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Letnik 105

Ljubljana, 2015

Številka 2

 

Influence of selenium in drought-stressed wheat plants under greenhouse and field conditions

Roghieh HAJIBOLAND, Noushin SADEGHZADEH, Nashmin EBRAHIMI, Behzad SADEGHZADEH and Seyed Abolgasem MOHAMMADI

ABSTRACT

Effects of selenium (Na2SeO4) was studied in two wheat genotypes under well-watered and drought conditions in greenhouse (15 µg Se L-1) and field (20-60 60 g ha-1) experiments. Application of Se improved dry matter and grain yield under both well-watered and drought conditions. Se increased leaf concentration of pigments and photosynthesis rate under both well-watered and drought conditions. Our results indicated that Se alleviates drought stress via increased photosynthesis rate, protection of leaf photochemical events, accumulation of organic osmolytes and improvement of water use efficiency. Under well-watered condition, Se-mediated growth improvement was associated with higher photosynthesis rate and water use efficiency, greater root length and diameter, and higher leaf water content.

 Key words: Drought, Organic osmolytes, Photosynthesis rate, Selenium, Water relations, Wheat

IZVLEČEK

 VPLIV SELENA NA PŠENICO V SUŠNEM STRESU V RASTLINJAKU IN NA POLJU

Raziskovan je bil vpliv selena (Na2SeO4) na rastline dveh genotipov navadne pšenice, v sušnih razmerah oziroma pri dobri oskrbi z vodo, v rastlinjaku (15 µg Se L-1) in na polju (20-60 60 g ha-1). Dodatek Se je povečal sušino rastlin in pridelek zrnja pri obeh načinih oskrbe z vodo. Se je vplival na povečano koncentracijo pigmentov in na povečanje fotosinteze listov pri obeh oskrbah z vodo. Rezultati kažejo, da dodatek Se omili vpliv sušnega stresa s povečanjem fotosinteze, zaščito lista s fotokemičnimi procesi, akumulacijo organskih ozmotikov in povečano učinkovitostjo porabe vode. V razmerah dobre oskrbe z vodo je bila povečana rast, omogočena z dostopnostjo selena, povezana z intenzivnejšo fotosintezo in večjo učinkovitostjo uporabo vode, daljšimi in debelejšimi koreninami in večjo vsebnostjo vode.

 Ključne besede: suša, organski ozmotiki, fotosinteza, selen, vodna oskrba, pšenica

 

Allelopathic effects of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) on germination & growth of cucumber, alfalfa, common bean and bread wheat

Hamideh BAKHSHAYESHAN-AGDAM, Seyed Yahya SALEHI-LISAR, Rouhollah MOTAFAKKERAZAD, Amirhosein TALEBPOUR and Nader FARSAD

ABSTRACT

Allelopathy is one of the important interactions among plants. Weeds can reduce crops productions in farms by their allelopathic effects. Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) is the most common weed in Iran with well-known allelopathic potential. In the presented experiment, the allelopathic effects of redroot pigweed on germination and growth of four important crop species including cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), common bean (Phaseulus vulgaris L.) and bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied. The effect of different concentrations of redroot pigweed leachate on seed germination and seedlings growth parameters of tested plants was significant, but not same in all studied species. Bread wheat and cucumber were more resistance in seed germination stage in comparison to common bean and alfalfa. Except alfalfa, all plant species showed certain rate of resistance in the most measured parameters. According to the obtained results, bread wheat and common bean were the most resistant species, cucumber was resistant at low concentration but sensitive at high concentration, and alfalfa was the most sensitive species to the redroot pigweed leachate treatments. Therefore, the cultivation of resistant plant species (such as bread wheat and common bean plants) in the regions with redroot pigweed’s invasion is appropriate way in management of the farms.

 

Key words: allelopathy, redroot pigweed, resistance, crop species, leachate concentration

IZVLEČEK

 ALELOPATIČNI UČINEK NAVADNEGA ŠČIRA (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) NA KALITEV IN RAST KUMAR, LUCERNE, NAVADNEGA FIŽOLA IN KRUŠNE PŠENICE

Alelopatija je ena izmed najpomembnejših interakcij med rastlinami. Pleveli lahko zmanjšajo pridelek zaradi njihovih alelopatičnih učinkov. Navadni ščir (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) je v Iranu najpogostejši plevel z dobro znanim alelopatičnim učinkom. V tej raziskavi smo preučevali alelopatski učinek navadnega ščira na kalitev in rast štirih pomembnih kulturnih rastlin in sicer kumar (Cucumis sativus L.), lucerne (Medicago sativa L.), navadnega fižola (Phaseulus vulgaris L.) in krušne pšenice (Triticum aestivum L.). Učinek različnih koncentracij izvlečka navadnega ščira na kalitev in rastne parameter preiskuševanih rastlin je bil značilen toda ne enak pri vseh rastlinah. Krušna pšenica in kumare so bile bolj odporne na stopnji kalitve v primerjavi s fižolom in lucerno. Z izjemo lucerne so vse preiskušene vrste pokazale določeno odpornost pri vseh merjenih parametrih. Glede na rezultate te raziskave sta se krušna pšenica in navadni fižol izkaza kot najbolj odporna, kumare so bile pri manjših koncentracijah ekstrakta navadnega ščira odporne, a občutljive pri velikih koncentracijah. Lucerna je bila najbolj občutljiva na izločke navadnega ščira pri vseh obravnavanjih. Na osnovi dobljenih rezultatov priporočamo kmetovalcem na območjih z večjim pojavljanjem navadnega ščira gojenje nanj odpornih rastlin kot sta krušna pšenica in navadni fižol.

Ključne besede: alelopatija, navadni ščir, odpornost, kmetijske rastlines, koncentracije izvlečkov

 

Sonication of seeds increase germination performance of sesame under low temperature stress

Fariborz SHEKARI, Seyyed-Hamid MUSTAFAVI, Amin ABBASI

ABSTRACT

A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the effect of ultrasound (US) exposure time on germination behavior of sesame seeds. All tests were carried out at 20 kHz in a water bath ultrasonic device varying two factors, treatment duration (10, 20 and 30 min) and germination temperature (15, 20 and 25 ºC). Parallel tests were run in which seeds were soaked in water without sonication in order to eliminate the effect of water from US test results. US treatments enhanced seeds water uptake. At mild exposure time it improved sesame seed germination performance and seedling growth at suboptimal temperatures as indicated by higher germination percentage and germination rate. US applying for 20 min had relatively high superoxide dismutase activity; however, had not significant differences with control and US duration for 10 min. The catalase activity was strongly increased by applying the US for a 10 and 20 min. Among the treatments, application of US vibration for 10 and 20 min reduced both of malondialdehyde and H2O2 contents, however high US duration (30 min) increased both of the traits. In general, ultrasonic priming technique can be useful for early planting the sesame seeds, and lead to higher yields.

