Influence of selenium in drought-stressed wheat plants
under greenhouse and field conditions
Roghieh HAJIBOLAND,
Noushin SADEGHZADEH, Nashmin EBRAHIMI, Behzad SADEGHZADEH
and Seyed Abolgasem MOHAMMADI
ABSTRACT
Effects of selenium (Na2SeO4)
was studied in two wheat genotypes under well-watered and
drought conditions in greenhouse (15 µg Se L-1)
and field (20-60 60 g ha-1) experiments.
Application of Se improved dry matter and grain yield under
both well-watered and drought conditions. Se increased leaf
concentration of pigments and photosynthesis rate under both
well-watered and drought conditions. Our results indicated
that Se alleviates drought stress via increased
photosynthesis rate, protection of leaf photochemical
events, accumulation of organic osmolytes and improvement of
water use efficiency. Under well-watered condition,
Se-mediated growth improvement was associated with higher
photosynthesis rate and water use efficiency, greater root
length and diameter, and higher leaf water content.
Key
words:
Drought, Organic
osmolytes, Photosynthesis rate, Selenium, Water relations,
Wheat
IZVLEČEK
VPLIV SELENA NA PŠENICO V SUŠNEM STRESU V
RASTLINJAKU IN NA POLJU
Raziskovan je bil vpliv
selena (Na2SeO4) na rastline dveh
genotipov navadne pšenice, v sušnih razmerah oziroma pri
dobri oskrbi z vodo, v rastlinjaku (15 µg Se L-1)
in na polju (20-60 60 g ha-1). Dodatek Se je
povečal sušino rastlin in pridelek zrnja pri obeh načinih
oskrbe z vodo. Se je vplival na povečano koncentracijo
pigmentov in na povečanje fotosinteze listov pri obeh
oskrbah z vodo. Rezultati kažejo, da dodatek Se omili vpliv
sušnega stresa s povečanjem fotosinteze, zaščito lista s
fotokemičnimi procesi, akumulacijo organskih ozmotikov in
povečano učinkovitostjo porabe vode. V razmerah dobre oskrbe
z vodo je bila povečana rast, omogočena z dostopnostjo
selena, povezana z intenzivnejšo fotosintezo in večjo
učinkovitostjo uporabo vode, daljšimi in debelejšimi
koreninami in večjo vsebnostjo vode.
Ključne besede:
suša, organski ozmotiki,
fotosinteza, selen, vodna oskrba, pšenica
Allelopathic effects of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus
retroflexus L.) on germination & growth of cucumber,
alfalfa, common bean and bread wheat
Hamideh
BAKHSHAYESHAN-AGDAM, Seyed Yahya SALEHI-LISAR, Rouhollah
MOTAFAKKERAZAD, Amirhosein TALEBPOUR and Nader FARSAD
ABSTRACT
Allelopathy is one of the
important interactions among plants. Weeds can reduce crops
productions in farms by their allelopathic effects. Redroot
pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) is the most
common weed in Iran with well-known allelopathic potential.
In the presented experiment, the allelopathic
effects of redroot pigweed on germination and growth of four
important crop species including cucumber (Cucumis
sativus L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), common
bean (Phaseulus vulgaris L.) and bread wheat (Triticum
aestivum L.) was studied. The effect of different
concentrations of
redroot
pigweed leachate on seed germination and seedlings growth
parameters
of tested plants was significant, but not same in
all studied species. Bread wheat and
cucumber were more resistance in seed germination stage in
comparison to common bean and alfalfa. Except alfalfa, all
plant species showed certain rate of resistance in the most
measured parameters. According to the obtained results,
bread wheat and common bean were the most resistant species,
cucumber was resistant at low concentration but sensitive at
high concentration, and alfalfa was the most sensitive
species to the redroot pigweed leachate treatments.
Therefore, the cultivation of resistant plant species (such
as bread wheat and common bean plants) in the regions with
redroot pigweed’s invasion is appropriate way in management
of the farms.
Key words:
allelopathy, redroot
pigweed, resistance, crop species, leachate concentration
IZVLEČEK
ALELOPATIČNI UČINEK NAVADNEGA ŠČIRA (Amaranthus
retroflexus L.) NA KALITEV IN RAST
KUMAR, LUCERNE, NAVADNEGA FIŽOLA IN KRUŠNE PŠENICE
Alelopatija je ena izmed
najpomembnejših interakcij med rastlinami. Pleveli lahko
zmanjšajo pridelek zaradi njihovih alelopatičnih učinkov.
Navadni ščir (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) je v Iranu
najpogostejši plevel z dobro znanim alelopatičnim učinkom. V
tej raziskavi smo preučevali alelopatski učinek navadnega
ščira na kalitev in rast štirih pomembnih kulturnih rastlin
in sicer
kumar (Cucumis sativus L.), lucerne (Medicago sativa L.),
navadnega fižola (Phaseulus vulgaris L.) in krušne
pšenice (Triticum aestivum L.). Učinek različnih
koncentracij izvlečka navadnega ščira na kalitev in rastne
parameter preiskuševanih rastlin je bil značilen toda ne
enak pri vseh rastlinah. Krušna pšenica in kumare so bile
bolj odporne na stopnji kalitve v primerjavi s fižolom in
lucerno. Z izjemo lucerne so vse preiskušene vrste pokazale
določeno odpornost pri vseh merjenih parametrih. Glede na
rezultate te raziskave sta se krušna pšenica in navadni
fižol izkaza kot najbolj odporna, kumare so bile pri manjših
koncentracijah ekstrakta navadnega ščira odporne, a
občutljive pri velikih koncentracijah. Lucerna je bila
najbolj občutljiva na izločke navadnega ščira pri vseh
obravnavanjih. Na osnovi dobljenih rezultatov priporočamo
kmetovalcem na območjih z večjim pojavljanjem navadnega
ščira gojenje nanj odpornih rastlin kot sta krušna pšenica
in navadni fižol.
Ključne besede:
alelopatija, navadni
ščir, odpornost, kmetijske rastlines, koncentracije izvlečkov
Sonication of seeds increase germination performance of
sesame under low temperature stress
Fariborz SHEKARI,
Seyyed-Hamid MUSTAFAVI, Amin ABBASI
ABSTRACT
A laboratory experiment
was conducted to determine the effect of ultrasound (US)
exposure time on germination behavior of sesame seeds. All
tests were carried out at 20 kHz in a water bath ultrasonic
device varying two factors, treatment duration (10, 20 and
30 min) and germination temperature (15, 20 and 25 ºC).
