Effects
of seed size and aging on field performance of lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) under different irrigation treatments
Kazem GHASSEMI-GOLEZANI,
Afsaneh
CHADORDOOZ-JEDDI,
Saeid
ZEHTAB-SALMASI
Abstract
A sub-sample of lentil (Lens culinaris ‘Kimia’) seeds was kept as bulk (S1) and
another sample was separated to large (S2) and
small (S3) seeds.
A sub-sample of each size was kept as control or
high vigor seed lot (A1) and the two other
sub-samples were artificially aged for 2 and 4 days (A2
and A3, respectively). Field performance of these
seeds was evaluated during 2011 and 2012. Yield components
and grain yield of lentil decreased with decreasing water
availability. The highest yield components (except 1000
grain weight) and grain yield per unit area were obtained by
plants from large seeds. The superiority of plants from
large seeds in grain yield was more evident under limited
irrigations than under well watering. Seed aging resulted in
poor stand establishment and consequently low grain yield
per unit area. Plants from aged large seeds showed the
lowest reduction in grain yield per unit area, compared with
those from aged small and bulk seeds. It seems that
cultivation of large seeds somehow can reduce the
deleterious effects of drought stress and seed aging on
grain yield per unit area of lentil.
Key words:
grain yield, lentil, seed
aging, seed size, drought stress
IZVLEČEK
VPLIV VELIKOSTI IN STARANJA SEMENA NAVADNE LEČE (Lens culinaris Medik.) NA NJENO USPEVANJE V POLJSKEM POSKUSU PRI
RAZLIČNIH REŽIMIH NAMAKANJA
Semena navadne leče (Lens culinaris ‘Kimia’) so bila pred setvijo razdeljena na večji
podvzorec (S1) in manjšega, ki je bil razdeljen
na velika (S2) in mala (S3) semena.
Podvzorec semen vseh velikost je bil vzet kot kontrola,
oziroma kot vitalna semena (A1),
ostala dva podvzorca semen sta bila umetno starana 2 in 4
dni (A2 in A3, vzorca). Uspevanje
semen je bilo v poljskem poskusu ovrednoteno v sezonah 2011
in 2012. Komponente pridelka in pridelka zrnja leče so
upadale z zmanjševanjem dostopnosti vode. Največje vrednosti
komponent pridelka (razen mase 1000 zrn) in pridelka zrnja
na enoto površine so bile dosežene z rastlinami iz velikih
semen. Superiornost rastlin iz velikih semen v pridelku
zrnja je bila še bolj očitna v razmereh omejenega namakanja
v primerjavi z dobro zalitimi rastlinami. Staranje semen je
povzročilo slabšo vzpostavitev sestoja posevka in posledično
manjši pridelek zrnja na enoto površine. Rastline iz velikih
semen so imele manjše zmanjšanje pridelka na enoto površine
v primerjavi s tistimi iz staranih manjših semen in semen
enotnega vzorca. Izgleda, da setev velikih semen pri navadni
leči nekako zmanjša škodljive učinke sušnega stresa in
staranja semen na pridelku zrnja na enoto površine.
Ključne
besede:
pridelek zrnja, navadna
leča, staranje semen, velikost semen, sušni stres
Effect
of Se application on photosynthesis, osmolytes and water
relations in two durum wheat (Triticum durum L.)
genotypes under drought stress
Roghieh HAJIBOLAND,
Noushin SADEGHZADEH and Behzad SADEGHZADEH
Abstract
Effect of Se (as Na2SeO4
at final concentration of 10 µg l-1) was
studied in two durum wheat (Triticum durum L.)
genotypes in perlite under drought conditions. Se treatment
increased slightly biomass of both genotypes under drought
but not under control conditions. Photosynthetic rate was
depressed by drought while increased by Se treatments in
both genotypes up to 2.3 fold. However, transpirational
water loss was also enhanced in Se-treated plants under both
well-watered and drought conditions. Se application resulted
in higher concentrations of soluble proteins and free
α-amino acids under drought conditions, but not proline. Our
results indicated that Se application improves some
physiological parameters such as photosynthesis,
accumulation of osmolyes and water use efficiency but did
not change significantly plants biomass or water relation
parameters.
Key words:
organic osmolytes,
photosynthetic rate, proline, water use efficiency, water
relations
IZVLEČEK
UČINEK UPORABE Se NA FOTOSINTEZO, VSEBNOST OSMOTIKOV IN VODNI REŽIM PRI
DVEH GENOTIPIH TRDE PŠENICE (Triticum durum L.) V
RAZMERAH SUŠNEGA STRESA
Preučevani so bili učinki
Se, dodanega kot Na2SeO4 v
koncentraciji 10 µg l-1 na dveh genotipih trde
pšenice (Triticum durum L.) gojene v perlitu v
razmerah sušnega stresa. Tretiranje s Se je neznatno
povečalo biomaso obeh genotipov v razmerah sušnega stresa, a
ne pri kontroli. Fotosinteza je upadla s sušo, a se je po
tretiranju s Se pri obeh genotipih povečala za 2.3 krat.
Transpiracijska izguba vode je bila pospešena pri rastlinah
tretiranih s Se v razmerah sušnega stresa kot pri dobro
zalitih rastlinah. Uporaba Se se je odrazila v večji
koncentraciji topnih beljakovin in prostih α-amino kislin v
razmerah suše, vendar ne v koncentraciji prolina. Naši
rezultati kažejo, da uporaba Se izboljša nekatere fiziološke
parameter kot so fotosinteza, akumulacija osmotikov in
učinkovitost izrabe vode, vendar ne spremeni značilno
biomase rastlin in parametrov vodnega režima rastline.
Ključne besede:
organski osmotiki,
fotosinteza, prolin, učinkovitost izrabe vode, vodni režim
.
Simulation of
rice
yield under
different
irrigation and
nitrogen
application
managements by CropSyst
model
Narjes ZARE, Mohammadreza
KHALEDIAN, Nader PIRMORADIAN, Mojtaba REZAEI
Abstract
The
aim of this study was the calibration and validation of
CropSyst model for rice in the city of Rasht. The necessary
data were extracted from a field experiment which was
carried out during 2005-2007 in a split-plot design. The
main plots were irrigation regimes including continuous
flooding irrigation and 5-day irrigation intervals. The
subplots consisted of four nitrogen levels: zero N
application, 45, 60 and 75 kg N ha-1. Normalized Root Mean
Squared Error (nRMSE) and Residual Mass Coefficient (Crm) in
calibration years were 9.3% and 0.06, respectively. In
validation year, nRMSE and Crm were 9.7% and 0.11,
respectively. According to other indices to assess
irrigation regimes and fertilizer levels, the most suitable
treatments regarding environmental aspect were 5-day
irrigation regime and 45 kg N ha-1.