 Key words: enzyme activity, germination performance, seedling growth, ultrasound, water uptake

IZVLEČEK

SONIFIKACIJA SEMEN SEZAMA Z ULTRAZVOKOM POVEČA NJIHOVO KALITEV V RAZMERAH HLADNEGA STRESA

V laboratorijskem poskusu smo določali učinke ultrazvoka (US) na kalitev semen sezama. Vsi poskusi so bili izvedenei v ultrazvočni vodni kopeli s frekvenco ultrazvoka 20 kHz , pri čemer smo spreminjali dva dejavnika in sicer trajanje obdelave z ultrazvokom (10, 20 in 30 min) in temperaturo kalitve (15, 20 in 25 ºC). Vzporedno so potekali poskusi, v katerih so bila semena samo namočena v vodi brez ultrazvočne sonifikacije, da bi odpravili učinke vode pri ultrazvočno obdelanih semenih. Obdelava semen z ultrazvokom je v njih povečala privzem vode. Pri srednjih obravnavanjih z ultrazvokom se je izboljšala kalitev in rast kalic pri suboptimalnih temperaturah, kar se je odrazilo kot večji odstotek kalitve in njen hitrejši potek. US obdelava za 20 min je rahlo povečala aktivnost superoksid dizmutase, vendar v primerjavi s kontrolo in obdelavi z US 10 min ni bilo značilnih razlik. Aktivnost katalaze se je pri obdelavah z 10 in 20 min močno povečala. Obdelava z ultrazvokom za 10 in 20 min je zmanjšala vsebnost malondialdehida in H2O2, obdelava za 30 min pa je vsebnost obeh parametrov povečala. Na splošno lahko na osnovi te raziskave povzamemo, da je ultrasonična predobdelava semen sezama koristna tehnika za njegovo zgodnjo setev, kar vodi v večje pridelke.

 Ključne besede: encimska aktivnost, kalitev, rast kalic, ultrazvok, privzem vode

 

Effects of phosphorus fertilizer rate and Pseudomonas fluorescens strain on field pea (Pisum sativum subsp. arvense (L.) Asch.) growth and yield

Bahram SALEHI and Hashem AMINPANAH

ABSTRACT

A field experiment was conducted at Rezvanshahr, Guilan province, Iran, to evaluate the effects of phosphorus fertilizer rate and Pseudomonas fluorescens strains on growth and yield of field pea (Pisum sativum L.). The experimental design was a randomized complete block in a factorial arrangement with three replicates. Factors were phosphorus fertilizer rates (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 kg P2O5 ha-1 as triple superphosphate), and seed inoculation with P. florescens strains [control (non-inoculated), inoculated with strain R41, and strain R187). Analysis of variance showed that plant height, seed yield, pod number per m2, 100-seed weight, biological yield, harvest index, and leaf P concentration were significantly influenced by phosphorus fertilizer rate and P. florescens strain. At the same time, phosphorus fertilizer rate × P. fluorescens strain interaction was significant only for 100-seed weight. On the other hand, seed number per pod was significantly affected neither by phosphorus fertilizer rate nor by pseudomonas strains. Result showed that seed yield was significantly increased from 1099 ± 67 to 1898 ± 118 kg ha-1 as P2O5 application rate increased from 0 to 75 kg ha-1, and thereafter relatively remained constant. There was no significant difference in seed yield between plants raised from inoculated seeds with P. fluorescens, strain R187 (1664 ± 97 kg ha-1) and those raised from inoculated seeds with P. fluorescens, strain R41 (1669 ± 104 kg ha-1). At the same time, plants raised from inoculated seeds with P. fluorescens (both strains) produced greater grain yield compared to those raised from uninoculated seeds (1370 ± 80 kg ha-1). Based on the results of this study, P2O5 application at the rate of 75 kg ha-1 and inoculation with pseudomonas bacteria are recommended for obtaining the greatest seed yield in field pea.

Key words: phosphorus, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, Pisum sativum

IZVLEČEK

UČINKI GNOJENJA S FOSFORJEM IN DODATKOV SEVOV BAKTERIJE Pseudomonas fluorescens NA RAST IN PRIDELEK POLJSKEGA GRAHA (P. sativum subsp. arvense (L.) Asch.)

Z namenom ovrednotenja vplivov gnojenja z različnimi odmerki fosfornih gnojil in dodatkov sevov bakterije Pseudomonas fluorescens na rast in pridelek poljskega graha (P. sativum subsp. arvense (L.) Asch.) je bil izveden poljski poskus v provinci Rezvanshahr, Guilan, Iran. Načrt poskusa je bil naključni bločni faktorski poskus s tremi ponovitvami. Faktorji v poskusu so bili gnojenje s fosforjem (0, 25, 50, 75 in 100 kg P2O5 ha-1, kot trojni superfosfat) in inokulacija semen s sevi bakterije P. florescens (kontrola (ne inokulirano), inokulirano s sevom R41 in sevom R187). Analiza variance je pokazala, da so na parametre kot so višina rastlin, pridelek zrnja, število strokov na m2, masa 100-semen, biološki pridelek, žetveni indeks in vsebnost P značilno vplivala gnojenja s fosforjem in inokulacija s sevi bakterije P. florescens, vendar je imelo hkratno gnojenje s fosforjem in inokulacija s sevi bakterije P. fluorescens značilen vpliv le na maso 100-semen. Po drugi strani se število semen na strok ni značilno spremenilo niti z različnimi odmerki fosforja niti z dodatki sevov bakterij. Rezultati so pokazali, da se je pridelek zrnja značilno povečal od 1099 ± 67 na 1898 ± 118 kg ha-1, ko se je uporaba P2O5 povečala iz 0 na 75 kg ha-1, in je potem ostal relativno konstanten. Med rastlinami, katerih semena so bila inokulirana s sevom bakterije P. fluorescens,  R187 (1664 ± 97 kg ha-1) in tistimi, katerih semena so bila inokulirana s sevom P. fluorescens, R41 (1669 ± 104 kg ha-1) ni bilo značilnih razlik v pridelku zrnja, vendar je bil pridelek zrnja inokuliranih rastlin pri obeh sevih večji od neinokuliranih rastlin (1370 ± 80 kg ha-1). Na osnovi izsledkov te raziskave lahko za doseganje večjih pridelkov poljskega graha priporočamo gnojenje s fosforjevimi gnojili v odmerku 75 kg, P2O5 ha-1 s hkratno inokulacijo s sevi zgoraj omenjenih bakterij.

 Ključne besede: fosforjeva gnojila, rast-stimulirajoče rizobakterije, Pisum sativum

 

Rate and duration of seed filling and yield of soybean affected by water and radiation deficits

Kazem GHASSEMI-GOLEZANI, Javad BAKHSHI, Bahareh DALIL

ABSTRACT

Seed filling and yield of soybean under water and radiation deficits were investigated during 2011 and 2012. Treatments were irrigations (I1, I2, I3 and I4 for irrigation after 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm evaporation from class A pan, respectively) in main plots and light interceptions (L1: 100 %, L2: 65 % and L3: 25 % sunlight) in sub-plots. Seeds per plant under I1 and I2 decreased, but under I3 and I4 increased as a result of radiation deficit. Maximum seed weight and seed filling duration of plants under 25 % light interception (L3) were higher than those under full sunlight (L1) and 65 % light interception (L2). In contrast, plants under full sunlight had the highest seed filling rate, particularly under water stress. Seed filling duration under severe light deficit (L3) was about 9 days longer than that under full sunlight (L1), leading to 15.8 % enhancement in maximum seed weight. Decreasing seed yield of soybean under well watering and mild water stress and improving it under moderate and severe water deficit due to low solar radiation are directly related with changes in seed filling duration and consequently in seed weight and number of seeds per plant under these conditions.