Parallel tests were run in which seeds were soaked in water
without sonication in order to eliminate the effect of water
from US test results. US treatments enhanced seeds water
uptake. At mild exposure time it improved sesame seed
germination performance and seedling growth at suboptimal
temperatures as indicated by higher germination percentage
and germination rate. US applying for 20 min had relatively
high superoxide dismutase activity; however, had not
significant differences with control and US duration for 10
min. The catalase activity was strongly increased by
applying the US for a 10 and 20 min. Among the treatments,
application of US vibration for 10 and 20 min reduced both
of malondialdehyde and H2O2 contents,
however high US duration (30 min) increased both of the
traits. In general, ultrasonic priming technique can be
useful for early planting the sesame seeds, and lead to
higher yields.
Key words:
enzyme activity,
germination performance, seedling growth, ultrasound, water
uptake
IZVLEČEK
SONIFIKACIJA
SEMEN SEZAMA Z ULTRAZVOKOM POVEČA NJIHOVO KALITEV V RAZMERAH
HLADNEGA STRESA
V laboratorijskem poskusu
smo določali učinke ultrazvoka (US) na kalitev semen sezama.
Vsi poskusi so bili izvedenei v ultrazvočni vodni kopeli s
frekvenco ultrazvoka 20 kHz , pri čemer smo spreminjali dva
dejavnika in sicer trajanje obdelave z ultrazvokom (10, 20
in 30 min) in temperaturo kalitve (15, 20 in 25 ºC).
Vzporedno so potekali poskusi, v katerih so bila semena samo
namočena v vodi brez ultrazvočne sonifikacije, da bi
odpravili učinke vode pri ultrazvočno obdelanih semenih.
Obdelava semen z ultrazvokom je v njih povečala privzem
vode. Pri srednjih obravnavanjih z ultrazvokom se je
izboljšala kalitev in rast kalic pri suboptimalnih
temperaturah, kar se je odrazilo kot večji odstotek kalitve
in njen hitrejši potek. US obdelava za 20 min je rahlo
povečala aktivnost superoksid dizmutase, vendar v primerjavi
s kontrolo in obdelavi z US 10 min ni bilo značilnih razlik.
Aktivnost katalaze se je pri obdelavah z 10 in 20 min močno
povečala. Obdelava z ultrazvokom za 10 in 20 min je
zmanjšala vsebnost malondialdehida in H2O2,
obdelava za 30 min pa je vsebnost obeh parametrov povečala.
Na splošno lahko na osnovi te raziskave povzamemo, da je
ultrasonična predobdelava semen sezama koristna tehnika za
njegovo zgodnjo setev, kar vodi v večje pridelke.
Ključne besede:
encimska aktivnost,
kalitev, rast kalic, ultrazvok, privzem vode
Effects of phosphorus fertilizer rate and Pseudomonas
fluorescens strain on field pea (Pisum
sativum
subsp. arvense (L.) Asch.)
growth and yield
Bahram SALEHI and Hashem AMINPANAH
ABSTRACT
A field experiment was
conducted at Rezvanshahr, Guilan province, Iran, to evaluate
the effects of phosphorus fertilizer rate and Pseudomonas
fluorescens strains on growth and yield of field pea
(Pisum sativum
L.).
The experimental design was a randomized complete block in a
factorial arrangement with three replicates. Factors were
phosphorus fertilizer rates (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 kg P2O5
ha-1 as triple superphosphate), and seed
inoculation with P. florescens strains [control
(non-inoculated), inoculated with strain R41, and strain
R187). Analysis of variance showed that plant height, seed
yield, pod number per m2, 100-seed weight,
biological yield, harvest index, and leaf P concentration
were significantly influenced by phosphorus fertilizer rate
and P. florescens strain. At the same time,
phosphorus fertilizer rate × P. fluorescens
strain interaction was significant only for 100-seed weight.
On the other hand, seed number per pod was significantly
affected neither by phosphorus fertilizer rate nor by
pseudomonas strains. Result showed that seed yield was
significantly increased from 1099 ± 67 to 1898 ± 118 kg ha-1
as P2O5 application rate increased
from 0 to 75 kg ha-1, and thereafter relatively
remained constant. There was no significant difference in
seed yield between plants raised from inoculated seeds with
P. fluorescens, strain R187
(1664 ± 97 kg ha-1) and those raised from
inoculated seeds with P. fluorescens,
strain R41 (1669 ± 104 kg ha-1). At
the same time, plants raised from inoculated seeds with P.
fluorescens (both strains) produced greater grain
yield compared to those raised from uninoculated seeds (1370
± 80 kg ha-1). Based on the results of this
study, P2O5 application at the rate of
75 kg ha-1 and inoculation with pseudomonas
bacteria are recommended for obtaining the greatest seed
yield in field pea.
Key words:
phosphorus, plant
growth-promoting rhizobacteria, Pisum sativum
IZVLEČEK
UČINKI GNOJENJA S FOSFORJEM IN DODATKOV SEVOV BAKTERIJE
Pseudomonas fluorescens
NA RAST IN PRIDELEK POLJSKEGA GRAHA (P.
sativum subsp. arvense
(L.) Asch.)
Z namenom ovrednotenja vplivov gnojenja z različnimi odmerki
fosfornih gnojil in dodatkov sevov bakterije Pseudomonas
fluorescens na rast in pridelek poljskega graha (P.
sativum
subsp. arvense (L.)
Asch.) je bil
izveden poljski poskus v provinci Rezvanshahr,
Guilan, Iran. Načrt poskusa je bil naključni bločni
faktorski poskus s tremi ponovitvami. Faktorji v poskusu so
bili gnojenje s fosforjem (0, 25, 50, 75 in 100 kg P2O5
ha-1, kot trojni superfosfat) in inokulacija
semen s sevi bakterije P. florescens (kontrola (ne
inokulirano), inokulirano s sevom R41 in sevom R187).
