 2 mgl-1 2,4-D did not significantly improve the callus induction frequency but required days of callus initiation were decreased compared to single use of 2,4-D. After two subcultures, at 21 days interval, embryogenic callus was placed on medium containing different concentration and combination of auxin and cytokinin. Treatment T4 (0.5 mg l-1 BAP and 0.1 mg l-1 IBA) showed the highest shoot induction: 91.67% in Kalijira and 83.33% in Chinigura. Similarly, the highest range of shoot number was also observed in both genotypes when treated with 0.5 mgl-1 BAP and 0.1 mgl-1 IBA. Plant regeneration efficiency was further observed best when treated with 1 mgl-1 2,4-D along with 1 mgl-1 2,4-D along with 1 mgl-1 BAP and 1 mgl-1 IBA. Furthermore, the highest number of callus derived shoot per culture was achieved in 2 mgl-1 2,4-D along with 1 mgl-1  BAP and 1 mgl-1 IBA. Both rice genotypes are promising in terms of callus induction frequency and morphology, and regeneration ability of the embryogenic callus.

 Key words: callus induction, plant regeneration, aromatic rice, shoots

IZVLEČEK

POSREDNA REGENERACIJA AROMATIČNEGA RIŽA (Oryza sativa L.), SORT ‘KALIJIRA’ IN ‘CHINIGURA’

Zrela semena dveh tradicionalnih genotipov riža (‘Kalijira’ and ‘Chinigura’) so bila uporabljena za indukcijo kalusa in regeneracijo rastlin pri različnih koncentracijah in kombinacijah rastlinskih rastnih regulatorjev pri gojenju na osnovnem MS (Murashige and Skoog) mediju. Frekvenca indukcije kalusa je bila različna med sortama kot tudi glede na koncentracije 2,4-diklorfenoksi ocetne kisline (2,4-D). Obe preiskušeni sorti sta imeli največjo frekvenco kalusa pri 2 mgl-1 2,4-D. Dodatek benzilaminopurina (BAP) in kinetina (KIN) v medij za indukcijo kalusa z dodatkom 2 mgl-1 2,4-D ni značilno izboljšal indukcije kalusa, vendar so se potrebni dnevi za začetek tvorbe kalusa zmanjšali v primerjavi s postopkom, ko smo uporabili samo 2,4-D. Po dveh predkulturah, v interval 21 dni, je bil embriogeni kalus prenešen na medij, ki je vseboval različno koncentracijo in kombinacijo auksina in citokinina. Tretma T4 (0.5 mg l-1 BAP in 0.1 mg l-1 IBA) je dal največjo indukcijo poganjkov: 91.67 % pri ‘Kalijira’ in 83.33 % pri ‘Chinigura’. Podobno je nastalo največ poganjkov pri obeh sortah, kadar so jih tretirali z 0.5 mgl-1 BAP in 0.1 mgl-1 IBA. Nadalje je bila sposobnost regeneracije rastlin najboljša, če so jih tretirali z 1 mgl-1 2,4-D z dodatkom 1 mgl-1 BAP in 1 mgl-1 IBA. Največje število iz kalusa nastalih poganjkov na kulturo je bilo doseženo pri mgl-1 2,4-D z dodatkom 1 mgl-1 BAP in 1 mgl-1 IBA. Oba genotipa riža sta obetavna v smislu morfologije in pogostosti indukcije kalusa kot tudi v regeneracijski sposobnosti embriogenega kalusa.

 Ključne besede: indukcija kalusa, regeneracija rastlin, aromatični riž, poganjki

 

Phenotypic evaluation of scutellum-derived calluses in ‘Indica’ rice cultivars

Arman PAZUKI, Mohammad Mehdi SOHANI

ABSTRACT

By using amenable MS based medium containing 4 mg l-1 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 0.4 mg l-1 benzyl-aminopurine (BAP), 30 g l-1 sucrose, 8 g l-1 Agar-agar, qualitative and quantitative traits of calluses initiated from four genetically and commercially valuable Northern Iranian rice cultivars including Hashemi, Hasani, Gerdeh, and Gharib were studied. Five seeds were placed in each Petri dish and three replicates of eight Petri dishes per replicate were incubated in a growth chamber at 25 ±2 °C in the dark and the averages for every replicate were employed in the analyses. Several important parameters related to callogenesis of the cultivars including rate of non-viable seeds, necrotic, scutellar, slow growing, and non-scutellar calluses, simultaneous callus induction from scutellar and non-scutellar tissues, seeds with appropriate callus, and root emergence were compared. Accordingly, calli of Gharib and Hashemi were highly responsive in callogenesis, while Gerdeh and Hasani produced dissatisfying calluses. Necrotic calluses, scutellar calli, and non-viable seeds were positively correlated with each other; although they were negatively correlated with non-scutellar calli, simultaneous scutellar and non-scutellar calli induction, and root emergence. The results of the present study are expected to be the first promising step to generate genetically manipulated Iranian indigenous rice cultivars.