 Key words: seed filling, shading, soybean, water deficit, yield

IZVLEČEK

POMANJKANJE VODE IN SVETLOBE VPLIVATA NA HITROST IN TRAJANJE POLNENJA SEMEN IN PRIDELEK SOJE

Vpliv pomanjkanja vode in svetlobe na polnenje semen in pridelek soje je bil preučevan v poljskem poskusu v letih 2011 in 2012. Obravnavanja so bila različni režimi namakanja (I1, I2, I3 in I4 kot namakanje po 60, 90, 120 in 150 mm evaporacije iz razreda A) na glavnih poskusnih ploskavah in različni svetlobni režimi (L1: 100 %, L2: 65 % in L3: 25 % delež svetlobe) na podploskvah. Število semen na rastlino se je pri obravnavanjih I1 in I2 zmanjšalo, a se je pri obravnavanjih I3 in I4 povečalo kot posledica pomankanja svetlobe. Največja masa semen in najdaljše trajanje polnenja semen sta bila večja pri rastlinah, ki so rastle pri 25 % osvetlitvi (L3) kot pri rastlinah, ki so rastle na polni (L1) in 65 % (L2) osvetlitvi.V nasprotju s tem, so imele rastline pri polni osvetlitvi največjo hitrost polnenja semen, še posebej ob sušnem stresu. Trajanje polnenja semen je bilo pri večjem pomanjkanju svetlobe (L3) za 9 dni daljše kot pri polni osvetlitvi (L1), kar je vodilo k 15.8 % povečanju maksimalne mase semen. Zmanjšanje pridelka semena soje pri polnem zalivanju ali blagem sušnem stresu in njegovo povečanje pri zmernem in velikem vodnem deficitu je bilo posledica manjše osvetlitve, kar je neposredno povezano s spremembami v trajanju polnenja semen in posledično s spremembami v masi semen in številu semen na rastlino v teh razmerah.

 Ključne besede: polnenje semen, senčenje, soja, vodni deficit, pridelek

 

Allelopathic effect of medicinal plant Cannabis sativa L. on Lactuca sativa L. seed germination

Homa MAHMOODZADEH, Mohsen GHASEMI, Hasan ZANGANEH

ABSTRACT

In order to examine allelopathic effect of Cannabis sativa L. on germination capability and seedling growth of Lactuca sativa L., a study was performed in laboratory conditions. Treatments were set up in randomised block design in four replications for each of four concentration ranges of 25, 50, 75 and 100 % of aqueous extract made of shoot parts and 4 identical extract concentrations made of root of cannabis. Control variant was lettuce seed treated by distilled water. During the studies shoot and seminal root length of lettuce seedlings were measured after treatments with different concentrations of extracts made of root and shoot parts of cannabis, and the obtained values were compared with the control. The obtained results suggest that the extract from the shoot parts of cannabis in high concentrations of 75 and 100% had inhibiting effect to the germination indices while the extract from the root had no statistically significant effect on germination of lettuce seeds. Extract made of root part of cannabis showed also stimulatory effect to shoot and seminal root length of lettuce seedlings in extract concentrations of 50, 75 and 100 %.

 Key words: allelopathy, lettuce, aqueous extract, cannabis, seed germination indices

IZVLEČEK

ALELOPATIČEN UČINEK KONOPLJE (Cannabis sativa L.) NA KALITEV SEMEN VRTNE SOLATE (Lactuca sativa L.)

V laboratorijskih razmerah je bil preučevan alelopatičen učinek navadne konoplje (Cannabis sativa L.) na kalitev semen in rast kalic vrtne solate (Lactuca sativa L.). Obravnavanja so bila izvedena kot naključni bločni poskus v štirih ponovitvah z vsako od štirih koncentracij, 25, 50, 75 in100 %, vodnega izvlečka poganjkov in korenin konoplje. V kontrolnem poskusu so bila semena vrtne solate tretirana na enak način z distilirano vodo. Poleg indeksa kalitve sta bili v poskusi merjeni še dolžina poganjkov in semenskih korenin kaleče solate. Rezultati so pokazali, da je imel izvleček poganjkov konoplje v večjih koncentracijah, 75 in 100 %, inhibitorni učinek na kalitveni indeks, medtemko izvlečki iz korenin niso imeli statistično značilnega vpliva na iste merjene parametre. Izvleček iz korenin konoplje je imel stimulativni učinek na dolžino poganjkov in semenskih korenin vrtne solate pri koncentracijah 50, 75 in 100 %.

Ključne besede: alelopatija, vrtna solata, vodni izvleček, konoplja, kalitveni indeks

 

Grain, milling, and head rice yields as affected by nitrogen rate and bio-fertilizer application

Saeed FIROUZI

ABSTRACT

To evaluate the effects of nitrogen rate and bio-fertilizer application on grain, milling, and head rice yields, a field experiment was conducted at Rice Research Station of Tonekabon, Iran, in 2013. The experimental design was a factorial treatment arrangement in a randomized complete block with three replicates. Factors were three N rates (0, 75, and 150 kg ha-1) and two bio-fertilizer applications (inoculation and uninoculation with Nitroxin, a liquid bio-fertilizer containing Azospirillum spp. and Azotobacter spp. bacteria). Analysis of variance showed that rice grain yield, panicle number per m2, grain number per panicle, flag leaves area, biological yield, grains N concentration and uptake, grain protein concentration, and head rice yield were significantly affected by N rate, while bio-fertilizer application had significant effect on rice grain yield, grain number per panicle, flag leaves area, biological yield, harvest index, grains N concentration and uptake, and grain protein concentration. Results showed that regardless of bio-fertilizer application, rice grain and biological yields were significantly increased as N application rate increased from 0 to 75 kg ha-1, but did not significantly increase at the higher N rate (150 kg ha-1). Grain yield was significantly increased following bio-fertilizer application when averaged across N rates. Grains N concentration and uptake were significantly increased as N rate increased up to 75 kg ha-1, but further increases in N rate had no significant effect on these traits. Bio-fertilizer application increased significantly grains N concentration and uptake, when averaged across N rates. Regardless of bio-fertilizer application, head rice yield was significantly increased from 56 % to 60 % when N rate increased from 0 to 150 kg ha-1. Therefore, this experiment illustrated that rice grain and head yields increased with increasing N rate, while bio-fertilizer application increased only rice grain yield.

 Key words: nitrogen fertilizer, plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, rice yield and yield components