Analiza variance je pokazala, da so na parametre kot so
višina rastlin, pridelek zrnja, število strokov na m2,
masa 100-semen, biološki pridelek, žetveni indeks in
vsebnost P značilno vplivala gnojenja s fosforjem in
inokulacija s sevi bakterije
P. florescens, vendar je imelo hkratno gnojenje s fosforjem in
inokulacija s sevi bakterije P. fluorescens
značilen vpliv le
na maso 100-semen. Po drugi strani se število semen
na strok ni značilno spremenilo niti z različnimi odmerki
fosforja niti z dodatki sevov bakterij.
Rezultati so pokazali, da se je pridelek zrnja značilno
povečal od 1099 ± 67 na 1898 ± 118 kg ha-1, ko se
je uporaba P2O5 povečala iz 0 na 75 kg
ha-1, in je potem ostal relativno konstanten. Med
rastlinami, katerih semena so bila inokulirana s sevom
bakterije P. fluorescens,
R187
(1664 ± 97 kg ha-1) in tistimi, katerih semena so
bila inokulirana s sevom P. fluorescens,
R41 (1669 ± 104 kg ha-1) ni bilo
značilnih razlik v pridelku zrnja, vendar je bil pridelek
zrnja inokuliranih rastlin pri obeh sevih večji od
neinokuliranih rastlin (1370 ± 80 kg ha-1). Na
osnovi izsledkov te raziskave lahko za doseganje večjih
pridelkov poljskega graha priporočamo gnojenje s
fosforjevimi gnojili v odmerku 75 kg, P2O5
ha-1 s hkratno inokulacijo s sevi zgoraj
omenjenih bakterij.
Ključne
besede:
fosforjeva
gnojila, rast-stimulirajoče rizobakterije, Pisum sativum
Rate and duration of seed filling and yield of soybean
affected by water and radiation deficits
Kazem GHASSEMI-GOLEZANI, Javad BAKHSHI, Bahareh DALIL
ABSTRACT
Seed filling and yield of
soybean under water and radiation deficits were investigated
during 2011 and 2012. Treatments were irrigations (I1,
I2, I3 and I4 for
irrigation after 60, 90, 120 and 150 mm evaporation from
class A pan, respectively) in main plots and light
interceptions (L1: 100 %, L2: 65 % and
L3: 25 % sunlight) in sub-plots. Seeds per plant
under I1 and I2 decreased, but under I3
and I4 increased as a result of
radiation deficit. Maximum seed weight and seed filling
duration of plants under 25 % light interception (L3)
were higher than those under full sunlight (L1)
and 65 % light interception (L2). In contrast,
plants under full sunlight had the highest seed filling
rate, particularly under water stress. Seed filling duration
under severe light deficit (L3) was about 9 days
longer than that under full sunlight (L1),
leading to 15.8 % enhancement in maximum seed weight.
Decreasing seed yield of soybean under well watering and
mild water stress and improving it under moderate and severe
water deficit due to low solar radiation are directly
related with changes in seed filling duration and
consequently in seed weight and number of seeds per plant
under these conditions.
Key words:
seed filling, shading,
soybean, water deficit, yield
IZVLEČEK
POMANJKANJE VODE IN SVETLOBE VPLIVATA NA HITROST IN TRAJANJE
POLNENJA SEMEN IN PRIDELEK SOJE
Vpliv pomanjkanja vode in
svetlobe na polnenje semen in pridelek soje je bil preučevan v
poljskem poskusu v letih 2011 in 2012. Obravnavanja so bila
različni režimi namakanja (I1, I2, I3
in I4 kot namakanje po 60, 90, 120 in 150 mm
evaporacije iz razreda A) na glavnih poskusnih ploskavah in
različni svetlobni režimi (L1: 100 %, L2:
65 % in L3: 25 % delež svetlobe) na podploskvah.
Število semen na rastlino se je pri obravnavanjih I1
in I2 zmanjšalo, a se je pri obravnavanjih I3
in I4 povečalo kot posledica pomankanja svetlobe.
Največja masa semen in najdaljše trajanje polnenja semen sta
bila večja pri rastlinah, ki so rastle pri 25 % osvetlitvi (L3)
kot pri rastlinah, ki so rastle na polni (L1) in
65 % (L2) osvetlitvi.V nasprotju s tem, so imele
rastline pri polni osvetlitvi največjo hitrost polnenja semen,
še posebej ob sušnem stresu. Trajanje polnenja semen je bilo
pri večjem pomanjkanju svetlobe (L3) za 9 dni
daljše kot pri polni osvetlitvi (L1), kar je vodilo
k 15.8 % povečanju maksimalne mase semen. Zmanjšanje pridelka
semena soje pri polnem zalivanju ali blagem sušnem stresu in
njegovo povečanje pri zmernem in velikem vodnem deficitu je
bilo posledica manjše osvetlitve, kar je neposredno povezano s
spremembami v trajanju polnenja semen in posledično s
spremembami v masi semen in številu semen na rastlino v teh
razmerah.
Ključne besede:
polnenje semen, senčenje,
soja, vodni deficit, pridelek
Allelopathic effect of medicinal plant Cannabis sativa
L. on Lactuca sativa L. seed
germination
Homa MAHMOODZADEH, Mohsen GHASEMI, Hasan
ZANGANEH
ABSTRACT
In order to examine
allelopathic effect of Cannabis sativa L. on
germination capability and seedling growth of Lactuca
sativa L., a study was performed in laboratory
conditions. Treatments were set up in randomised block
design in four replications for each of four concentration
ranges of 25, 50, 75 and 100 % of aqueous extract made of
shoot parts and 4 identical extract concentrations made of
root of cannabis. Control variant was lettuce seed treated
by distilled water. During the studies shoot and seminal
root length of lettuce seedlings were measured after
treatments with different concentrations of extracts made of
root and shoot parts of cannabis, and the obtained values
were compared with the control. The obtained results suggest
that the extract from the
shoot
parts
of cannabis
in high concentrations of 75 and 100% had inhibiting effect
to the germination indices while the extract from the root
had no statistically significant effect on germination of
lettuce seeds. Extract made of root part of
cannabis
showed also stimulatory effect to shoot and seminal root
length of lettuce seedlings in extract concentrations of 50,
75 and 100 %.
Key words:
allelopathy, lettuce,
aqueous extract, cannabis, seed germination indices
IZVLEČEK
ALELOPATIČEN UČINEK KONOPLJE (Cannabis
sativa L.) NA KALITEV SEMEN VRTNE
SOLATE
(Lactuca sativa
L.)