 

 

Key words: tissue culture, callogenesis, necrosis, Oryza sativa, ‘Gharib’, ‘Hashemi’, ‘Gerdeh’, ‘Hasani’

 

IZVLEČEK

FENOTIPSKO VREDNOTENJE IZ SKUTELUMA PRIDOBLJENIH KALUSOV IZBRANIH SORT ‘INDICA’ RIŽEV

Z uporabo MS medija, ki je vseboval 4 mg l-1 2,4-diklorfenoksi ocetne kisline (2,4-D), 0.4 mg l-1 benzil-aminopurina (BAP), 30 g l-1 saharoze in 8 g l-1 agarja so bili preučevani kvalitativni in kvantitativni znaki kalusov, pridobljeni iz štirih genetsko in komercialno priznanih sort riža (‘Hashemi’, ‘Hasani’, ‘Gerdeh’, and ‘Gharib’) iz severnega Irana. Po pet semen je bilo položeno v vsako od osem petrijevk v treh ponovitvah, ki so jih inkubirali v rastni komori pri 25 ±2 °C v temi. Povprečje vsake ponovitve je bilo uporabljeno v analizah. Primerjani so bili pomembni parametri kalogeneze kot so: število nekalečih semen, nekrotični, skutelarni, počasi rastoči in neskutelarni kalusi, simultana indukacija kalusov iz skutelarnih in neskutelarnih tkiv, semena s primernim kalusom in izraščanje korenin. V kalogenezi sta bili zelo odzivni sorti ‘Gharib’ and ‘Hashemi’, medtem ko sta sorti ‘Gerdeh’ and ‘Hasani’dali neustrezne kaluse. Nekrotični kalusi, skutelarni kalusi in nekaleča semena so bili med seboj v veliki pozitivni korelaciji in v negativni korelaciji z neskutelarnimi kalusi, simultano indukcijo skutelarnih in neskutelarnih kalusom in nastankom korenin. Iz rezultatov te raziskave pričakujemo prvi obetajoči korak v pridobivanju genetsko spremenjenih domačih sort iranskega riža.

 Ključne besede: tkivne kulture, kalogeneza, nekroza, Oryza sativa, ‘Gharib’, ‘Hashemi’, ‘Gerdeh’, ‘Hasani’

 

Biogenic amines in red wine: The impact of technological processing of grape and wine

Tatjana KOŠMERL, Sanja ŠUĆUR, Helena PROSEN

ABSTRACT

The knowledge of the biogenic amines present in wine is important to consumers in terms of their potential threats of toxicity to human and to wine producers as a result of market impact. In the scientific field, biogenic amines have the potential to be applied as indicators of food spoilage. Biogenic amines are essential at low concentrations for metabolic and physiological functions in animals, plants, and microorganisms, but at high concentrations can induce adverse reactions in susceptible individuals. Despite the intensive research aimed at determining and reduction of biogenic amines, our current knowledge remains far from complete. However, a number of factors that influence the biogenic amines concentration in red wine have been already described. Most of them are related to the winemaking conditions in the cellars and some of them are environmental factors. During winemaking it is important to consider all factors beginning from viticulture practices, alcoholic and malolactic fermentation and physiochemical composition of wine, as well as, aging and storage of wine. This paper reviews changes of the concentration of biogenic amines depending on technological processing of grape and wine.