IZVLEČEK

VPLIV GNOJENJA Z RAZLIČNIMI ODMERKI DUŠIKOVIH GNOJIL IN BIO-GNOJIL NA PRIDELEK ZRNJA IN MLEVSKE LASTNOST RIŽA

Z namenom vrednotenja učinkov gnojenja z različnimi odmerki dušika in uporabe bio-gnojil na pridelek riža in njegove mlevske lastnosti je bil izveden poljski poskus na Rice Research Station of Tonekabon, Iran, v letu 2013. Načrt poskusa je bil faktorski naključni bločni poskus s tremi ponovitvami. Preučevani dejavniki v poskusih so bili tri gnojenja z različnimi odmerki dušika (0, 75, in 150 kg ha-1) in uporaba dveh bio-gnojil (z ali brez inolukacije z bio-gnojilom Nitroxin, tekoče bio-gnojilo, ki vsebuje bakterije iz rodov Azospirillum spp. in Azotobacter spp.). Analiza variance je pokazala, da je imelo gnojenje z dušikom značilen učinek na pridelek zrnja riža, število latov na m2, število zrn na lat, površino najvišjega lista (zastavarja), biološki pridelek, privzem in vsebnost N v zrnju, vsebnost beljakovin v zrnju in pridelek oluščenega riža, uporaba bio-gnojil pa je imela značilen vpliv le na pridelek zrna riža, število zrn na lat, površino najvišjega lista, biološki pridelek, žetveni indeks, privzem in vsebnost N v zrnju in vsebnost beljakovin v zrnju. Rezultati raziskave so pokazali, da sta se pridelek zrnja riža in njegov biološki pridelek povečala ne glede na uporabo bio-gnojil, ko se je gnojenje z dušikom povečalo z 0 na 75 kg ha-1, vendar gnojenje z večjimi odmerki N (150 kg ha-1) ni imelo značilnega vpliva na povečanje teh dveh parametrov. Pridelek zrnja se je značilno povečal pri uporabi bio-gnojil pri vseh odmerkih dušika. Vsebnost in privzem N v zrnje sta se značilno povečala pri povečanju gnojenja z dušikom iz 0 na75 kg ha-1, vendar nadaljna povečanja gnojenja z N niso imela značilnega vpliva na ta parametra. Uporaba bio-gnojil je značilno povečala vsebnost in privzem N v zrnju pri vseh odmerkih dušika. Ne glede na uporabo bio-gnojil, se je pridelek oluščenega riža značilno povečal iz 56 % na 60 %, ko se je gnojenje z N povečalo z 0 na 150 kg ha-1. Izsledki te raziskave kažejo, da se je pridelek zrnja riža in oluščenega riža povečal z večjim gnojenjem z dušikom, uporaba bio-gnojil pa je povečala le pridelek zrnja.

 Ključne besede: dušikova gnojila, rast stimulirajoče rizobakterije, pridelek riža in njegove komponente

 

Genetic analysis of agro-morphological traits in promising hybrids of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)

Maryam GOLABADI, Pooran GOLKAR, Mohammad Reza SHAHSAVARI

ABSTRACT

The main objective underlying sunflower breeding programs is to develop high-yielding productive F1 hybrid cultivars. This study was conducted to investigate the genetic control of some agro-morphological traits of new sunflower F1 hybrids. For this purpose, fourteen inbred lines of sunflower were crossed with three male sterile inbred lines. Their hybrids (14 hybrids) were then evaluated against three control cultivars. The data thus obtained were analyzed using the nested model (North Carolina Design І) as a completely randomized block design (CRBD) with four replications. Analysis of variance showed that the hybrids were significantly different in all the traits studied, except for head and stem diameters. From among the hybrids evaluated, Cms19 × Rn1-81 was found to have the highest seed yield and oil content. Cluster analysis classified the hybrids into four different groups. Genetic analysis showed that days to maturity, seed weight, and oil content (%) were under the additive gene action. Breeding strategies based on selection could be suggested for the improvement of these traits. Head angle, head diameter, seed yield, and oil yield were under the dominance gene action; breeding based on hybridization methods is, therefore, proposed for these traits. Finally, both additive and dominance gene actions were observed to play important roles in the genetic control of plant height and stem diameter.

 

Key words: additive, dominance effect, evaluation of hybrids, oil content, sunflower, yield

 

IZVLEČEK

GENETSKA ANALIZA AGRO-MORFOLOŠKIH LASTNOSTI PRI OBETAJOČIH KRIŽANCIH NAVADNE SONČNICE (Helianthus annuus L.)

Glavni cilj žlahniteljskih programov navadne sončnice je razvoj visoko produktivnih F1 hibridnih sort. V raziskavi smo preučevali genetsko kontrolo nekaterih agro-morfoloških lastnosti nekaterih novih F1 hibridov navadne sončnice. V ta namen smo opravili križanja 14 inbridiranih linij navadne sončnice s tremi moško sterilnimi inbridiranimi linijami. Dobljeni križanci (14 hibridov) so bili ovrednoteni glede na tri kontrolne sorte. Tako pridobljeni podatki so bili analizirani z vgnezdenim modelom (North Carolina Design І) v bločni zasnovi s štirimi ponovitvami. Analiza variance je pokazala, da so bili križanci značilno različni v vseh preučevanih lastnostih, z izjemo premera koška in premera stebla. Izmed ovrednotenih križancev je imel križanec Cms19 × Rn1-81 največji pridelek semena in največjo vsebnost olja. Klastrska analiza je razvrstila križance v štiri skupine. Genetska analiza je pokazala, da so bile lastnosti, kot so število dni do zrelosti, masa semena in vsebnost olja (%), pod aditivno gensko kontrolo. Za izboljšanje teh lastnosti priporočamo žlahniteljsko strategijo zasnovano na selekciji. Lastnosti kot so naklon koška, premer koška, pridelek semena in pridelek olja so bile dominantno dedovane, zato za te lastnosti priporočamo žlahtnenje na osnovi križanja. Pri lastnostih kot sta višina stebla in njegov primer smo opazili pomembni vlogi tako aditivnega kot dominantnega delovanja genov.

 Ključne besede: aditivno dominantni učinki genov, vrednotenje križancev, navadna sončnica, pridelek, vsebnost olja

 

Insecticidal activity of three plants extracts against Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) and their phytochemical screening

Billal NIA, Naama FRAH and Imane AZOUI

ABSTRACT

To reduce the use of synthetic pesticides and their negative effects on the environment, leaves extracts of Artemisia herba-alba Asso, Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh and Rosmarinus officinalis L. were obtained with petroleum ether, ethanol and distilled water as solvents. These extracts were evaluated under laboratory conditions for their insecticidal effect against 3 to 4 days-old Myzus persicae individuals (Homoptera: Aphididae) at 1, 2.5, 5, and 10 %. We made observations after 24 hours. Etheric extract of all plants was effective and caused mortalities (100 %, 53 % and 60 % respectively) at the highest concentration. However, ethanolic and aqueous extracts did not show any significant insecticidal effect. The phytochemical screening showed the richness of etheric extract in terpenes. The results obtained suggest that we can make bioinsecticides based on leaves etheric extracts from these plants for use in integrated pest management.

 Key words: Artemisia herba-alba, botanical insecticides, Myzus persicae, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Rosmarinus officinalis

IZVLEČEK

INSEKTICIDNO DELOVANJE IZVLEČKOV TREH RASTLIN NA LISTNO UŠ Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) IN NJIHOVA FITOKEMIČNA ANALIZA

Z namenom zmanjševanja negativnih učinkov sintetičnih pesticidov na okolje so bili narejeni izvlečki listov s petroletrom, etanolom in distilirano vodo iz naslednjih treh rastlin Artemisia herba-alba Asso, Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. in Rosmarinus officinalis L.. Insekticidni učinki teh izvlečkov so bili ovrednoteni v laboratorijskih razmerah na 3 do 4 dni starih osebkih listnih uši vrste Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776), Homoptera: Aphididae) v 1, 2.5, 5, in 10 % razredčitvah. Opazovanja so bila opravljena 24 ur po uporabi. Učinkoviti so bili izvlečki s petroletrom vseh rastlin, ki so povzročili smrtnost (100 %, 53 % in 60 %) pri največjih koncentracijah. Etanolni in vodni ekstrakti niso imeli značilnega insekticidnega delovanja. Fitokemična analiza ekstraktov je pokazala veliko vsebnost terpenov v izvlečkih, dobljenih s petroletrom. Rezultati raziskave nakazujejo, da lahko naredimo bioinsekticide iz analiziranih rastlin na osnovi izvlečkov s petroletrom in jih uporabimo v integriranem varstvu rastlin.