V laboratorijskih
razmerah je bil preučevan alelopatičen učinek navadne
konoplje (Cannabis
sativa L.) na kalitev semen in rast kalic vrtne solate (Lactuca
sativa L.). Obravnavanja so bila izvedena kot naključni
bločni poskus v štirih ponovitvah z vsako od štirih
koncentracij, 25, 50, 75 in100 %, vodnega izvlečka poganjkov
in korenin konoplje. V kontrolnem poskusu so bila semena
vrtne solate tretirana na enak način z distilirano vodo.
Poleg indeksa kalitve sta bili v poskusi merjeni še dolžina
poganjkov in semenskih korenin kaleče solate. Rezultati so
pokazali, da je imel izvleček poganjkov konoplje v večjih
koncentracijah, 75 in 100 %, inhibitorni učinek na kalitveni
indeks, medtemko izvlečki iz korenin niso imeli statistično
značilnega vpliva na iste merjene parametre. Izvleček iz
korenin konoplje je imel stimulativni učinek na dolžino
poganjkov in semenskih korenin vrtne solate pri
koncentracijah 50, 75 in 100 %.
Ključne besede:
alelopatija, vrtna
solata, vodni izvleček, konoplja, kalitveni indeks
Grain, milling, and head rice yields as affected by nitrogen
rate and bio-fertilizer application
Saeed FIROUZI
ABSTRACT
To evaluate the effects
of nitrogen rate and bio-fertilizer application on grain,
milling, and head rice yields, a field experiment was
conducted at Rice Research Station of Tonekabon, Iran, in
2013. The experimental design was a factorial treatment
arrangement in a randomized complete block with three
replicates. Factors were three N rates (0, 75, and 150 kg ha-1) and two
bio-fertilizer applications (inoculation and uninoculation
with Nitroxin, a liquid bio-fertilizer containing
Azospirillum spp. and Azotobacter spp. bacteria).
Analysis of variance showed that rice grain yield, panicle
number per m2, grain number per panicle, flag
leaves area, biological yield, grains N concentration and
uptake, grain protein concentration, and head rice yield
were significantly affected by N rate, while bio-fertilizer
application had significant effect on rice grain yield,
grain number per panicle, flag leaves area, biological
yield, harvest index, grains N concentration and uptake, and
grain protein concentration. Results showed that regardless
of bio-fertilizer application, rice grain and biological
yields were significantly increased
as N
application rate increased from 0 to 75 kg ha-1,
but did not significantly increase at the higher N rate (150
kg ha-1). Grain yield was significantly increased
following bio-fertilizer application when averaged across N
rates.
Grains
N concentration and uptake were significantly increased as N
rate increased up to 75 kg ha-1, but further
increases in N rate had no significant effect on these
traits. Bio-fertilizer application increased significantly
grains N concentration and uptake, when averaged across N
rates.
Regardless of bio-fertilizer application, head rice yield
was significantly increased from 56 % to 60 % when N rate
increased from 0 to 150 kg ha-1. Therefore, this
experiment illustrated that rice grain and head yields
increased with increasing N rate, while bio-fertilizer
application increased only rice grain yield.
Key words:
nitrogen fertilizer,
plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, rice yield and yield
components
IZVLEČEK
VPLIV GNOJENJA Z
RAZLIČNIMI ODMERKI DUŠIKOVIH GNOJIL IN BIO-GNOJIL NA
PRIDELEK ZRNJA IN MLEVSKE LASTNOST RIŽA
Z namenom vrednotenja učinkov gnojenja z različnimi odmerki
dušika in uporabe bio-gnojil na pridelek riža in njegove
mlevske lastnosti je bil izveden poljski poskus na Rice
Research Station of Tonekabon, Iran, v letu 2013. Načrt
poskusa je bil faktorski naključni bločni poskus s tremi
ponovitvami. Preučevani dejavniki v poskusih so bili tri
gnojenja z različnimi odmerki dušika
(0, 75, in 150 kg ha-1) in uporaba dveh bio-gnojil
(z ali brez inolukacije z bio-gnojilom Nitroxin, tekoče
bio-gnojilo, ki vsebuje bakterije iz rodov Azospirillum
spp. in Azotobacter spp.). Analiza variance je
pokazala, da je imelo gnojenje z dušikom značilen učinek na
pridelek zrnja riža, število latov na m2, število
zrn na lat, površino najvišjega lista (zastavarja), biološki
pridelek, privzem in vsebnost N v zrnju, vsebnost beljakovin v
zrnju in pridelek oluščenega riža, uporaba bio-gnojil pa je
imela značilen vpliv le na pridelek zrna riža, število zrn na
lat, površino najvišjega lista, biološki pridelek, žetveni
indeks, privzem in vsebnost N v zrnju in vsebnost beljakovin v
zrnju. Rezultati raziskave so pokazali, da sta se pridelek
zrnja riža in njegov biološki pridelek povečala ne glede na
uporabo bio-gnojil, ko se je gnojenje z dušikom povečalo z 0
na
75 kg ha-1, vendar gnojenje z večjimi odmerki N
(150 kg ha-1) ni imelo značilnega vpliva na
povečanje teh dveh parametrov. Pridelek zrnja se je značilno
povečal pri uporabi bio-gnojil pri vseh odmerkih dušika.
Vsebnost in privzem N v zrnje sta se značilno povečala pri
povečanju gnojenja z dušikom iz 0 na75
kg ha-1, vendar nadaljna povečanja gnojenja z N
niso imela značilnega vpliva na ta parametra. Uporaba
bio-gnojil je značilno povečala vsebnost in privzem N v zrnju
pri vseh odmerkih dušika. Ne glede na uporabo bio-gnojil, se
je pridelek oluščenega riža značilno povečal iz
56 % na 60 %, ko se je gnojenje z N povečalo z 0 na 150 kg ha-1.
Izsledki te raziskave kažejo, da se je pridelek zrnja riža in
oluščenega riža povečal z večjim gnojenjem z dušikom, uporaba
bio-gnojil pa je povečala le pridelek zrnja.
Ključne besede:
dušikova gnojila,
rast stimulirajoče rizobakterije, pridelek riža in njegove
komponente
Genetic analysis of agro-morphological traits in promising
hybrids of
sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
Maryam GOLABADI,
Pooran
GOLKAR,
Mohammad Reza SHAHSAVARI
ABSTRACT
The main objective
underlying sunflower breeding programs is to develop
high-yielding productive F1 hybrid cultivars.