 Key words: biogenic amines, red wine, winemaking conditions, fermentation, microbiological decarboxylation

IZVLEČEK

 BIOGENI AMINI V RDEČEM VINU: VPLIV TEHNOLOŠKE PREDELAVE GROZDJA IN VINA

Poznavanje prisotnih biogenih aminov v vinu je pomembno za potrošnike in pridelovalce zaradi potencialne nevarnosti toksičnosti za človeka in posledično tržnih vplivih. Na znanstvenem področju imajo biogeni amini potencial, ki se uporablja kot pokazatelji kvarjenja hrane. Biogeni amini so v majhnih koncentracijah bistvenega pomena za normalne metabolne in fiziološke funkcije pri živalih, rastlinah in mikroorganizmih, lahko pa imajo škodljive učinke pri velikih koncentracijah ter predstavljajo tveganje za zdravje občutljivih posameznikov. Kljub intenzivnim raziskavam, usmerjenim v določanje in zmanjšanje vsebnosti biogenih aminov, naše sedanje znanje še zdaleč ni dokončno. Opisanih je več dejavnikov, ki vplivajo na vsebnost biogenih aminov v rdečih vinih. Večina od njih je povezanih z vinarskimi razmerami v kleti, od katerih so nekateri tudi okoljski dejavniki. V vinarstvu je pomembno upoštevati vse dejavnike, ki se začnejo z vinogradniških vplivi, alkoholno in jabolčno-mlečnokislinsko fermentacijo, fizikalno-kemijsko sestavo vina, kakor tudi staranjem in skladiščenjem vina. V tem članku so pregledno podane spremembe vsebnosti biogenih aminov glede na tehnološke postopke predelave grozdja in pridelave vina.

Ključne besede: biogeni amini, rdeče vino, pogoji med pridelavo vina, fermentacija, mikrobiološka dekarboksilacija

 

Biological Control of Root-Knot Nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.): Microbes against the Pests

Janja LAMOVŠEK, Gregor UREK, Stanislav TRDAN

ABSTRACT

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are important pests of many cultivated plants. Recently, the most efficient chemical control products (e.g. methyl bromide) have now been restricted due to their toxic characteristics. Research on agents that work against root-knot nematodes and do not have a detrimental impact on the environment is becoming increasingly important. Advances in the last decades produced quite a number of biocontrol products that are already marketed. Some of the well-accepted commercial products contain bacteria Bacillus firmus and Pasteuria penetrans, and fungus Purpureocillium lilacinus. In this review we summarize the antagonistic activity of bacteria and fungi, with their advantages and limitations in biocontrol of root-knot nematodes.

 Key words: biological control, Meloidogyne spp., antagonisms, bacteria, fungi, commercial products

IZVLEČEK

BIOTIČNO ZATIRANJE OGORČIC KORENINSKIH ŠIŠK (Meloidogyne spp.): MIKROORGANIZMI PROTI ŠKODLJIVCEM

 

Ogorčice koreninskih šišk (Meloidogyne spp.) uvrščamo med pomembne škodljivce številnih kmetijskih rastlin. Najbolj učinkovita kemična sredstva za njihovo zatiranje so močno strupena, zato je njihova uporaba močno omejena ali celo prepovedana (npr. metil bromid). Razvoj na področju pripravkov za zatiranje ogorčic koreninskih šišk z okoljsko sprejemljivimi lastnostmi se povečuje. Napredek v zadnjih desetletjih je viden v večjem številu biotičnih pripravkov, mnogi med njimi se danes že tržijo. Aktivne snovi v uveljavljenih biotičnih sredstvih sta bakteriji Bacillus firmus in Pasteuria penetrans ter gliva Purpureocillium lilacinus. V članku je predstavljen pregled zaviralnih mehanizmov delovanja bakterij in gliv, prav tako omenjamo največje prednosti in slabosti njihove uporabe v biotičnem zatiranju ogorčic koreninskih šišk.

Ključne besede: biotično varstvo rastlin, Meloidogyne spp., antagonizem, bakterije, glive, tržni pripravki

 

Ohranjanje semena vrste Brassica napus L. v talni semenski banki

Barbara PIPAN, Jelka ŠUŠTAR-VOZLIČ, Vladimir MEGLIČ

Izvleček

Najbolj razširjena oblika vrste Brassica napus L. je oljna ogrščica, njeno seme pa je zaradi svojih fizikalnih lastnosti zelo mobilno in zato nagnjeno k raztrosu. Nenadzorovane izgube semena predstavljajo potencial za pojavljanje samosevnih in podivjanih populacij te vrste znotraj in zunaj pridelovalnih površin, saj se njeno seme ohranja in ostaja viabilno v tleh tudi več let. Dinamika pojavnosti teh rastlin je odvisna od potenciala talne semenske banke in kompleksih interaktivnih lastnosti genotipa semena ter pedoloških in agro-klimatskih dejavnikov. Prisotnost nedefiniranih opraševalnih virov, ki izvirajo iz talne semenske banke, pa v naravi predstavlja potencial za spontane intra- in inter-speciesne oprašitve vrste B. napus, kar vpliva na spremembe v njeni genetski strukturi.