Ključne besede:Artemisia herba-alba, botanični insekticidi, Myzus persicae, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Rosmarinus officinalis

 

Effect of pre-chilling and environmental factors on breaking seed dormancy and germination of three foxtail species

Vajihe AMINI, Faezeh ZAEFARIAN, Mohammad REZVANI

ABSTRACT

The effect of wet and dry pre-chilling duration, pH, osmotic stress, salt stress and planting depth on seed germination and seedling emergence of three foxtail species (Setaria glauca, S. verticillata and S. viridis) was investigated in a series of laboratory and greenhouse experiments. Both wet and dry pre-chilling for 45 days promoted seed germination of S. glauca compared with the control. Pre-chilling was not significantly effective in seed dormancy breaking of S. viridis and S. verticillata. The maximum germination of foxtails (S. verticillata, S. viridis) was obtained when seeds were treated with pH 7 buffer solution. Increasing of osmotic and salt stress decreased seed germination of foxtails. Setaria verticillata seed germination was more tolerant than those of S. glauca and S. viridis to high water stress condition. Setaria glauca and S. verticillata seed germination were more tolerant to high salinity stress than S. viridis. Seedling emergence decreased with increasing the burial depth and no germination observed at 8 cm soil depth.

 Key words: osmotic and salt stress, seed depth burial. germination, S. glauca, S. verticillata and S. viridis

IZVLEČEK

UČINKI HLADNEGA PREDTRETIRANJA IN OKOLJSKIH DEJAVNIKOV NA PREKINITEV DORMANCE IN KALITEV TREH VRST MUHVIČEV

 

Učinki trajanja mokrega in suhega hladnega predtretiranja, pH, ozmotskega in solnega stresa ter globine setve na kalitev in vznik so bili preučevani pri treh vrstah muhviča (sivozeleni muhvič- Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.( = S. glauca auct.)., vretenčasti muhvič - S. verticillata (L.) P. Beauv. in zeleni muhvič - S. viridis (L.) P. Beauv.) v rastlinjaku in laboratoriju. Mokro in suho hladno predtretiranje v trajanju 45 dni je pospešilo kalitev semen sivozelenega muhviča v primerjavi s kontrolo. Isto obravnavanje ni imelo značilnega vpliva na prekinitev dormance semen pri zelenem in vretenčastem muhviču. Največja kalitev muhvičev (S. verticillata, S. viridis) je bila dosežena pri semenih, tretiranih s pufersko raztopino s pH 7. Povečanje ozmotskega in solnega stresa je zmanjšalo kalitev vseh vrst muhvičev Semena vretenčastega muhviča so bila bolj odporna na večji sušni stress kot semena zelenega in sivozelenega muhviča. Semena sivozelenega in vretenčastega muhviča so bila bolj odporna na velik slanostni stress kot semena zelenega muhviča. Vznik vseh treh vrst muhvičev se je zmanjševal s povečevanjem globine setve, na globini 8 cm kalitve ni bilo.

Ključne besede: ozmotski in solni stress, globina setve, kalitev, Setaria pumila, S. verticillata and S. viridis

 

Simulation of herbage yield and growth components of Cock’s foot (Dactylis glomerata L.) in Jablje using the calibrated LINGRA-N model

Tjaša POGAČAR, Lučka KAJFEŽ-BOGATAJ

ABSTRACT

In the study the previously calibrated LINGRA-N model was used for a long term simulation (1964–2013) of the herbage dry matter yield (GRASS) and growth analysis of Cock’s foot (Dactylis glomerata L.) in Jablje. Changes in the yearly GRASS variability are reflected in the appearance of outliers in the second half of the study period. The biggest reductions in GRASS are seen in the years 1992, 1993 and 2003. These are the driest years according to meteorological variables (high maximum and minimum air temperatures, low precipitation) and also according to the simulations, with the lowest reduction factor for crop growth due to drought. The potential yield (YIELD) is not linearly dependent on meteorological variables. Some growth components were compared on a daily basis in a dry year (1993) and an average year (1994). In 1993, for instance, 53 % of photosynthetically active radiation was intercepted, against 75 % in 1994. Seasonal development of the actual soil moisture content was linked to the development of the leaf area index and consequently to the mass of green leaves, to the roots mass, to the mass of dead leaves and to GRASS. The results highlight the need for further research, on field and with simulations. As regards the latter, we have to keep in mind that they inevitably involve various uncertainties.

 Key words: simulation, LINGRA-N, cock’s foot, herbage yield, drought, growth analysis

IZVLEČEK

SIMULACIJA PRIDELKA ZELINJA IN KOMPONET RASTI NAVADNE PASJE TRAVE (Dactylis glomerata L.) V JABLJAH Z UMERJENIM MODELOM LINGRA-N

Predhodno umerjen model LINGRA-N smo uporabili za simulacijo pridelka suhega zelinja (GRASS) in komponent rasti navadne pasje trave (Dactylis glomerata L.) v 50-letnem obdobju (1964–2013) v Jabljah. Izkazalo se je, da so se v drugi polovici obravnavanega obdobja pri simulacijah GRASS na letni ravni začeli pojavljati osamelci. GRASS je bil najmanjši v letih 1992, 1993 in 2003. To so tudi najbolj suha leta, tako na podlagi meteoroloških spremenljivk kot tudi na podlagi simuliranega faktorja zmanjšanja rasti zaradi suše. Potencialni pridelek (YIELD) ni linearno odvisen od meteoroloških spremenljivk. Določene komponente rasti smo na dnevni skali primerjali v sušnem letu 1993 in povprečnem 1994. V letu 1993 je bilo na primer prestreženega fotosintetsko aktivnega sevanja 53 %, v letu 1994 pa 75 %. Razvoj stanja vode v tleh tekom leta smo povezali z razvojem indeksa listne površine ter posledično z razvojem mase zelenih listov, mase korenin, mase odmrlih listov in GRASS. Rezultati opozarjajo na pomembnost nadaljnjih raziskav, tako poljskih poskusov kot tudi modelskih simulacij. Pri slednjih se moramo zavedati, da nosijo s seboj negotovosti iz različnih virov.

 

Ključne besede: adaptacija, modeliranje, LINGRA-N, navadna pasja trava, pridelek travne ruše, suša, analiza rasti

 

Study of relationship between soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.)planting spatial arrangements and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti L.) population dynamic

Hamid SALEHIAN, Maryam NAJAFIANJ

ABSTRACT

The velvetleaf is an important annual weed in the Mazandaran province, Iran. Seeds are the only way of propagation and renewal of this weed. More knowledge was gained regarding soil seed bank and its seed production to improve the management of the velvetleaf weed in the future. There is a minimal information concerning the impact of the soybean planting pattern on the dynamics of the velvetleaf population. For this reason two different fields have been studied with the cooperation of the Agriculture Discipline of the Islamic Azad University, in Qaemshahr, Iran, during 2009 and 2012. In this study the effect of two types of soybean row spacing were used, 50 cm-wide and 36 cm - narrow, and three emergences of the velvetleaf weed population (periods 0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 days after soybean sowing were implemented) were studied. Seed production, leaf area and dry matter increased in each plant population of the velvetleaf weed in the 50-cm soybean rows. Mortality rates were decreased in velvetleaf’s seedling population in the wider spaced rows. By observation it was seen an increased production of seeds in the first batch of seedlings. It appears that we must remove the first weed emergence flushes within three to four weeks after the soybean emergence to prevent reduced yields in the soybean crop and further increase of the velvetleaf seed bank.