This study was conducted to investigate the genetic control
of some agro-morphological traits of new sunflower F1
hybrids. For this purpose, fourteen inbred lines of
sunflower were crossed with three male sterile inbred lines.
Their hybrids (14 hybrids) were then evaluated against three
control cultivars. The data thus obtained were analyzed
using the nested model (North Carolina Design І) as a
completely randomized block design (CRBD) with four
replications. Analysis of variance showed that the hybrids
were significantly different in all the traits studied,
except for head and stem diameters. From among the hybrids
evaluated, Cms19 × Rn1-81 was found to have the highest seed
yield and oil content. Cluster analysis classified the
hybrids into four different groups. Genetic analysis showed
that days to maturity, seed weight, and oil content (%) were
under the additive gene action. Breeding strategies based on
selection could be suggested for the improvement of these
traits. Head angle, head diameter, seed yield, and oil yield
were under the dominance gene action; breeding based on
hybridization methods is, therefore, proposed for these
traits. Finally, both additive and dominance gene actions
were observed to play important roles in the genetic control
of plant height and stem diameter.
Key words:
additive, dominance
effect, evaluation of hybrids, oil content, sunflower, yield
IZVLEČEK
GENETSKA ANALIZA AGRO-MORFOLOŠKIH LASTNOSTI PRI OBETAJOČIH
KRIŽANCIH NAVADNE SONČNICE (Helianthus
annuus L.)
Glavni cilj
žlahniteljskih programov navadne sončnice je razvoj visoko
produktivnih F1 hibridnih sort. V raziskavi smo
preučevali genetsko kontrolo nekaterih agro-morfoloških
lastnosti nekaterih novih F1 hibridov navadne
sončnice. V ta namen smo opravili križanja 14 inbridiranih
linij navadne sončnice s tremi moško sterilnimi inbridiranimi
linijami. Dobljeni križanci (14 hibridov) so bili ovrednoteni
glede na tri kontrolne sorte. Tako pridobljeni podatki so bili
analizirani z vgnezdenim modelom (North Carolina Design І) v
bločni zasnovi s štirimi ponovitvami. Analiza variance je
pokazala, da so bili križanci značilno različni v vseh
preučevanih lastnostih, z izjemo premera koška in premera
stebla. Izmed ovrednotenih križancev je imel križanec Cms19 ×
Rn1-81 največji pridelek semena in največjo vsebnost olja.
Klastrska analiza je razvrstila križance v štiri skupine.
Genetska analiza je pokazala, da so bile lastnosti, kot so
število dni do zrelosti, masa semena in vsebnost olja (%), pod
aditivno gensko kontrolo. Za izboljšanje teh lastnosti
priporočamo žlahniteljsko strategijo zasnovano na selekciji.
Lastnosti kot so naklon koška, premer koška, pridelek semena
in pridelek olja so bile dominantno dedovane, zato za te
lastnosti priporočamo žlahtnenje na osnovi križanja. Pri
lastnostih kot sta višina stebla in njegov primer smo opazili
pomembni vlogi tako aditivnega kot dominantnega delovanja
genov.
Ključne besede:
aditivno dominantni
učinki genov, vrednotenje križancev, navadna sončnica,
pridelek, vsebnost olja
Insecticidal activity of three plants extracts against
Myzus persicae (Sulzer, 1776) and their phytochemical
screening
Billal NIA, Naama FRAH and Imane AZOUI
ABSTRACT
To reduce the use of
synthetic pesticides and their negative effects on the
environment, leaves extracts of Artemisia herba-alba
Asso, Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh and
Rosmarinus officinalis L. were obtained with petroleum
ether, ethanol and distilled water as solvents. These
extracts were evaluated under laboratory conditions for
their insecticidal effect against 3 to 4 days-old Myzus
persicae individuals (Homoptera: Aphididae) at 1, 2.5,
5, and 10 %. We made observations after 24 hours. Etheric
extract of all plants was effective and caused mortalities
(100 %, 53 % and 60 % respectively) at the highest
concentration. However, ethanolic and aqueous extracts did
not show any significant insecticidal effect. The
phytochemical screening showed the richness of etheric
extract in terpenes. The results obtained suggest that we
can make bioinsecticides based on leaves etheric extracts
from these plants for use in integrated pest management.
Key words:
Artemisia herba-alba, botanical insecticides, Myzus persicae,
Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Rosmarinus officinalis
IZVLEČEK
INSEKTICIDNO DELOVANJE IZVLEČKOV TREH RASTLIN NA LISTNO UŠ
Myzus persicae
(Sulzer,
1776) IN NJIHOVA FITOKEMIČNA ANALIZA
Z namenom zmanjševanja
negativnih učinkov sintetičnih pesticidov na okolje so bili
narejeni izvlečki listov s petroletrom, etanolom in
distilirano vodo iz naslednjih treh rastlin Artemisia
herba-alba Asso, Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.
in Rosmarinus officinalis L.. Insekticidni učinki teh
izvlečkov so bili ovrednoteni v laboratorijskih razmerah na
3 do 4 dni starih osebkih listnih uši vrste Myzus
persicae (Sulzer,
1776), Homoptera: Aphididae) v 1, 2.5, 5, in 10 %
razredčitvah. Opazovanja so bila opravljena 24 ur po
uporabi. Učinkoviti so bili izvlečki s petroletrom vseh
rastlin, ki so povzročili smrtnost (100 %, 53 % in 60 %) pri
največjih koncentracijah. Etanolni in vodni ekstrakti niso
imeli značilnega insekticidnega delovanja. Fitokemična
analiza ekstraktov je pokazala veliko vsebnost terpenov v
izvlečkih, dobljenih s petroletrom. Rezultati raziskave
nakazujejo, da lahko naredimo bioinsekticide iz analiziranih
rastlin na osnovi izvlečkov s petroletrom in jih uporabimo v
integriranem varstvu rastlin.