 Ključne besede: Brassica napus, samosevci, podivjane populacije, talna semenska banka, tla, izgube semena, ohranjanje semena

ABSTRACT

PRESERVATION OF Brassica napus L. SEED IN SOIL SEED BANK

The most common form of the Brassica napus L. is oilseed rape. Because of its physical characteristics the seed is very mobile and therefore disposed to spillage. Uncontrolled seed loss represents the potential for the appearance of volunteer and feral populations of B. napus inside and outside production areas; B. napus seed remains viable in the soil for several years. The appearance dynamics of these plants is dependent on the soil seed bank potential and complex interactive characteristics of the genotype seeds and soil and agro-climatic factors. The presence of undefined pollinating resources originated from soil seed bank in the nature presents the potential for spontaneous intra- and inter-species pollination of B. napus reflected also in its genetic structure.

 

Key words: Brassica napus, volunteers, feral populations, soil seed bank, soil, seed losses, seed preservation

 

Možnosti varstva oreha (Juglans spp.) pred orehovo muho (Rhagoletis completa Cresson, 1929 Diptera,: Tephritidae) s poudarkom na biotičnem zatiranju škodljivca

Žiga LAZNIK, Stanislav TRDAN

Izvleček

Orehova muha (Rhagoletis completa) je gospodarsko pomembna sadna muha, ki napada različne vrste oreha (Juglans spp.). Žuželka izvira iz Severne Amerike, za najbolj učinkovito metodo lovljenja njenih odraslih osebkov pa velja trikotna rumena lepljiva plošča, skupaj z amonijevim karbonatom, ki deluje kot atraktant. V prispevku so predstavljeni bionomija, razširjenost, načini spremljanja in zatiranja orehove muhe, pri čemer je poseben poudarek namenjen biotičnemu zatiranju škodljivca. O slednjem je v strokovni literaturi relativno malo informacij, z njihovim upoštevanjem, upoštevanjem domače zakonodaje in našimi izkušnjami z razširjenostjo in učinkovitostjo različnih biotičnih agensov v Sloveniji, za biotično zatiranje orehove muhe predlagamo foliarni nanos entomopatogene glive Beauveria bassiana proti odraslim osebkom, jesensko talno aplikacijo entomopatogenih ogorčic proti ličinkam ter spomladansko talno aplikacijo entomopatogenih ogorčic proti odraslim osebkom v obdobju njihovega izleganja iz bub. Na območjih razširjenosti navadnega oreha pa bo potrebno v prihodnje načrtno spremljati zastopanost potencialnih domorodnih parazitoidov orehove muhe, saj na različnih koncih sveta prav nekatere predstavnike iz omenjene skupine naravnih sovražnikov (Coptera occidentalis, Diachasmimorpha juglandis) omenjajo kot dovolj ustrezne alternative sintetičnim insekticidom.

 Ključne besede: orehova muha, Rhagoletis completa, parazitoidi, entomopatogene glive, entomopatogene ogorčice, biotično varstvo

abstract

POSSIBILITIES OF WALNUTS (Juglans spp.) PROTECTION AGAINST WALNUT HUSK FLY (Rhagoletis completa Cresson) WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

 

Walnut husk fly (Rhagoletis completa) is an economically important fruit fly, which attacks several species of walnuts (Juglans spp). The insect is indigenous to North America, the best method for trapping the walnut husk fly adults is a yellow sticky board with ammonium carbonate as an attractant. In the present paper the bionomics, geographical distribution, methods of monitoring and controlling the walnut husk fly with special emphasis on biological control of the pest are presented. In a scientific literature is a lack of information regarding biological control, however if we take into consideration the foreign researches, Slovenian legislation and our experiences we suggest for biological control of walnut husk fly the foliar application of entomopathogenic fungi Beauveria bassiana against adults, soil application of entomopathogenic nematodes against larvae in autumn and spring soil application of entomopathogenic nematodes against adults, when they emerge from pupas. Monitoring of domestic parasitoids of walnut husk fly will be in the future needed in areas where the walnuts are expanded. On different areas of the world several species of parasitoids (Coptera occidentalis, Diachasmimorpha juglandis) are mentioned as an alternative biological control agents to chemicals.