Key words:
crop model,
irrigation,
fertilization,
rice
IZVLEČEK
SIMULACIJA PRIDELKA RIŽA S
CROPSYST MODELOM PRI RAZLIČNIH REŽIMIH NAMAKANJA IN GNOJENJA
Namen te raziskave sta
bili kalibracija in validacija CropSyst modela za
pridelovanje riža v Rashtu (Iran). Podatki za obdelavo
izvirajo iz poljskega split-plot poskusa, ki je potekal v
letih 2005-2007. Glavne ploskve so bile namakane, vključno z
neprekinjenim poplavnim namakanjem v petdnevnih intervalih.
Podploskve so imele štiri režime gnojenja z dušikom in
sicer: 0 N –brez dušika, 45, 60 in 75 kg N ha-1.
Normalizirana vrednost korena povprečnih kvadriranih napak
(Normalized Root Mean Squared Error;nRMSE) in koeficient
mase ostankov (Coefficient of Residual Mass; Crm) sta v
kalibracijskih letih sta znašala 9.3 % in 0.06 %. V
validacijskem letu sta omenjena parametra znašala (nRMSE in
Crm) 9.7 % in 0.11 %. Glede na druge kazalnike ocenjevanja
namakanja in gnojenja je bil tudi okoljsko najprimernejši
tretma petdnevno namakanje in gnojenje s 45 kg N ha-1.
Ključne besede:
pridelovalni model, namakanje, gnojenje, riž
Analysis of energy and greenhouse gas balance as indexes for
environmental assessment of wheat and maize farming: a case
study
Móslem SAMI, Mohammad
Javad SHIEKHDAVOODI and Morteza ALMASSI
Abstract
In
this study, the net balance of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission
and energy of wheat and maize production systems in two
farms in Khuzestan province of Iran was assessed. The
results showed that totally wheat farming is more efficient
than maize farming in terms of energy and CO2-eq indexes.
The total energy requirement for maize and wheat farming was
92560.24 MJ ha-1 and 39624.15 MJ ha-1, which caused the
emission of 20191.47 and 7541.04 kg CO2-equivalent per
hectare in maize and wheat farms respectively. Electricity,
fertilizers and fuel were the most important pollutants of
environment in terms of energy and gas emission in both
farms. Theses inputs consumed 55.52, 22.62 and 6.44 % of
total energy of maize and 47.32, 21.19 and 9.01 % of total
energy of wheat farm and were responsible for the 88.60,
8.79 and 2.03 % of CO2-equivalent in maize and 86.54, 9.54
and 3.24 % of CO2-equivalent in wheat farms respectively.
The results of this study also showed that the enhancement
of 60.74 and 27.02 % in energy ratio and 46.06 and 27.87 %
in CO2-eq index in maize and wheat farming can be expected
using simple improving scenarios.
Key words: energy indexes, GHG
emission, maize, wheat
IZVLEČEK
ANALIZA ENERGETSKE BILANCE
IN BILANCE TOPLOGREDNIH PLINOV KOT OCENA OKOLJSKIH
KAZALNIKOV PRIDELAVE PŠENICE IN KORUZE NA PRIMERU DVEH
KMETIJ
V raziskavi sta bili ocenjeni letna energetska
bilanca in bilanca toplogrednih plinov pri pridelavi pšenice
in koruze na dveh kmetijah, v provinci Khuzestan, Iran.
Rezultati so pokazali, da je pridelovanje pšenice
učinkovitejše kot pridelovanje koruze glede na energetsko
bilanco in bilanco CO2. Celokupna poraba energije
je za pridelavo koruze in pšenice znašala 92560,24 MJ ha-1
in 39624,15 MJ ha-1, kar je povzročilo emisijo
20191,47 in 7541,04 kg CO2 ha-1 pri
koruzi, oziroma pšenici. Elektrika, gnojila in goriva so
bili najvažnejši povzročitelji onesnaževanja okolja in
emisije toplogrednih plinov na obeh kmetijah. Ti vložki so
porabili 55,52; 22,62 MJ ha-1, kar je 6,44 %
celokupne energije koruze in 47,32; 21,19 MJ ha-1,
kar je 9,01 % celokupne energije energije pšenice. Pridelavi
sta bili odgovorni za emisiji 88,60; 8,79 kg CO2
ha-1, kar znaša 2,03 % ekvivalenta CO2
pri koruzi in 86,54; 9,54 kg CO2 ha-1
in 3,24 % ekvivalenta CO2 pri pšenici. Rezultati
te študije so tudi pokazali izboljšanje ob uporabi
izboljšanega scenarija na 60,74 and 27,02 % v energetski
bilanci in 46,06 in 27,87 % v bilanci CO2 pri
koruzi in pšenici.
Ključne
besede:
energetski indeksi, GHG emisije, koruza, pšenica
Impact of fertilization on water resources in karst,
example of research field site Sinji Vrh
Barbara ČENČUR CURK
Abstract
A
research field site (RFS) was established at Sinji Vrh in
the western part of Slovenia in order to study flow and
solute (particularly pollutant) transport in fractured and
karstified rocks, with a focus on the unsaturated zone. RFS
consists of surface set-up and a research tunnel, 15 m below
the surface. Agrometeorological station was installed on the
RFS. A special construction (1.5 m long segments) for
collecting water seeping from the ceiling of the research
tunnel was developed. At the research field site Sinji Vrh
fertilizer application experiments were performed for
estimation of impact of fertilization on water resources.
Results of the fertiliser application experiments have shown
that a thin autochtonous soil cover on karstic rock is
insufficient to retain nitrate and prevent pollution of
groundwater.
Key words:
karstic rock, nitrate
pollution, agricultural pollution, unsaturated zone, water
resources
IZVLEČEK
VPLIV GNOJENJA NA VODNE
VIRE NA KRASU, RAZISKOVALNI POLIGON SINJI VRH
Terenski eksperimentalni
poligon na Sinjem vrhu v zahodni Sloveniji je bilo urejeno
za raziskave toka vode in prenosa snovi (predvsem onesnažil)
v kraško - razpoklinskih kamninah, s poudarkom na nezasičeni
coni. Terenski eksperimentalni poligon sestavljata
površinski in podzemni del – predor 15 m pod površjem. Nad
raziskovalnim rovom je bila nameščena agrometeorološka
postaja. V raziskovalnem predoru je bilo nameščeno posebno
ogrodje v 1.5 m dolgih segmentih za vzorčenje prenikle vode.