Ključne besede:Artemisia herba-alba, botanični insekticidi, Myzus persicae,
Eucalyptus camaldulensis, Rosmarinus officinalis
Effect of pre-chilling and environmental factors on
breaking seed dormancy and germination of three foxtail
species
Vajihe AMINI, Faezeh
ZAEFARIAN, Mohammad REZVANI
ABSTRACT
The effect of wet and dry
pre-chilling duration, pH, osmotic stress, salt stress and
planting depth on seed germination and seedling emergence of
three foxtail species (Setaria glauca,
S. verticillata and S. viridis) was
investigated in a series of laboratory and greenhouse
experiments. Both wet and dry pre-chilling for 45 days
promoted seed germination of S. glauca compared with
the control. Pre-chilling was not significantly effective in
seed dormancy breaking of S. viridis and S.
verticillata. The maximum germination of foxtails (S.
verticillata, S. viridis) was obtained when seeds were
treated with pH 7 buffer solution. Increasing of osmotic and
salt stress decreased seed germination of foxtails.
Setaria verticillata seed germination was more
tolerant than those of S. glauca and S. viridis
to high water stress condition. Setaria glauca and
S. verticillata seed germination were more tolerant to
high salinity stress than S. viridis. Seedling
emergence decreased with increasing the burial depth and no
germination observed at 8 cm soil depth.
Key words:
osmotic and salt stress,
seed depth burial. germination, S. glauca, S.
verticillata and S. viridis
IZVLEČEK
UČINKI HLADNEGA PREDTRETIRANJA IN OKOLJSKIH DEJAVNIKOV NA
PREKINITEV DORMANCE IN KALITEV TREH VRST MUHVIČEV
Učinki trajanja mokrega
in suhega hladnega predtretiranja, pH, ozmotskega in solnega
stresa ter globine setve na kalitev in vznik so bili
preučevani pri treh vrstah muhviča (sivozeleni muhvič-
Setaria pumila (Poir.) Roem. & Schult.( = S. glauca auct.).,
vretenčasti muhvič - S. verticillata
(L.) P. Beauv. in zeleni muhvič - S. viridis
(L.) P. Beauv.)
v rastlinjaku in laboratoriju. Mokro in suho hladno
predtretiranje v trajanju 45 dni je pospešilo kalitev semen
sivozelenega muhviča v primerjavi s kontrolo. Isto
obravnavanje ni imelo značilnega vpliva na prekinitev dormance
semen pri zelenem in vretenčastem muhviču. Največja kalitev
muhvičev (S.
verticillata, S. viridis) je bila dosežena pri semenih,
tretiranih s pufersko raztopino s pH 7. Povečanje ozmotskega
in solnega stresa je zmanjšalo kalitev vseh vrst muhvičev
Semena vretenčastega muhviča so bila bolj odporna na večji
sušni stress kot semena zelenega in sivozelenega muhviča.
Semena
sivozelenega in vretenčastega muhviča so bila bolj odporna na
velik slanostni stress kot semena zelenega muhviča. Vznik vseh
treh vrst muhvičev se je zmanjševal s povečevanjem globine
setve, na globini 8 cm kalitve ni bilo.
Ključne besede:
ozmotski in solni stress,
globina setve, kalitev, Setaria pumila, S.
verticillata and S. viridis
Simulation of herbage yield and growth components of
Cock’s foot (Dactylis
glomerata L.) in Jablje using the calibrated
LINGRA-N model
Tjaša POGAČAR,
Lučka
KAJFEŽ-BOGATAJ
ABSTRACT
In the study the
previously calibrated LINGRA-N model was used for a long
term simulation
(1964–2013)
of the herbage dry matter
yield (GRASS) and
growth analysis of Cock’s foot (Dactylis
glomerata L.) in Jablje. Changes in the yearly
GRASS variability are reflected in the appearance of outliers in the
second half of the study period. The biggest reductions in
GRASS are seen in
the years 1992, 1993 and 2003. These are the driest years
according to meteorological variables (high maximum and
minimum air temperatures, low precipitation) and also
according to the simulations, with the lowest reduction
factor for crop growth due to drought. The potential yield (YIELD)
is not linearly dependent on meteorological variables. Some
growth components were compared on a daily basis in a dry
year (1993) and an average year (1994).
In 1993, for instance, 53 % of photosynthetically active
radiation was intercepted, against 75 % in 1994. Seasonal
development of the actual soil moisture content was linked
to the development of the leaf area index and consequently
to the mass of green leaves, to the roots mass, to the mass
of dead leaves and to
GRASS. The results highlight the need for further
research, on field and with simulations. As regards the
latter, we have to keep in mind that they inevitably involve
various uncertainties.
Key words:
simulation, LINGRA-N,
cock’s foot, herbage yield, drought, growth analysis
IZVLEČEK
SIMULACIJA
PRIDELKA ZELINJA IN KOMPONET RASTI NAVADNE PASJE TRAVE (Dactylis glomerata L.) V JABLJAH Z
UMERJENIM MODELOM LINGRA-N
Predhodno umerjen model LINGRA-N smo uporabili za
simulacijo pridelka suhega zelinja (GRASS)
in komponent rasti navadne pasje trave (Dactylis
glomerata L.) v 50-letnem obdobju (1964–2013) v Jabljah.
Izkazalo se je, da so se v drugi polovici obravnavanega
obdobja pri simulacijah
GRASS na letni
ravni začeli pojavljati osamelci.
GRASS je bil
najmanjši v letih 1992, 1993 in 2003. To so tudi najbolj
suha leta, tako na podlagi meteoroloških spremenljivk kot
tudi na podlagi simuliranega faktorja zmanjšanja rasti
zaradi suše. Potencialni pridelek (YIELD)
ni linearno odvisen od meteoroloških spremenljivk. Določene
komponente rasti smo na dnevni skali primerjali v sušnem
letu 1993 in povprečnem 1994. V letu 1993 je bilo na primer
prestreženega fotosintetsko aktivnega sevanja 53 %, v letu
1994 pa 75 %. Razvoj stanja vode v tleh tekom leta smo
povezali z razvojem indeksa listne površine ter posledično z
razvojem mase zelenih listov, mase korenin, mase odmrlih
listov in GRASS.
Rezultati opozarjajo na pomembnost nadaljnjih raziskav, tako
poljskih poskusov kot tudi modelskih simulacij. Pri slednjih
se moramo zavedati, da nosijo s seboj negotovosti iz
različnih virov.