 Key words: walnut husk fly, Rhagoletis completa, parasitoids, entomopathogenic fungi, entomopathogenic nematodes, biological control

 

Tehnike indukcije haploidov in podvojenih haploidov

Jana MUROVEC

IZVLEČEK

Haploidi so samostojne rastline (sporofiti) z gametnim (haploidnim, n) številom kromosomov. Čeprav se spontano v naravi redko pojavijo, so dandanes poznane številne tehnike s katerimi lahko sprožimo njihov nastanek. Indukcija in regeneracija haploidnih (in podvojenih haploidnih) rastlin omogoča pridobivanje popolnoma homozigotnih linij v eni generaciji, kar lahko bistveno pospeši žlahtniteljski proces in genetske študije. Prav zato se haploidi intenzivno uporabljajo pri številnih vrstah za katere so poznani uspešni protokoli kot so pšenica, ječmen, koruza, tobak, čebula, kumara, oljna ogrščica in druge kmetijsko pomembne križnice. Prispevek povzema glavne lastnosti haploidov in podvojenih haploidov, načine njihove indukcije in regeneracije s poudarkom na njihovi uporabnosti v žlahtnjenju rastlin.

 Ključne besede: Ginogeneza, androgeneza, mikrospora, homozigotnost, heterozigotnost, obsevan pelod, rastlinske tkivne kulture, ploidnost

ABSTRACT

TECHNIQUES FOR HAPLOID AND DOUBLED HAPLOID PRODUCTION

Haploids are plants (sporophytes) that contain a gametic chromomosome number (n). They rarely occur spontaneously in nature but several techniques are nowadays available for their production. Induction and regeneration of haploids (doubled haploids) enables the production of completely homozygous lines in one generation, thus shortening this process by many years. They are broadly used in breeding programs of plant species for which efficient protocols have been developed, such as barley, wheat, maize, tobacco, onion, cucumber, rapeseed and other Brassica species. This article presents the main characteristics of haploids, doubled haploids and inducing techniques, with an emphasis on their role in plant breeding. 

Key words: Gynogenesis, androgenesis, microspore, homozygosity, heterozygosity, irradiated pollen, plant tissue culture, ploidy level

 

Novejši podatki o vsebnosti semen vrst iz rodu Ambrosia v krmi za prostoživeče ptice v Sloveniji

Breda JAKOVAC STRAJN, Kristina Jelka POZVEK, Tanja PROSENIK, Mario LEŠNIK, Igor UJČIČ VRHOVNIK

izvleček

Vdihavanje peloda vrst iz rodu Ambrosia lahko povzroči preobčutljivostne reakcije. Krma za prostoživeče ptice je eden od dejavnikov, ki pripomorejo k širjenju omenjenih rastlin. Leta 2010 so zato k Direktivi o nezaželenih snoveh v živalski krmi (2002/32/ES) dodali aneks, da lahko krma za živali, ki vsebuje nezmleta žita, vsebuje do 50 mg semen vrst iz rodu Ambrosia v kilogramu krme (UL L 290/54). Podatkov o vsebnosti semen te rastline v krmi je zelo malo, zato smo z mikroskopsko metodo preiskali 40 vzorcev krme za prostoživeče ptice. Semena ambrozije je vsebovalo 20 vzorcev oziroma 50 %. Ugotovljeno število semen v kilogramu posameznega vzorca je bilo od 2 do 146 (10 mg do 774 mg). V skladu s predpisi smo vsebnosti preračunali relativno na vzorec z 12 % vlage in ugotovili, da je dovoljeno mejo presegalo 5 vzorcev (12,5 %).