 Key words: row spacing, cohort, velvetleaf, soybean

IZVLEČEK

PREUČEVANJE RAZMERJA MED PROSTORSKO UREDITVIJO SETVE SOJE (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) IN POPULACIJSKO DINAMIKO BRŽUNASTEGA OSLEZOVCA (Abutilon theophrasti L.)

 

Bržunasti oslezovec je pomemben enoletni plevel v provinci Mazandaran, Iran. Njegovo razmnoževanje je izključno s semeni. V raziskavi so bila pridobljena nova spoznanja o semenski banki in produkciji semena za izboljšanje uravnavanja bržunastega oslezovca v bodoče. Malo je informacij, ki se nanašajo na vpliv načina setve soje na dinamiko polpulacij bržunastega oslezovca. V ta namen sta bili v sodelovanju z Agriculture Discipline of the Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran, v letih 2009 in 2012 preučevani dve polji, na katerih sta bila preučevana načina setve soje v vrstah s širšim razmikom, 50 cm, in v vrstah z ožjim razmikom, 36 cm, na vznik populacij bržunastega oslezovca v treh različnih obdobjih po setvi soje (0-10, 10-20 in 20-30 dni). Produkcija semena, listna površina in vsebnost suhe snovi so se povečali v vsaki naslednji populaciji bržunastega oslezovca pri setvi soje v vrstah s širšim, 50 cm razmikom. Mortaliteta kalic bržunastega oslezovca se je pri tem načinu setve soje iz populacije v populacijo zmajševala. Pri tem smo opazili povečano produkcijo semena rastlin bržunstega oslezovca, ki so vzkalile v prvem obdobju po setvi soje. Iz tega lahko zaključimo, da je potrebno zatiranje plevelov v prvem obdobju po setvi soje, to je v treh do štirih tednih po vzniku soje, če hočemo preprečiti zmanjšanje pridelka soje in nadaljne povečevanje semena bržunastega oslezovca v semenski banki. Neupoštevanje širine razmika med vrstami pri setvi soje kaže na pomen tega dejavnika pri uravnavanju populacij te plevelne vrste.

 Ključne besede: razporeditev vrst setve, kohorte, bržunasti oslezovec, soja

 

Carrot (Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.) as source of antioxidants

Judita BYSTRICKÁ, Petra KAVALCOVÁ, Janette MUSILOVÁ, Alena VOLLMANNOVÁ, Tomáš TÓTH, Marianna LENKOVÁ

ABSTRACT

Carrot (Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.) is a significant source of vitamins (A, B, C) and beta carotene. Further it contains vitamins B, C, E, H, folic acid and pantothenic acid. Carrot is an important source of trace elements (K, Na, Ca, Mg, P, S, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn). Consumption of carrot improves eyesight, lowers cholesterol and improves digestion. In this work we evaluated and compared content of total polyphenols, ß-caroteneand antioxidant activity in five varieties of carrot (’Jitka’, Kardila’,  ̓Katlen ̓, ̓Rubína’ and ̓Koloseum ̓)  Samples of carrot were collected at full maturity stages from area of Bardejov. Samples of fresh carrot were homogenized (25 g) in 50 ml 80 % ethanol and analysed after sixteen hours. The content of the total polyphenols was determined by using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR). The content of ß-carotene was determined spectrophotometricaly at 450 nm. Antioxidant activity was measured using a compound DPPH˙ (2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) at 515.6 nm using spectrophotometer. Total polyphenols content in samples ranged from 81.25 ± 13.11 mg/kg to 113.69 ± 11.57 mg/kg and content of ß-carotenes ranged from 24.58 ± 2.38 mg/kg to 124.28 ± 3.54 mg/kg. We also evaluated and compared the antioxidant activity in selected varieties of carrot, which varied from 6.88 ± 0.92 % to 9.83 ± 0.62 %. Statistically significant the highest value of total polyphenols was recorded in variety of Koloseum (113.69 ± 11.57 mg/kg). This variety is also characterized by the highest content of ß- carotene (124.28 ± 3.54 mg/kg )as well as the highest value of antioxidant activity (9.83 ± 0.62 %).

 Key words: carrot, cultivar, ß-carotenes, polyphenols, antioxidant activity

IZVLEČEK

KORENJE (Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.) KOT VIR ANTIOKSIDANTOV

 

Korenje (Daucus carota L. ssp. sativus (Hoffm.) Arcang.) je pomemben vir vitaminov (A, B, C) in beta karotena. Dodatno vsebuje vitamine B, C, E, H, folno in pantotentsko kislino. Korenje je tudi pomemben vir elementov v sledeh kot so K, Na, Ca, Mg, P, S, Mn, Fe, Cu in Zn. Uživanje korenja izboljšuje vid, zmanjšuje količino holesterola in izboljšuje prebavo. V tej raziskavi smo ovrednotili in primerjali vsebnost celokupnih polifenolov, beta karotena in antioksidacijsko aktivnost v petih sortah korenja (’Jitka’, ‘Kardila’, ̓Katlen ̓, Rubína’ and ̓Koloseum’). Vzorci korenja so bili nabrani ob tehnološki zrelosti na območju Bardejova. Vzorci svežega korenja so bili homogenizirani (25 g) v 50 ml 80 % etanola in analizirani po 16 urah. Vsebnost celokupnih polifenolov je bila določena z uporabo Folin-Ciocalteu reagenta (FCR). Vsebnost beta karotena je bila določena spektrofotometrično pri 450 nm. Tudi antioksidacijaka aktivnost je bila izmerjana spektrometrično z uporabo DPPH˙ (2.2-difeenil-1-pikcrilhidrazil) pri 515.6 nm. Vsebnost celukopnih polifenolov v vzorcih je bila med 81.25 ± 13.11 mg/kg in 113.69 ± 11.57 mg/kg, vsebnost ß-karotena pa med 24.58 ± 2.38 mg/kg in 124.28 ± 3.54 mg/kg. Ovrednotili in primerjali smo tudi antioksidacijsko aktivnost v izbranih sortah korenja, ki je bila med 6.88 ± 0.92 % in 9.83 ± 0.62 %. Največjo, statistično značilno vsebnost polifenolov smo izmerili pri sorti Koloseum (113.69 ± 11.57 mg/kg). Ta sorta je bila značilna tudi po največji vsebnosti ß- karotena (124.28 ± 3.54 mg/kg) kot tudi po največji antioksidacijski aktivnosti (9.83 ± 0.62 %).