Ključne besede:
adaptacija,
modeliranje, LINGRA-N, navadna pasja trava, pridelek
travne ruše, suša, analiza rasti
Study of relationship between soybean (Glycine max
(L.) Merr.)planting spatial arrangements and velvetleaf
(Abutilon theophrasti L.) population dynamic
Hamid SALEHIAN,
Maryam
NAJAFIANJ
ABSTRACT
The velvetleaf is an
important annual weed in the Mazandaran province, Iran.
Seeds are the only way of propagation and renewal of this
weed. More knowledge was gained regarding soil seed bank and
its seed production to improve the management of the
velvetleaf weed in the future. There is a minimal
information concerning the impact of the soybean planting
pattern on the dynamics of the velvetleaf population. For
this reason two different fields have been studied with the
cooperation of the Agriculture Discipline of the Islamic
Azad University, in Qaemshahr, Iran, during 2009 and 2012.
In this study the effect of two types of soybean row spacing
were used, 50 cm-wide and 36 cm - narrow, and
three emergences of the velvetleaf weed population (periods
0-10, 10-20 and 20-30 days after soybean sowing were
implemented) were studied. Seed production, leaf area and
dry matter increased in each plant population of the
velvetleaf weed in the 50-cm soybean rows. Mortality rates
were decreased in velvetleaf’s seedling population in the
wider spaced rows. By observation it was seen an increased
production of seeds in the first batch of seedlings. It
appears that we must remove the first weed emergence flushes
within three to four weeks after the soybean emergence to
prevent reduced yields in the soybean crop and further
increase of the velvetleaf seed bank.
Key words:
row spacing, cohort,
velvetleaf, soybean
IZVLEČEK
PREUČEVANJE RAZMERJA MED PROSTORSKO UREDITVIJO SETVE SOJE (Glycine
max (L.) Merr.) IN POPULACIJSKO
DINAMIKO BRŽUNASTEGA OSLEZOVCA (Abutilon
theophrasti L.)
Bržunasti oslezovec je
pomemben enoletni plevel v provinci Mazandaran, Iran. Njegovo
razmnoževanje je izključno s semeni. V raziskavi so bila
pridobljena nova spoznanja o semenski banki in produkciji
semena za izboljšanje uravnavanja bržunastega oslezovca v
bodoče. Malo je informacij, ki se nanašajo na vpliv načina
setve soje na dinamiko polpulacij bržunastega oslezovca. V ta
namen sta bili v sodelovanju z Agriculture Discipline of the
Islamic Azad University, Qaemshahr, Iran, v letih 2009 in 2012
preučevani dve polji, na katerih sta bila preučevana načina
setve soje v vrstah s širšim razmikom, 50 cm, in v vrstah z
ožjim razmikom, 36 cm, na vznik populacij bržunastega
oslezovca v treh različnih obdobjih po setvi soje (0-10, 10-20
in 20-30 dni). Produkcija semena, listna površina in vsebnost
suhe snovi so se povečali v vsaki naslednji populaciji
bržunastega oslezovca pri setvi soje v vrstah s širšim, 50 cm
razmikom. Mortaliteta kalic bržunastega oslezovca se je pri
tem načinu setve soje iz populacije v populacijo zmajševala.
Pri tem smo opazili povečano produkcijo semena rastlin
bržunstega oslezovca, ki so vzkalile v prvem obdobju po setvi
soje. Iz tega lahko zaključimo, da je potrebno zatiranje
plevelov v prvem obdobju po setvi soje, to je v treh do štirih
tednih po vzniku soje, če hočemo preprečiti zmanjšanje
pridelka soje in nadaljne povečevanje semena bržunastega
oslezovca v semenski banki. Neupoštevanje širine razmika med
vrstami pri setvi soje kaže na pomen tega dejavnika pri
uravnavanju populacij te plevelne vrste.
Ključne besede:
razporeditev vrst setve,
kohorte, bržunasti oslezovec, soja
Carrot (Daucus
carota L. ssp.
sativus
(Hoffm.) Arcang.) as source of antioxidants
Judita BYSTRICKÁ,
Petra
KAVALCOVÁ,
Janette MUSILOVÁ, Alena VOLLMANNOVÁ, Tomáš TÓTH,
Marianna LENKOVÁ
ABSTRACT
Carrot (Daucus carota
L.
ssp. sativus (Hoffm.)
Arcang.) is a significant source of vitamins (A, B, C) and
beta carotene. Further it contains vitamins B, C, E, H,
folic acid and pantothenic acid. Carrot is an important
source of trace elements (K, Na, Ca, Mg, P, S, Mn, Fe, Cu
and Zn). Consumption of carrot improves eyesight, lowers
cholesterol and improves digestion. In this work we
evaluated and compared content of total polyphenols,
ß-caroteneand antioxidant activity in five varieties of
carrot (’Jitka’, Kardila’,
̓Katlen ̓, ̓Rubína’ and ̓Koloseum ̓)
Samples of carrot were collected at full maturity
stages from area of Bardejov. Samples of fresh carrot were
homogenized (25 g) in 50 ml 80 % ethanol and analysed after
sixteen hours. The content of the total polyphenols was
determined by using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (FCR). The
content of ß-carotene was determined spectrophotometricaly
at 450 nm. Antioxidant activity was measured using a
compound DPPH˙ (2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) at 515.6 nm
using spectrophotometer. Total polyphenols content in
samples ranged from 81.25 ± 13.11 mg/kg to 113.69 ± 11.57
mg/kg and content of ß-carotenes ranged from 24.58 ± 2.38
mg/kg to 124.28 ± 3.54 mg/kg. We also evaluated and compared
the antioxidant activity in selected varieties of carrot,
which varied from 6.88 ± 0.92 % to 9.83 ± 0.62 %.
Statistically significant the highest value of total
polyphenols was recorded in variety of Koloseum (113.69 ±
11.57 mg/kg).
This variety is also characterized by the highest content of
ß- carotene (124.28 ± 3.54 mg/kg )as well as the highest
value of antioxidant activity (9.83 ± 0.62 %).
Key words:
carrot, cultivar,
ß-carotenes, polyphenols, antioxidant activity
IZVLEČEK
KORENJE (Daucus
carota L. ssp.
sativus
(Hoffm.) Arcang.) KOT VIR ANTIOKSIDANTOV
Korenje (Daucus carota
L. ssp. sativus (Hoffm.)
Arcang.) je pomemben vir vitaminov (A, B, C) in beta karotena.