Na terenskem eksperimentalnem poligonu je bil izveden poskus
z mineralnimi gnojili z namenom ocenit vpliv gnojenja na
vodne vire. Rezultati so pokazali, da je tanek sloj
avtohotnih tal na površini kraške kamnine nezadostna zaščita
pred onesnaževanjem podzemnih voda z nitrati.
Ključne
besede:
kraška kamnina,
onesnaževanje z nitrati, onesnaževanje v kmetijstvu,
nezasičena cona, vodni
viri
Determination of an optimal priming duration and
concentration protocol for pepper seeds (Capsicum annuum
L.)
Hassen ALOUI,
Maher SOUGUIR and Chérif HANNACHI
Abstract
Seed
priming is a simple pre-germination method to improve seed
performance and to attenuate the effects of stress exposure.
The objective of this study was to determinate an optimal
priming protocol for three pepper cultivars (Capsicum annuum
L.): ‘Beldi’, ‘Baklouti’ and ‘Anaheim Chili’. Seeds were
primed with three solutions of NaCl, KCl and CaCl2
(0, 10, 20 and 50 mM) for three different durations
(12, 24 and 36h). Control seeds were soaked in distilled
water for the same durations. After that, all seeds were
kept to germinate in laboratory under normal light and
controlled temperature. Results indicated that priming
depends on concentration, duration and cultivar. The best
combinations that we obtained were: KCl priming (10 mM, 36h)
for ‘Beldi’ cultivar, CaCl2 priming (10 mM, 36h)
for ‘Baklouti’ cultivar and finally NaCl priming (50 mM,
24h) for ‘Anaheim Chili’ cultivar. Generally, priming had an
effect on total germination percentage, mean germination
time, germination index and the coefficient of velocity
compared to control seeds. The beneficial effect of seed
priming could be used for improving salt tolerance on
germination and early seedling growth for pepper cultivar.
Key words:
priming protocol, mean
germination time, germination index, coefficient of
velocity, ‘Beldi’,
‘Baklouti’, ‘Anaheim
Chili’
IZVLEČEK
DOLOČITEV OPTIMALNEGA ČASA PREDOBDELAVE SEMEN IN
KONCENTRACIJSKI PROTOKOL ZA IZBOLJŠANJE KALITVE SEMEN
PAPRIKE (Capsicum annuum L.)
Predobdelava semen pred
kalitvijo je preprosta metoda za izboljšanje kalitve semen
in zmanjšanje učinkov izpostavljenosti stresu. Predmet
raziskave je bil izdelava optimalnega protokola predobdelave
semen za tri sorte paprike (Capsicum annuum L.):
‘Beldi’, ‘Baklouti’ and ‘Anaheim Chili’. Semena so bila pred
kalitvijo obdelana z raztopinami NaCl, KCl in CaCl2
(0, 10, 20 in 50 mM) v treh različnih trajanjih (12,
24 in 36h). Kontrolna semena so bila za enak čas namočena v
destilirano vodo. Po predobdelavi je bil z vsemi semeni
narejen kalitveni test v laboratoriju pri sobni svetlobi in
nadzorovani temperaturi. Rezultati so pokazali, da je učinek
predobdelave odvisen od koncentracije in vrste raztopin,
trajanja predobdelave in sorte. Najboljša kalitev je bila
dosežena pri predobdelavi s KCl (10 mM, 36h) za sorto
‘Beldi’, s CaCl2 (10 mM, 36h) za sorto‘Baklouti’
in z NaCl (50 mM, 24h) za sorto ‘Anaheim Chili’. V splošnem
je imela predobdelva v primerjavi s kontrolo učinek na
odstotek kalitve, povprečen čas kalitve, kalitveni indeks in
koeficient hitrosti kalitve. Blagodejni učinek predobdelave
semen bi lahko uporabljali za izboljšanje tolerance kalitve
na slanost in hitrejšo zgodnjo rast sadik različnih sort
paprike.
Ključne besede:
protokol predobdelave,
povprečni čas kalitve, kalitveni indeks, koeficient hitrosti
kalitve,
Capsicum annuum ‘Beldi’, ‘Baklouti’,
‘Anaheim Chili’
Different species of basil need different ammonium to
nitrate ratio in hydroponics' system
M. SAADATIAN, Gh.
PEYVAST, J.A. OLFATI, P. RAMEZANI-KHARAZI
Abstract
Basil is a very important
medicinal plant and culinary spice, and is marketed fresh,
dried or frozen. In crop nutrition, nitrogen is essential
for plant growth and as a macro-element, is part of the
proteins’ structure and participates in the metabolic
processes involved in the synthesis and energy transfer. It
has been shown that a balance between ammonium and nitrate
favors plant growth and that the degree of benefit varies
among crops. This study was conducted to evaluate the growth
of two varieties of basil in function of four nutrient
solutions containing different NH4+/NO3-
ratios. Results showed that different variety response
differently to nutrient solution. Although the highest yield
in both varieties (sweet and purple) was obtained when fed
by nutrient solution without ammonium but their response on
quality indices were different due to nitrate ammonium ratio
in nutrient solutions. The highest total phenol content of
sweet and purple basil was 92 and 100 mg gallic acid
equivalent per gram of dry weight respectively, while the
highest antioxidant capacity was obtained in purple variety
grown in nutrient solution 2 (NH4+:1/NO3:4)
and the lowest value were related to sweet variety with the
same nutrient solution. Moderate content of total nitrogen
can be suitable for sweet variety while for purple variety
nutrient solution with low amount of ammonium can be more
suitable.
Key words: NFT, antioxidant, phenol,
vitamin C, chlorophyll, yield
IZVLEČEK
RAZLIČNI BIOTIPI BAZILIKE POTREBUJEJO V RAZMERAH
HIDROPONSKEGA GOJENJA RAZLIČNA RAZMERJA NITRATA IN AMONIJA
Bazilika je zelo pomembna
zdravilna rastlina in začimba, ki se prodaja sveža, suha ali
zmrznjena. V prehrani rastlin je dušik esencialni
makroelement, potreben za rast, sintezo beljakovin, druge
presnovne procese in pretvorbo energije. Znano je, da
ravnovesje med amonijsko in nitratno obliko dušika
izboljšuje rast in, da se njuno ugodno razmerje spreminja
glede na posamezne rastline. V raziskavi smo ovrednotili
rast dveh biotipov širokolistne bazilike (zeleno- in
vijoličnolistno) v štirih hranilnih raztopinah, ki so
vsebovale različna razmerja NH4+/NO3-.