Ključne besede: Ambrosia, semena, krma – analize, mikroskopija, ptice

ABSTRACT

RECENT DATA ON Ambrosia spp. SEEDS CONTENT IN FEED FOR WILD BIRDS IN SLOVENIA

 

Inhalation of pollen belonging to the species of Ambrosia may cause hypersensitivity reactions. Feed for wild birds is one of the factors that contribute to the spread of these plants. For this reason an amendment to the Directive on undesirable substances in animal feed (2002/32/EC) was added, in 2010 stating that animal feed made of unground cereals can contain up to 50 mg of Ambrosia spp. seeds per kilogram (UL L 290/54). Due to the lack of data, 40 samples of feed for wild birds were examined with a microscopic method. Ambrosia spp. seeds were found in 20 samples (50%). The number of seeds was from 2 to 146 (10 mg to 774 mg). In accordance with the legislation, results were expressed relative to a feed with the moisture content of 12%. Five samples (12.5%) exceeded the permitted value.

 

Kwy words: Ambrosia, seeds, feed – analysis, microscopy, birds

 

 

Tla ali prst ? Prispevek k razpravam o rabi izrazov 'tla' in 'prst' v slovenskem poljudnem in strokovnem izrazoslovju

Borut VRŠČAJ

izvleček

Skrb za natančno in bogato izrazoslovje, tako poljudno in predvsem strokovno, je nujen in pomemben prispevek k razvoju in pestrosti materinega jezika. Pri rabi strokovnih izrazov se pogosto soočamo z različnimi interpretacijami in nepotrebno pestrostjo izrazov. To praviloma ne prispeva h kakovosti jezika in prej kaže na premalo skrbno izrazoslovje, na pomanjkljive oz. strokovno neustrezne opredelitve in/ali spregledan izvorni pomen posameznih izrazov. Strokovni izrazi morajo biti nedvoumni in ne smejo dovoljevati različne interpretacije, pomena. Raba in uvajanje poljudnih izrazov v strokovno izrazoslovje je prisotno tudi v izobraževanju. Primer takih zadreg v pedologiji je tudi raba besed 'tla' in 'prst'. Na prvi pogled sicer obrobna tematika ima širšo in pomembnejšo dimenzijo. Zmeda v strokovnem jeziku se namreč pojavlja tudi v prevodih evropske zakonodaje. Tako slovenske verzije nekaterih EU dokumentov mestoma zaradi neustreznih in pomensko dvoumnih oz. zgrešenih prevodov ne odražajo pravega pomena izvornih besedil. To predstavlja zadrego, ki jo je potrebno urediti. Prispevek predstavlja terminološke nedoslednosti v pedološkem izrazoslovju, pojasnjuje in utemeljuje razloge za rabo osnovnih izrazov s področja tal, osvetljuje ljudski pomen besed 'prst' in 'zemlja', primerja s stanjem v drugih jezikih ter nakazuje ustrezno rabo nekaterih ključnih izrazov v strokovnih/znanstvenih besedilih, za potrebe prevajanja in pedagoškega procesa.

Ključne besede: tla, prst, zemlja, jerina, ilovica, pedologija

ABSTRACT

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEBATE ON THE USE OF THE TERMS 'TLA' AND 'PRST' IN SLOVENIAN COLLOQUIAL AND PROFESSIONAL TERMINOLOGY

 

Correct and rich professional and scientific terminology is an important contribution to the development and richness of the national languages. Within the scientific and professional terminology we can often find incorrect, missed or misinterpreted use of professional terms. In general, such ‘diversity’ of terms does not contribute to the quality and the development of the professional terminology. On the contrary, it demonstrates the lack of precision in scientific terminology, presence of definitions without scientific background and/or overlooked original etymology of individual terms. We are witnessing the attempts of replacement of terms and changes in professional terminology without scientifically sound arguments. Moreover, even at the university level the inappropriate use of technical / professional terms can be detected. An example of such embarrassments in Slovenian language is the use of the words' tla' and 'prst' in professional language. Terminological dispute can be considered as peripheral theme, even unnecessary, however it has a much broader and more important dimension. Namely, confusion in the technical language is also appearing in translations of the European legislation. The Slovenian versions of some EU legal documents are semantically ambiguous and inadequate and, thus do not reflect the correct meaning of source texts due to missed translations. The latter can evolve in a problem and has to be adjusted. The paper presents the soil science terminological inconsistencies, explains and arguments the reasons for use of selected basic soil science terms in Slovenian language. Additionally, it recalls the etymology of the popular terms ‘prst’ and ‘zemlja’, compares the situation in number of European languages and, most importantly, suggests the appropriate use of terms in professional/scientific language, in education and for translation purposes.

 

Kwy words: soil, fine earth, earth, terra rossa, loam, pedology