 Ključne besede: korenje, sorta, ß-karoten, polifenoli, antioksidacijska aktivnost

 

The effects of planting arrangement and phosphate biofertilizer on soybean under different weed interference periods

G. R. MOHAMMADI, S. CHATRNOUR, S. JALALI-HONARMAND and D. KAHRIZI

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of planting arrangement and phosphate biofertilizer on soybean yield and yield components under different weed interference periods at the Agricultural Research Farm of Razi University, Kermanshah, west Iran. The experiment was a factorial with three factors arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The first factor was planting arrangement (50 and 5 cm (P1) or 25 and 10 cm (P2) for inter-row and inter-plant spacings, respectively), the second factor was phosphate biofertilizer (no-inoculation (I0) and inoculation (I1)) and the third factor was weed treatment (full season weed-free condition (W0), weedy condition until soybean 4-trifoliate stage (W1), weedy condition until soybean flowering stage (W2) and full season weedy condition (W3)). Results revealed that the highest soybean yield occurred when weeds were controlled throughout the growing season and soybean was planted at the inter-row and inter-plant spacings of 25 and 10 cm, respectively (P2) whether phosphate biofertilizer was used or not. For both planting arrangements, full season weedy condition at the lack of the biofertilizer led to the lowest soybean yield produced. Weed biomass was not significantly affected by use of biofertilizer. The highest weed biomass was established in plots without weed control throughout the whole growing season and soybean was planted in a wider row spacing and a less uniform spatial arrangement (P1). Moreover, For W2 and W3 treatments, soybean planted in a narrower row spacing and a more uniform spatial arrangement (P2) produced a notable lower weed biomass, so that, this planting arrangement reduced weed biomass by 31.8 and 31.7 % in W2 and W3, respectively as compared to the P1 planting arrangement. It can be concluded that soybean planting in a more uniform spatial arrangement via a narrower row spacing can significantly improve soybean yield and suppress weeds. Phosphate biofertilizer had no significant effect on soybean yield when soybean was planted as the P2 and weeds were controlled throughout the growing season.

 Key words: Glycine max, phosphate biofertilizer, planting arrangement, soybean yield, weed control

IZVLEČEK

UČINKI NAČINOV SETVE IN UPORABE FOSFORJEVIH BIO-GNOJIL NA PRIDELEK SOJE OD ČASOVNO RAZLIČNIH ZATIRANJ PLEVELOV

 

V raziskavi, ki je bila izvedena na Agricultural Research Farm, Razi University, Kermanshah, zahodni Iran, so bili ovrednoteni učinki prostorske razporeditve rastlin (načinov setve) in uporabe fosforjevih bio-gnojil na pridelek soje in njegove komponente pri različnih zapleveljenostih. Poskus je bil zasnovan kot naključni bločni, trifaktorski poskus s štirimi ponovitvami. Prvi preučevani dejavnik je bila razporeditev rastlin v odvisnosti od načina setve, 50 in 5 cm (P1) ali 25 in 10 cm (P2), kot razdalji setve med vrstami in znotraj vrste. Drugi dejavnik je bila uporaba fosforjevih bio-gnojil (brez inokulacije (I0) in z inokulacijo (I1)) in tretji je bilo obravnavanje s pleveli (cela sezona brez plevelov (W0), zapleveljeno do stopnje razvoja, ko ima soja 4 trojnate liste (W1), zapleveljeno do začetka cvetenja soje (W2) in zapleveljeno celo rastno sezono (W3). Rezultati so pokazali, da je bil pridelek soje največji pri zatiranju plevelov skozi celo rastno sezono in ko je bila soja posejana v vrstah s 25 cm razmikom in z 10 cm razdaljo med rastlinami v vrsti (P2), ne glede na uporabo fosforjeva bio-gnojila. Zapleveljenost celo sezono in odsotnost gnojenja z bio-gnojili je dala ne glede na način setve najmanjši pridelek. Uporaba bio-gnojil ni značilno vplivala na biomaso plevelov. Največja biomasa plevelov je bila, kadar ti niso bili zatirani celo rastno sezono in, ko je bila soja posejana v vrstah s širšim razmikom, torej z manj enakomerno prostorsko razporeditvijo (P1). Pri obravnavanjih W2 in W3, ko je bila soja posejana v vrstah z manjšim razmikom in so bile rastline bolj enakomerno razporejene (P2), so imeli pleveli opazno manjšo biomaso. Takšni razporeditvi rastlin soje (W2 in W3) sta zmanjšali biomaso plevelov za 31.8 in 31.7 %, v primerjavi z raporeditvijo pri obravnavanju P1. Zaključimo lahko, da setev soje v vrstah z ožjim razmikom značilno poveča njen pridelek in zavre rast plevelov. Uporaba fosforjevih bio-gnojil ni imela značilnega vpliva na pridelek soje, kadar je bila ta posejana v vrstah z ožjim razmikom, P2, in če so bili pleveli nadzorovani celo rastno sezono.

 Ključne besede: Glycine max, fosforjeva bio-gnijila, razporeditev rastlin, pridelek soje, nadzor plevelov

 

Prva najdba parazitoidne ose Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko, 1968 (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) v Sloveniji

Tanja BOHINC, Stefan SCHMIDT, Juan Carlos MONJE, Stanislav TRDAN

IZVLEČEK

V prispevku predstavljamo parazitoidno oso, katero smo v Sloveniji prvič našli avgusta 2014, in sicer v jajčnem leglu kapusove sovke (Mamestra brassicae) na zelju. Parazitoidna osa Trichogrammma brassicae spada med jajčne parazitoide in je znana kot naravni sovražnik metuljev (Lepidoptera). Prvotno so omenjeno parazitoidno oso uporabljali za zatiranje koruzne vešče (Ostrinia nubilalis), pozneje pa je pridobila na pomenu tudi pri biotičnem zatiranju nekaterih ostalih gospodarsko pomembnih škodljivih vrst metuljev. S prvo potrditvijo zastopanosti T. brassicae v Sloveniji je izpolnjen prvi pogoj za njeno uvrstitev na Seznam domorodnih vrst organizmov za namen biotičnega varstva rastlin in s tem za njeno praktično uporabo pri biotičnem zatiranju škodljivih metuljev pri nas.

 Ključne besede: Trichogramma brassicae, jajčni parazitoidi, biotično varstvo rastlin, gosenice

ABSTRACT

FIRST RECORD OF PARASITIC WASP Trichogramma brassicae BEZDENKO, 1968 (Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) IN SLOVENIA

The paper presents the parasitic wasp, which occurrence in Slovenia was first confirmed in August 2014 on egg layers of cabbage moth (Mamestra brassicae) from cabbage. The wasp Trichogrammma brassicae belongs among egg parasitoids and it is especially known as biological control agent of lepidopteran pests. In the beginning the wasp was used for controlling European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis), later it becomes an important biological control agent of some other economically important lepidopteran pests. With the first confirmation of occurrence of T. brassicae in Slovenia first condition for its placing on the List of indegenous biological control agents - it contains the organisms which practical use in Slovenia is allowed - is fulfilled.

Key words: Trichogramma brassicae, egg parasitoids, biological control, caterpillars

 

Možnosti okoljsko sprejemljivega zatiranja ameriškega škržatka (Scaphoideus titanus Ball, 1932)

Žiga LAZNIK, Stanislav TRDAN

izvleček

Ameriški škržatek (Scaphoideus titanus Ball, 1932) je žuželka iz družine malih škržatkov (Cicadellidae), izvorno razširjena po Severni Ameriki. Vrsta je bila vnešena v Evropo, kjer napada vinsko trto in je znana predvsem kot prenašalec fitoplazme Grapevine Flavescence dorée (FD) (Candidatus Phytoplasma vitis), ki povzroča bolezen zlato trsno rumenico. Ameriški škržatek je bil v Sloveniji prvič najden leta 1983 na Primorskem. Zlata trsna rumenica je bila v Sloveniji potrjena leta 2005. Za zatiranje ameriškega škržatka se uporabljajo insekticidi, saj žuželka zaenkrat nima učinkovitih naravnih sovražnikov, ki bi lahko zmanjšali populacijo pod gospodarski prag škodljivosti. Nekateri raziskovalci so mnenja, da je na obeh celinah (Severna Amerika, Evropa) številčnost naravnih sovražnikov ameriškega škržatka zelo majhna. Iz ZDA poročajo, da nekateri parazitoidi (Drynidae: Hymenoptera in Pipunculidae: Diptera) parazitirajo ameriškega škržatka, vendar je odstotek učinkovitosti zelo majhen (od 1,3 do 0,8 %). Med načine integriranega varstva vinske trte pred množičnim pojavom ameriškega škržatka so doslej uporabljali metode zbeganja, termoterapije in privabilne posevke.