Rezultati so pokazali različen odziv obeh biotipov na
razmerja hranil v raztopinah. Čeprav je bil pridelek obeh
(zelene in vijolične) največji v hranilni raztopini z
amonijsko obliko dušika, so kvalitetni kazalci variirali
glede na razmerja nitrata in amonija. Največja vsebnost
celokupnih fenolov v zeleni in vijolični baziliki je bila 92
in 100 mg ekvivalenta galne kisline na gram suhe mase,
vendar je bila največja antioksidativna sposobnost dosežena
pri vijolični baziliki, ki je rastla v hranilni raztopini 2
(NH4+:1/NO3:4) in najmanjša
vrednost pri zeleni baziliki, ki je uspevala v isti hranilni
raztopini. Zmerna vsebnost celokupnega dušika je primerna za
gojenje zelene širokolistne bazilike, medtem ko je za
gojenje vijolične primernejša hranilna raztopina z manjšo
vsebnostjo amonija.
Ključne
besede:
NFT hranilna raztopina,
antioksidanti, fenoli, vitamin C, klorofil, pridelek
Dependence of the conservation status of acid
grasslands at the Pohorje and Kozjak on socioeconomic
parameters
Karmen KETIŠ, Klemen
ELER, Andrej UDOVČ, Franc BATIČ
Abstract
Grassland
habitats were studied on twenty farms on the area of the
Radlje ob Dravi administration unit, in the transect from
Kozjak to Pohorje at different altitudes. The aim of the
study was to investigate how environmental and
socio-economic parameters influence the diversity of
plant species and, consequently, the conservation of
grassland on acid soils, which are rare in Slovenia and are
therefore more protected. The socioeconomic structure of
farms was studied on the basis of an inquiry carried out on
farms. Part-time farms prevail; the average age of farmers
is 56.5 years, and 30% of farmers has no education or just
elementary school. The relationship among the environmental,
socio-economic parameters and floristic structures of
grasslands was studied using canonic-correspondence
analysis. The impact of 16 parameters was analysed, of which
six were determined not to be statistically significant. The
occurrence of chosen plant species was analysed in relation
to environmental and socioeconomic parameters. The
efficiency of agro-environmental subsidies in relation to
plant species diversity was evaluated. It was determined
that the education and age of farmers influence the
intensity of farming and consequently have an impact on the
diversity of plants species and the conservation status of
grasslands.
Key words: grasslands, habitats,
biotic diversity, plant species, socio-economic structure of
farms, Kozjak,
Pohorje, Slovenia
IZVLEČEK
ODVISNOST OHRANJENOSTI KISLIH TRAVIŠČ NA POHORJU IN
KOZJAKU OD SOCIOEKONOMSKIH PARAMETROV
V nalogi proučujemo traviščne habitate na območju
Upravne enote Radlje ob Dravi, na dvajsetih kmetijah, na
območju Pohorja in Kozjaka in na različnih nadmorskih
višinah. Namen naloge je bil proučiti ali socioekonomski
dejavniki vplivajo na diverziteto rastlinskih vrst in
posledično s tem na ohranjenost travišč, predvsem travišč na
kisli podlagi, ki so redkejša in zato še posebej varovana.
Na podlagi izvedbe anket na teh kmetijah smo proučili
socioekonomsko strukturo kmetij. Prevladujejo mešane
kmetije, povprečna starost gospodarjev je 56,5 let in kar 30
odstotkov gospodarjev je brez izobrazbe ali imajo končano
osnovno šolo. Z metodo kanonične korespondenčne analize
(CCA) smo poskušali ugotoviti, kateri ekološko-
socioekonomski dejavniki so najbolj povezani z vrstno
sestavo travišč. Določili smo šestnajst spremenljivk, pri
čemer je bilo osem statistično neznačilnih. Proučili smo
povezanost ekološko-socioekonomskih dejavnikov s
pojavljanjem rastlinskih vrst. V raziskavi smo ovrednotili
učinkovitost kmetijsko okoljskih plačil na raznolikost
rastlinskih vrst. Ugotovili smo, da socioekonomska dejavnika
izobrazba in starost gospodarjev kmetijskih gospodarstev
vplivata na intenzivnost kmetovanja in posledično s tem na
raznolikost rastlinskih vrst in ohranjenost travišč.
Ključne
besede:
ravišča, habitati, biotska raznovrstnost, rastlinske
vrste, socio-ekonomska struktura kmetij, Kozjak, Pohorje
The impact of wheat
production on the occurrence of mycotoxins DON
(deoxynivalenol) and ZEA (zearalenone) on wheat
grains (Triticum aestivum L.)
Lena TAJNŠEK, Marjan
SIMČIČ, Anton TAJNŠEK
Abstract
The
current study has been conceived to draw attention to the
factors that should be avoided in the production of cereal
grains (such as high doses of nitrogen) by analysing
differences in cereal grain contamination with mycotoxins
DON (deoxynivalenol) and ZEA (zearalenone), depending on
methods of wheat production. We studied the occurrence of
DON and ZEA at very different production intensities in the
‘Reska’ and ‘Savinja’ wheat cultivars which were grown in a
long-term field experiment (designed in 1992) at Jable near
Ljubljana in the years 2006 and 2008. The cultivars ‘Reska’
and ‘Savinja’ have been considered in crop rotation of
wheat-maize-oats in 5 methods of production with variants
ranging organic up to intensely conventional. The results
obtained have shown that adequately chosen agri-technical
measures significantly reduced the risk of contamination of
wheat flour by the mycotoxins DON and ZEA. Too abundant N
(nitrogen) fertilization of either inorganic or organic
origin is to be avoided. The extensive wheat growing reduces
considerably the risk of DON and ZEA occurrence in
comparison to the intensive one. Cultivar plays an important
role in this process. The comparison of both cultivars has
shown that the cultivar ‘Savinja’ was more resistant to the
contamination with DON and ZEA than the cultivar ‘Reska’.
Key words:
mycotoxins,
deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, wheat, nitrogen fertilization,
food
safety, production
method
IZVLEČEK
VPLIV
OKOLJSKIH DEJAVNIKOV NA POJAVNOST MIKOTOKSINOV DON
(DEOKSINIVALENOL) IN ZEA (ZEARALENON) NA ZRNJU
PŠENICE (Triticum aestivum L.)
V raziskavi smo analizirali razlike v kontaminiranosti
žitnih zrn z mikotoksinoma DON (deoksinivalenol) in ZEA
(zearalenon) v odvisnosti od načina pridelovanja, da bi
opozorili na okoljske dejavnike, kot na primer visoke
odmerke dušika, ki bi se jim morali v pridelavi pšenice
izogibati. Pojavljanje mikotoksinov DON in ZEA smo
proučevali v letih 2006 in 2008 pri različnih postopkih
pridelovanja pšeničnih kultivarjev Reska in Savinja v okviru
trajnega poljskega poskusa, zasnovanega leta 1992 v Jablah
pri Ljubljani. Kultivarja Reska in Savinja sta bila posejana
v kolobarju pšenica-koruza-oves v 5-ih postopkih
pridelovanja, ki vključujejo variante, od ekološko prijaznih
do intenzivnih konvencionalnih. Rezultati so pokazali, da
lahko z ustreznimi agrotehničnimi ukrepi pomembno zmanjšamo
tveganje za pojav kontaminacije pšenične moke z
mikotoksinoma DON in ZEA. Pri ekstenzivni pridelavi pšenice
je tveganje za pojav DON in ZEA občutno manjše kot pri
intenzivni. Pomembno vlogo ima tudi kultivar: primerjava
kultivarjev je pokazala, da je Savinja bolj odporna na
kontaminacijo z DON in ZEA kot Reska.
Ključne
beside:
mikotoksini,
deoksinivalenol, zearalenon, pšenica, varnost hrane,
gnojenje z dušikom, metode
pridelovanja
Adverse effects and intoxications related to
medicinal/harmful plants
Mateja VONČINA,
Dea
BARIČEVIČ,
Miran BRVAR
Abstract
Many
wild plants around us have beneficial effects on our body
and can be used as food. People are more and more interested
in the medicinal plants. Many of them began gathering and
preparing plants for the relief of symptoms of diseases or
as a food dietary. Due to the lack of knowledge of plants,
mistaking plants that contain toxins for medical plants may
happen and cause adverse effects or even poisoning. The
Poison Control Centre in Ljubljana keeps records of patients
who have been admitted to the department because of adverse
effects from the ingestion of certain plants. We analysed 64
cases, which were registered by the Poison Control Centre
between January 2000 and December 2013. The aim of the
present study was to determine which plants cause the most
intoxications in Slovenia.
Key
words: medicinal plants,
intoxication, misidentification, abuse, suicidal attempt
IZVLEČEK
ŠKODLJIVI UČINKI IN
ZASTRUPITVE Z ZDRAVILNIMI/STRUPENIMI RASTLINAMI
Mnogo rastlin, ki nas obdaja, ima blagodejen vpliv
na naše zdravje in so lahko dodatek k prehrani. Ljudje se
vse bolj zanimajo za zdravilne rastline. Ljudje so začeli
sami nabirati divje rastoče rastline in jih pripravljati za
lajšanje bolezenskih simptomov ali kot dodatke k hrani.
Zaradi nepoznavanja rastlin pa se lahko dogajajo zamenjave
zdravilnih rastlin z rastlinami, ki vsebujejo strupene snovi
in lahko povzročajo neželene učinke ali celo zastrupitve.
Center za zastrupitve v Ljubljani beleži paciente, ki so
bili sprejeti na njihov oddelek zaradi neželenih učinkov, ki
so jih utrpeli po zaužitju nekaterih rastlin. Preverili smo
64 primerov, ki so bili zapisani na Centru za zastrupitve v
časovnem obdobju od januarja 2000 do decembra 2013. Cilj
raziskave je bil prikazati, katere rastline predstavljajo
največji problem v Sloveniji.
Ključne
besede:
zdravilne rastline, zastrupitev, napačna
identifikacija, zloraba, samomorilnost
The content of minerals in Slovenian organic and
conventional produced fruits, herbs and vegetables
Manca KNAP,
Marijan
NEČEMER,
Peter KUMP,
Klemen
POTOČNIK, Rajko VIDRIH
Abstract
The
present study aims to compare mineral composition of fruits,
herbs and vegetables grown conventionally and according to
organic practice. Fruits, herbs and vegetables have been
identified as leading dietary source of antioxidants,
vitamins and minerals. These compounds are very variable in
the composition and in the concentration among cultivars and
species. Determination of
calcium (Ca), potassium (K), phosphorus (P) sulphur (S) and
chlorine (Cl) was performed with Energy dispersive
X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF). We found that among
organic crops basil, parsley, pears, peppers, rockets and
celery had higher calcium contents in comparison to
conventional ones. Organically produced broccoli, eggplant,
parsley, rocket and celery had higher potassium contents as
well as pepper, rockets, celery, beetroots and tomatoes had
higher phosphorus contents. Likewise, higher sulphur content
was found in organically produced parsley, rocket, celery
and raspberries. Results of this study demonstrated that in
general there are no rules in the content of minerals
between different farming systems.
Key
words:
mineral content, EDXRF,
organic farming, conventional farming, fruits, herbs,
vegetables
Izvleček
RAZLIKE V VSEBNOSTI
MINERALOV MED SLOVENSKIM EKOLOŠKO IN KONVENCIONALNO
PRIDELANIM SADJEM, ZELIŠČI IN ZELENJAVO
Namen opravljene študije je narediti primerjavo
vsebnosti mineralov ekoloških in konvencionalnih pridelkov
glede na način kmetovanja. Sadje, zelišča in zelenjava so
poznani kot glavni vir prehranskih antioksidantov, vitaminov
in mineralov. Te spojine se razlikujejo glede na sestavo in
koncentracijo znotraj posameznih vrst. Energijsko
disperzijska rentgenska fluorescentna spektrometrija (EDXRF)
je bila uporabljena za določevanje vsebnosti kalcija (Ca),
kalija (K), fosforja (P), žvepla (S) in klora (Cl).
Ugotovili smo, da so imeli med ekološkimi pridelki večje
vsebnosti kalcija bazilika, peteršilj, hruška, paprika,
rukola in zelena. Večje vsebnosti kalija so bile v ekološkem
brokoliju, melancanu, peteršilju, rukoli in zeleni, v
primerjavi s konvencionalnimi pridelki. Večje vsebnosti
fosforja so bile v ekološki papriki, rukoli, zeleni, rdeči
pesi in paradižniku. Glede na konvencionalne pridelke je
bila večja vsebnost žvepla izmerjena v peteršilju, rukoli,
zeleni in malinah. Rezultati so pokazali, da se vsebnost
mineralov v pridelkih ne razlikuje glede na različen načinov
kmetovanja.