Ključne besede: ameriški škržatek, Scaphoideus titanus, biotično varstvo rastlin, integrirano varstvo rastlin

ABSTRACT

POSSIBILITIES OF ENVIRONMENTALLY ACCEPTABLE CONTROL METHODS OF AMERICAN GRAPEVINE LEAFHOPPER (Scaphoideus titanus Ball, 1932)

 

The American Grapevine Leafhopper (AGL) (Scaphoideus titanus Ball, 1932) is a small insect of the family leafhoppers (Cicadellidae), originally spread across North America. Specie has been introduced to Europe, where is known primarily as a vector of phytoplasma Grapevine flavescence dorée (FD), (Candidatus Phytoplasma vitis), a disease-causing grapevine yellows. AGL was first found in Slovenia in 1983. First occurrence of grapevine yellows was confirmed in Slovenia in 2005. Since no effective biological control agents are known to date, AGL populations are suppressed using insecticides during the host plant's growth period. Some researchers reported that it is in both continents (North America, Europe) abundance of natural enemies of the AGL very small. Researchers reported that some parasitoids (Drynidae: Hymenoptera and Pipunculidae: Diptera) parasitize the AGL, but the percentage of efficiency is very low (from 1.3 to 0.8 %). Among the methods of integrated pest management of AGL methods of mating disruption, thermotherapy, and cover crops are used.

 

Kwy words: The American Grapevine Leafhopper, Scaphoideus titanus, biological control, integrated pest management

 

 

Deficitni princip namakanja oljčnih nasadov v Slovenski Istri

Maja PODGORNIK, Dunja BANDELJ

izvleček

Oljka je anatomsko-morfološko in fiziološko zelo dobro prilagojena na pomanjkanje vode v tleh. Kljub temu lahko vodni primanjkljaj vpliva na slabšo rast in rodnost oljk, v kolikor se pojavi v fazi razvoja (med rastjo poganjkov, razvojem cvetnih brstov, cvetenjem, nastavljanjem plodov, delitvijo in rastjo celic ter akumulacijo olja), ki je za sušni stres najbolj občutljiva. Slovenska Istra se sooča s povečanim tveganjem pojava suš, zaradi česar bo kontrolirano deficitno namakanje oljk postalo nepogrešljiv element kmetijske prakse.

Ključne besede: oljka, namakanje, rast, pridelek, evapotranspiracija, sušni stres

ABSTRACT

DEFICIT IRRIGATION PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO OLIVE ORCHARD IN SLOVENE ISTRIA

 

The olive tree has anatomical-morphological and physiological adaptations which enable it to cope well with dry conditions and water deficits. However, if water shortage occurs during the development phases (shoot growth, flower bud development, bloom, fruit set, cell division and enlargement and oil accumulation), which are the most susceptible to stress, it can also have a negative effect on the growth and productivity of olive trees. The Slovenian Istria is facing with increased risk of drought. Due to increased occurrence and intensity of agricultural droughts controlled deficit irrigation will become an inevitable element of agricultural practice in Slovene Istria.

 

Kwy words: olive, irrigation, growth, yield, evapotranspiration, drought stress

 

 

Namerno sproščanje gensko spremenjenih rastlin v okolje v Sloveniji

Zlata LUTHAR

izvleček

 

Namerno sproščanje gensko spremenjenih višjih rastlin (GSVR) v okolje je v Sloveniji regulirano z Zakonom o ravnanju z gensko spremenjenimi organizmi (ZRGSO) Ur. l. RS 23/2005 in 21/2010, III. poglavje. Za vsako namerno sproščanje GSR v okolje je potrebno pridobiti dovoljenje, ki ga izda Ministrstvo za okolje in prostor (MOP). Vloga oz. prijava mora vsebovati zelo natančen in kompleksen opis GSR, njivo, kjer bo sproščena GSR in širšo okolico oz. okolje. Prijavo sestavlja Priloga 2 z dodatki: 1. Del A (tehnični podatki za izdajo dovoljenja za namerno sproščanje GSR v okolje); 2. Del B (ocena okoljskega tveganja); 3. Povzetek prijave za sproščanje GSR v slovenskem in angleškem jeziku, ki ga MOP posreduje v Bruselj in 4. Izpis za njivo iz zemljiškega katastra, na katero se bo sproščalo GSR. Postopek sproščanja do tu teče po omenjenem zakonu, ki velja že nekaj let in v katerem je jasno opredeljeno, da je sproščanje v Sloveniji mogoče. V konkretnem primeru GS riža iz leta 2011 je zakon veljal do izbire lokacije poskusa. Tu zakon ni bil upoštevan. Obveljal je pravilnik Sklada kmetijskih zemljišč in gozdov ter občinski sklep, ki sta bila močnejša od nacionalnega zakona in sta onemogočila gojenje GS riža na površini, ki je po zakonu primerna za sproščanje v okolje. Riž se v Sloveniji ne goji in nima divjih prednikov oz. bližnjih sorodnikov, s katerimi bi se lahko križal. Najbližje območje pridelovanja je v sosednji Italiji, ki je od potencialno izbrane lokacije v Sloveniji oddaljeno več kot 70 km.

Kwy words: gensko spremenjene rastline, namerno sproščanje, okolje, tveganje, zakonodaja

abstract

DELIBERATE RELEASE OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED PLANTS INTO THE ENVIRONMENT IN SLOVENIA

 

Deliberate release of genetically modified higher plants (GMHPs) into the environment in Slovenia is regulated by the Law on the Management of Genetically Modified Organisms (ZRGSO) Ur. l. RS 23/2005 and 21/2010, III chapter. For each deliberate release of GMPs into the environment a license issued by the Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning (MESP) must be acquired. The application or notification should contain a very accurate and complex description of the GMP, of the field where it will be released and of wider surroundings or environment. The application consists of Annex 2 with accessories: 1. Part A (technical data for the authorization of deliberate GMP release into the environment); 2. Part B (environmental risk assessment); 3. Application summary in Slovenian and English language) for the release of GMP into environment, which is transmitted to Brussels by MESP; 4. Extract from the Land Cadastre of the field to which the GMP will be released. The release procedure runs (till here) under the above mentioned Law, which has been in place for several years and which clearly defines that it is possible to release GMP in Slovenia. In the case of GM rice in 2011, the law applied till the site selection of the experiment. Here, the law was not sufficiently taken into account. It was prevailed by the regulation of Farmland and Forest Fund of the Republic of Slovenia and municipal decision, which was stronger than the national law and prevented the cultivation of GM rice in an area that is legally suitable for release of GMO into the environment. Rice is not grown in Slovenia and does not have wild ancestors or close relatives with whom it might mate. Nearest area of cultivation is in neighboring Italy, which is from potentially selected location in Slovenia more than 70 km away.

 

Ključne besede: genetically modified plants, deliberate release, environment, risk, legislation