Ključne besede:
vsebnost mineralov, EDXRF, ekološko kmetijstvo,
konvencionalno kmetijstvo, sadje, zelišča, zelenjava
Antioxidant activity in selected Slovenian organic
and conventional crops
Manca KNAP, Nives OGRINC,
Klemen POTOČNIK, Rajko VIDRIH
Abstract
The
demand for organically produced food is increasing. There is
widespread belief that organic food is substantially
healthier and safer than conventional food. According to
literature organic food is free of phytopharmaceutical
residues, contain less nitrates and more antioxidants. The
aim of the present study was to verify if there are any
differences in the antioxidant activity between selected
Slovenian organic and conventional crops. Method of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl)
was used to determine the antioxidant activity of 16 samples
from organic and conventional farms. The same varieties of
crops were analysed. DPPH method was employed to measure the
antioxidant activity of polar antioxidants (AAp)
and antioxidant activity of fraction in ethyl acetate
soluble antioxidants (EA AA). Descriptive statistics and
variance analysis were used to describe differences between
farming systems. Estimated differences between interactions
for the same crop and different farming practice were mostly
not statistically significant except for the AAp
for basil and beetroot. Higher statistically significant
values were estimated for conventional crops. For the EA AA
in broccoli, cucumber, rocket and cherry statistically
significant higher values were estimated for organic
production.
Key
words:
antioxidant activity,
organic farming, conventional farming, fruits, herbs,
vegetables
IZVLEČEK
ANTIOKSIDATIVNA
UČINKOVITOST V PRIDELKIH IZ SLOVENSKE EKOLOŠKE IN
KONVENCIONALNE PRIDELAVE
Povpraševanje po ekološko pridelanih živilih se
povečuje. Ekološki proizvodi veljajo za bolj zdrave v
primerjavi s konvencionalnimi. Po navajanju drugih virov ne
vsebujejo fitofarmacevtskih sredstev imajo manjšo vsebnost
nitratov in vsebujejo več antioksidantov. Namen študije je
bil preveriti ali obstajajo razlike v antioksidativni
učinkovitosti med slovenskimi pridelki pridelanimi na
ekološki in konvencionalni način. Za določevanje
antioksidativne učinkovitosti smo uporabili metodo DPPH
(2,2-difenil-1-pikrilhidrazil). Analiza je bila opravljena
na 16 vrstah iste sorte pridelkov iz ekološke in
konvencionalne pridelave. Izmerili smo polarno
antioksidativno učinkovitost (AAp) in
antioksidativno učinkovitost v etil-acetatu topnih
antioksidantov (EA AA). Izračunali smo osnovne statistične
parameter po vrstah pridelkov in načinu kmetovanja in z
analizo variance ocenili razlike med načinoma kmetovanja za
posamezne pridelke. Ocenjene razlike med interakcijami
pridelka in načina kmetovanja večinoma niso statistično
značilne. Izjema za AAp sta bazilika in rdeča pesa, kjer so
bile večje vrednosti za konvencionalne pridelke. Za vrednost
EA AA so bile statistično značilno večje vrednosti ocenjene
za ekološki brokoli, kumaro, rukolo in češnjo.
Ključne
besede:
antioksidativna učinkovitost, ekološko kmetijstvo,
konvencionalno kmetijstvo, sadje, zelišča, zelenjava
Does
paternal sterility impact on progeny germination and
survivorship, case study in strawberries
Houshang NOSRATI
Abstract
Studies
on the parental role on progeny performance have mostly
focused on the maternal parent, while less attention was
given to the paternal parent. This study investigated the
impact of paternal pollen sterility (ranging from 3.1 – to
77.2%) on F1 seed germination and progeny
survivorship in Fragaria (strawberry, Rosaceae) using
controlled crosses. In crosses within F. vesca ssp. vesca
the
paternal pollen sterility was not correlated with
F1
seed germination (N = 14, p > 0.074) and progeny
survivorship
(N = 14, p > 0. 0.710). Paternal sterility in crosses
between F. vesca ssp. vesca and F. vesca ssp. monophylla did
not affect on
F1
seed germination (N = 7, p > 0.295) and progeny survivorship
(N = 6, p > 0.812). Similarly, no correlation was found
between father
pollen sterility
and
F1
seed germination (N = 6, p > 0.924) and progeny survivorship
(N = 6, p > 0.215) in crosses between
F. vesca ssp. americana and F. vesca ssp. vesca.
Furthermore, crossing different maternal plants by pollen of
the same paternal plant in all three cross types produced
progeny with variable levels of F1 seed
germination and survivorship. These results indicate the
crucial role of maternal plant on progeny performance and
support the general idea of the importance of maternal
rather than paternal parent on progeny performance.
Key words:
maternal impact, paternal
impact, progeny performance, reproductive fitness, parental
impact, Fragaria, strawberry
IZVLEČEK
ALI MOŠKA STERILNOST VPLIVA NA KALITEV IN PREŽIVETJE
POTOMCEV? PRIMER RAZISKAVE NA JAGODNJAKIH (Fragaria)
Raziskave vloge staršev na uspevanje potomcev so pri
rastlinah pogosto osredotočene na ženskega straša, manj
pozornosti je posvečeno vlogi moškega starša. Ta raziskava
je preučevala vpliv moške sterilnosti peloda (v razponu od
3,1 do 77,2 %) na kalitev in preživetje F1 potomcev
jagodnjaka (Fragaria,
Rosaceae) po kontroliranih križanjih. Po križanju
gozdnega jagodnjaka (F. vesca L. ssp. vesca)
moška sterilnost peloda ni korelirala s kalitvijo F1 semen
(N = 14, p > 0.074) in preživetjem potomcev (N
= 14, p > 0. 0.710). Enako moška sterilnost po
križanjih med taksonoma F. vesca ssp. vesca in
F. vesca ssp. monophylla ni imela vpliva na
kalitev F1 semen (N = 7, p > 0.295) in preživetje
potomcev (N = 6, p > 0.812). Podobno ni bila
ugotovljena korelacija med moško pelodno sterilnostjo in
kalitvijo F1 semen (N = 6, p > 0.924) ter preživetjem
potomcev (N = 6, p > 0.215) po križanjih med
taksonomoma F. vesca ssp. americana
in F. vesca
ssp. vesca. Še več, po križanjih različnih
materinskih rastlin s pelodom iste očetovske rastline je
imelo po vseh treh vrstah križanj potomstvo spremenljivo
kalivost F1 semen in spremenljivo preživetje. Ti rezultati
kažejo na odločilno vlogo materinskega starša na uspevanje
potomcev in podpirajo splošno idejo o ključni, večji vlogi
materinske rastline primerjalno z očetovsko.
Ključne besede:
materinski vpliv, očetovski vpliv, uspevanje
potomcev, reproduktivni potencial, starševski vpliv,
Fragaria, jagodnjak
Impact
of different culture media on hairy roots growth of
Valeriana officinalis
L.
Ali PAKDIN PARIZI,
Mohammad FARSI, Ghorban-Ali NEMATZADEH, Amin MIRSHAMSI
Abstract
Transformed
hairy root cultures of Valeriana officinalis were
established by infection with Agrobacterium rhizogenes
strain ATCC 15834. To determine the effect of different
media on the growth of V. officinalis hairy roots, MS, B5
media (1.0X and 0.5X strength), N6 medium and a modified MS
medium without phytohormones were used. In addition,
different NH4+ to NO3-
ratios in MS medium were studied. The effects of these
treatments were evaluated after 21 days of culture in
relation to hairy root growth. B5 and ½ B5
media were the best basal media for hairy root growth. MS
medium supplemented with a 20:20 ratio (mM) of NH4+
to NO3- displayed highest growth rates
and biomass yield in hairy root cultures. The present study
demonstrated that the composition of culture medium and the
ratio of different nitrogen sources have significant impact
on the growth of V. officinalis hairy roots.
Key words:
Valeriana officinalis,
hairy root, medium composition
IZVLEČEK
VPLIV RAZLIČNIH GOJITVENIH
GOJIŠČ NA RAST TRANSFORMIRANIH KORENIN ZDRAVILNE ŠPAJKE (Valeriana
officinalis L.)
Transformirana kultura korenin zdravilne špajke je
bila vzpostavljena z bakterijsko okužbo Agrobacterium
rhizogenes, sev ATCC 15834. Preučevana so bila različna
gojišča MS, B5 (1,0X in 0,5X koncentracija), N6 in
modificiran MS brez fitohormonov. Dodatno so bila v MS
gojišču preučevana različna razmerja med NH4+
in NO3-. Učinki teh tretmajev na rast
transformiranih korenin so bili ovrednoteni po 21 dneh. B5
in ½ B5 sta bili najboljši osnovni gojišči za
rast transformiranih korenin. MS gojišče dopolnjeno z
dušikovimi spojinami v razmerju 20:20 (mM) NH4+:
NO3- je vplivalo na največjo rast in
biomaso korenin. Raziskava je pokazala, da imata sestava
rastnega gojišča in različna razmerja dušikovih spojin
značilen vpliv na rast transformiranih korenin zdravilne
špajke.
Ključne
besede:
Valeriana officinalis,
transformirane korenine, sestava rastnega gojišča
The effect of gamma radiation on seed germination of barley (Hordeum
vulgare L.)
Ludvik ROZMAN
ABSTRACT
The
aim of the study was to determine the effect of gamma
radiation on barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seed germination
and changes of seed viability associated with aging. The
seed samples of the variety 'Astor' were irradiated at the
Jožef Štefan Institute, in the Reactor Centre at Podgorica
near Ljubljana, in 2006. The samples were irradiated with
three different doses: 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 kGy. After the
irradiation, the seeds were stored in a refrigerator at 4
°C. The percentage of seed germination was tested each year
after irradiation until 2014, except in the second and the
third year. The experiments were based on the Latin square
design with 4 replications of each treatment, and were
conducted in a greenhouse under controlled temperature at 20
°C. In all years, the samples irradiated with the highest
dose (0.4 kGy) exhibited a significantly lower percentage of
germination. The germination rate of the samples irradiated
with 0.2 and 0.4 kGy decreased significantly with aging,
when compared to the control and the samples irradiated with
0.1 kGy. In all years of testing, the percentage of
germination of seeds irradiated with 0.1 kGy did not differ
from the control, and in the fifth year after irradiation,
it was even significantly higher than the control.
Key
words: gamma radiation,
Hordeum vulgare L., seed germination, induced mutations
IZVLEČEK
VPLIV OBSEVANJA Z GAMA ŽARKI NA KALIVOST JEČMENA (Hordeum
vulgare L.)
Cilj raziskave je bil ugotoviti vpliv obsevanja
zrnja ječmena z gama žarki na kalivost ter na spremembo
kalivosti s staranjem zrnja po obsevanju. Vzorci zrnja
ječmena sorte 'Astor' so bili obsevani na Inštitutu Jožef
Stefan, Ljubljana v Reaktorskem centru Podgorica v letu
2006. Vzorci so bili obsevani s tremi različnimi dozami:
0,1, 0,2 in 0,4 kGy ter po obsevanju hranjeni v hladilni
omari pri temperaturi 4 °C. Po obsevanju smo vsako leto,
razen v 2. in 3. letu, do l. 2014, v rastlinjaku preizkušali
kalivost obsevanih vzorcev. Poskus je bil postavljen po
metodiki latinskega kvadrata v 4 ponovitvah, poleg treh
različnih doz obsevanja še kontrola z neobsevanim zrnjem.
Vzorec z največjo dozo obsevanja (0,4 kGy) je v vseh letih
preizkušanja kalivosti imel statistično značilno najmanjšo
kalivost. Pri dozi obsevanja 0,2 in 0,4 kGy se je kalivost s
staranjem zrnja statistično značilno zmanjšala glede na
kontrolo in dozo sevanja 0,1 kGy. Seme obsevano z dozo
0,1 kGy je v vseh letih preizkušanja imelo enako kalivost
kot kontrola, v 5. letu po obsevanju pa celo značilno večjo
kalivost kot kontrola.
Ključne
besede:
gamma žarki,
Hordeum vulgare L., kalivost zrnja, inducirane mutacije
Comparative study of diagnostic methods used for
monitoring of common grape vine (Vitis
vinifera L.) crown gall (Agrobacterium
vitis Ophel & Kerr)
in Slovenia
Janja LAMOVŠEK,
Igor
ZIDARIČ,
Irena MAVRIČ PLEŠKO, Gregor UREK,
Stanislav TRDAN
ABSTRACT
Agrobacterium
vitis
causes common grape vine (Vitis
vinifera L.) crown gall disease that destroyed a lot
of Slovenian vineyards more than a decade ago. Eighty
isolates of
Agrobacterium spp. collected during monitoring in
2006 were identified as
A. vitis and
A. tumefacies by pehA
and multiplex PCR method. Tumor-inducing capacity of these
strains was assessed on test plants and with PCR methods for
detection of the Ti plasmid responsible for tumor induction.
With VCF3/VCR3 primer pair six false negatives and no false
positives were detected. The high genetic diversity of
pathogenic
Agrobacterium spp. strains affects the performance of
molecular methods, thus biological test should be performed
where results from molecular methods are doubtful.
Key
words:
Agrobacterium vitis, common grape vine, host plants,
pehA, multiplex PCR, VCF3/VCR3
IZVLEČEK
PRIMERJAVA DIAGNOSTIČNIH
METOD SPREMLJANJA POJAVA RAKA (Agrobacterium
vitis Ophel & Kerr) ŽLAHTNE VINSKE TRTE (Vitis vinifera L.) V SLOVENIJI
Bakterija
Agrobacterium vitis je povzročitelj raka žlahtne vinske
trte (Vitis vinifera L). Ta bolezen je uničila mnogo slovenskih vinogradov
pred več kot desetimi leti. V sklopu spremljanja pojava
bolezni smo leta 2006 izolirali 80 izolatov, ki smo jih s
PCR metodama pehA in multipleks določili kot vrsti
A. vitis in A. tumefaciens.
Sposobnost sevov, da izzovejo nastanek tumorjev, smo
ocenjevali na gostiteljskih rastlinah. Z molekularnimi
metodami pa smo določali prisotnost plazmida Ti,
povzročitelja nastanka tumorjev. Z metodo PCR smo ugotovili
šest lažno negativnih patogenih sevov in nobenega lažno
pozitivnega. Velika genetska raznolikost patogenih sevov
Agrobacterium spp.
vpliva na zanesljivost določanja z molekularnimi metodami,
zato se v primeru dvomljivih rezultatov priporoča dodatna
izvedba bioloških testov na rastlinah.
Ključne
besede:
Agrobacterium vitis, vinska trta, gostiteljske
rastline, pehA,
multipleks PCR, VCF3/VCR3
Zatiranje plodove vinske mušice (Drosophila
suzukii [Matsumura], Diptera, Drosophilidae) s
poudarkom na okoljsko sprejemljivih načinih
Tanja BOHINC, Stanislav TRDAN
izvleček
Plodova
vinska mušica (Drosophila suzukii) spada med gospodarsko pomembne škodljive
žuželke, ki povzročajo škodo na gojenih in divjih sadnih
vrstah. Škodljivec, ki je uvrščen na seznam A2 EPPO, se v
Sloveniji pojavlja od leta 2010 in se postopoma širi.
Od prve najdbe, leta 2008 v Španiji in Italiji, jo danes
najdemo že v večini sredozemskih držav. V pričujočem
preglednem članku so predstavljeni najpomembnejši načini
varstva sadnih rastlin pred plodovo vinsko mušico. V
nekaterih delih sveta škodljivca učinkovito zatirajo s
sintetičnimi insekticidi, ki pa so pri nas problematični
zaradi karenčne dobe, saj se mušica pojavlja na zorečih in
predvsem na zrelih plodovih tik pred obiranjem. Tako je v
svetu vse več raziskav usmerjenih v preizkušanje
alternativnih (okoljsko sprejemljivih) načinov zatiranja
škodljivca. Biotično zatiranje plodove vinske mušice je v
Aziji zaenkrat bolj uspešno kot v Evropi, zato velja na
Stari celini raziskavam razširjenosti in učinkovitosti
domorodnih naravnih sovražnikov škodljivca v prihodnje
nameniti več pozornosti. Med njimi predlagamo raziskave
učinkovitosti plenilske stenice
Orius majusculus in entomopatogenih ogorčic, v trenutni vsakdanji
praksi pa priporočamo še uporabo vab z atraktanti za masovno
lovljenje odraslih osebkov, rastlinsko higieno v nasadih,
prekrivanje rastlin z gosto mrežo in podobno.
Ključne
besede:
plodova vinska mušica,
Drosophila suzukii, kemično zatiranje, semiokemikalije, biotično
varstvo rastlin
ABSTRACT
CONTROL OF SPOTTED WING DROSOPHILA (Drosophila
suzukii [Matsumura], Diptera, Drosophilidae) WITH THE
EMPHASIS ON ENVIRONMENTALLY ACCEPTABLE METHOD
Spotted wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) is an economically important insect pest, which
causes damage on cultivated and wild-growing fruit plants.
The pest, which is placed in A2 EPPO list, occurred in
Slovenia since 2010 and it is spreading progressively. Since
its first record in Spain and Italy (2008), it is now
present in the majority of Mediterranean countries. In the
review paper the most important control methods against the
spotted wing drosophila are presented. In some parts of the
world the pest is efficiently controlled with synthetic
insecticides, however their use is questionable owing to
waiting period, since the insect occurs on fruits in the
time of ripening and before harvesting. Thus, more and more
researches are focused in the studies of alternative
(environmentally sound) control methods of this pest. So
far, biological control of spotted wing drosophila is more
effective in Asia than in Europe. In the upcoming years it
is therefore important to investigate the distribution and
efficiency of indigenous biological control agents in the
Old continent. Among them we suggest to investigate how
effective are the predatory bug
Orius majusculus
and entomopathogenic nematodes against this pest. For
everyday practice, we recommend the use of traps filled with
attractants for the massive trapping of adults, plant
hygiene in plantations, covering the plants with dense net
etc.
Key
words:
spotted wing drosophila,
Drosophila suzukii, chemical control, semiochemicals, biological
control
Ruralna sociologija v spoznavanju in spodbujanju razvoja kmetijstva in
podeželja v Sloveniji
Ana BARBIČ
IZVLEČEK
Prispevek v prvem delu prikaže začetke in razvoj
ruralno-sociološkega raziskovanja v Sloveniji ter
vključevanje ruralne sociologije v pedagoški proces na
univerzah v Sloveniji. V drugem delu je predstavljen model
pristopa k celovitem razvoju podeželskih skupnosti ter na
osnovi slovenskih in mednarodnih izkušenj izpostavljenih
nekaj predlogov za spodbuditev razvoja (slovenskega)
kmetijstva in podeželja. V sklepu pa je poudarjena potreba
po interdisciplinarnosti, predvsem pa po večjem upoštevanje
družbenih ved v razvojnem načrtovanju.
Ključne besede:
ruralna sociologija, poučevanje ruralne sociologije,
kmečko gospodarstvo, kmečka družina, kmečke ženske,
podeželske skupnosti, prenos znanja v kmetijsko pridelavo,
vzdržen razvoj, interdisciplinarnost
ABSTRACT
RURAL SOCIOLOGY IN STUDYING AND ENCOURAGING THE DEVELOPMENT
OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL AREAS IN SLOVENIA
The article in the first
part describes beginnings and development of rural
sociological research and teaching rural sociology at the
universities in Slovenia. In the second part, a working
model of integrated approach towards rural development is
presented, and, on the basis of Slovenian as well as
international experiences some suggestions for promoting the
development of (Slovenian) agriculture and rural communities
are specified. In the conclusion, the need for the
interdisciplinary approach, especially greater consideration
of social sciences in developmental planning is pointed out.
Key
words:
rural sociology, teaching
rural sociology, agricultural holdings, farm family, farm
women, rural communities, transfer of knowledge into
agricultural practice, sustainable development,
interdisciplinary approach
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