Dodatno vsebuje vitamine B, C, E, H, folno in pantotentsko
kislino. Korenje je tudi pomemben vir elementov v sledeh kot
so K, Na, Ca, Mg, P, S, Mn, Fe, Cu in Zn. Uživanje korenja
izboljšuje vid, zmanjšuje količino holesterola in izboljšuje
prebavo. V tej raziskavi smo ovrednotili in primerjali
vsebnost celokupnih polifenolov, beta karotena in
antioksidacijsko aktivnost v petih sortah korenja (’Jitka’,
‘Kardila’, ̓Katlen ̓, Rubína’ and ̓Koloseum’). Vzorci korenja
so bili nabrani ob tehnološki zrelosti na območju Bardejova.
Vzorci svežega korenja so bili homogenizirani (25 g) v 50 ml
80 % etanola in analizirani po 16 urah. Vsebnost celokupnih
polifenolov je bila določena z uporabo Folin-Ciocalteu
reagenta (FCR). Vsebnost beta karotena je bila določena
spektrofotometrično pri 450 nm. Tudi antioksidacijaka
aktivnost je bila izmerjana spektrometrično z uporabo DPPH˙
(2.2-difeenil-1-pikcrilhidrazil) pri 515.6 nm. Vsebnost
celukopnih polifenolov v vzorcih je bila med 81.25 ± 13.11
mg/kg in 113.69 ± 11.57 mg/kg, vsebnost ß-karotena pa med
24.58 ± 2.38 mg/kg in 124.28 ± 3.54 mg/kg. Ovrednotili in
primerjali smo tudi antioksidacijsko aktivnost v izbranih
sortah korenja, ki je bila med 6.88 ± 0.92 % in 9.83 ± 0.62 %.
Največjo, statistično značilno vsebnost polifenolov smo
izmerili pri sorti Koloseum (113.69 ± 11.57 mg/kg).
Ta sorta
je bila značilna tudi po največji vsebnosti ß- karotena
(124.28 ± 3.54 mg/kg) kot tudi po največji antioksidacijski
aktivnosti (9.83 ± 0.62 %).
Ključne besede:
korenje, sorta,
ß-karoten, polifenoli, antioksidacijska aktivnost
The effects of planting arrangement and phosphate
biofertilizer on soybean under different weed
interference periods
G. R. MOHAMMADI, S.
CHATRNOUR, S. JALALI-HONARMAND and D. KAHRIZI
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of planting
arrangement and phosphate biofertilizer on soybean yield and
yield components under different weed interference periods
at the Agricultural Research Farm of Razi University,
Kermanshah, west Iran. The experiment was a factorial with
three factors arranged in a randomized complete block design
with four replications. The first factor was planting
arrangement (50 and 5 cm (P1) or 25 and 10 cm (P2) for
inter-row and inter-plant spacings, respectively), the
second factor was phosphate biofertilizer (no-inoculation
(I0) and inoculation (I1)) and the third factor was weed
treatment (full season weed-free condition (W0), weedy
condition until soybean 4-trifoliate stage (W1), weedy
condition until soybean flowering stage (W2) and full season
weedy condition (W3)). Results revealed that the highest
soybean yield occurred when weeds were controlled throughout
the growing season and soybean was planted at the inter-row
and inter-plant spacings of 25 and 10 cm, respectively (P2)
whether phosphate biofertilizer was used or not. For both
planting arrangements, full season weedy condition at the
lack of the biofertilizer led to the lowest soybean yield
produced. Weed biomass was not significantly affected by use
of biofertilizer. The highest weed biomass was established
in plots without weed control throughout the whole growing
season and soybean was planted in a wider row spacing and a
less uniform spatial arrangement (P1). Moreover, For W2 and
W3 treatments, soybean planted in a narrower row spacing and
a more uniform spatial arrangement (P2) produced a notable
lower weed biomass, so that, this planting arrangement
reduced weed biomass by 31.8 and 31.7 % in W2 and W3,
respectively as compared to the P1 planting arrangement. It
can be concluded that soybean planting in a more uniform
spatial arrangement via a narrower row spacing can
significantly improve soybean yield and suppress weeds.
Phosphate biofertilizer had no significant effect on soybean
yield when soybean was planted as the P2 and weeds were
controlled throughout the growing season.
Key words:
Glycine max,
phosphate biofertilizer, planting arrangement, soybean
yield, weed control
IZVLEČEK
UČINKI NAČINOV SETVE IN UPORABE FOSFORJEVIH
BIO-GNOJIL NA PRIDELEK SOJE OD ČASOVNO RAZLIČNIH ZATIRANJ
PLEVELOV
V raziskavi, ki je bila izvedena na Agricultural Research
Farm, Razi University, Kermanshah, zahodni Iran, so bili
ovrednoteni učinki prostorske razporeditve rastlin (načinov
setve) in uporabe fosforjevih bio-gnojil na pridelek soje in
njegove komponente pri različnih zapleveljenostih. Poskus je
bil zasnovan kot naključni bločni, trifaktorski poskus s
štirimi ponovitvami. Prvi preučevani dejavnik je bila
razporeditev rastlin v odvisnosti od načina setve, 50 in 5 cm
(P1) ali 25 in 10 cm (P2), kot razdalji setve med vrstami in
znotraj vrste. Drugi dejavnik je bila uporaba fosforjevih
bio-gnojil (brez inokulacije (I0) in z inokulacijo (I1)) in
tretji je bilo obravnavanje s pleveli (cela sezona brez
plevelov (W0), zapleveljeno do stopnje razvoja, ko ima soja 4
trojnate liste (W1), zapleveljeno do začetka cvetenja soje
(W2) in zapleveljeno celo rastno sezono (W3). Rezultati so
pokazali, da je bil pridelek soje največji pri zatiranju
plevelov skozi celo rastno sezono in ko je bila soja posejana
v vrstah s 25 cm razmikom in z 10 cm razdaljo med rastlinami v
vrsti (P2), ne glede na uporabo fosforjeva bio-gnojila.
Zapleveljenost celo sezono in odsotnost gnojenja z bio-gnojili
je dala ne glede na način setve najmanjši pridelek. Uporaba
bio-gnojil ni značilno vplivala na biomaso plevelov. Največja
biomasa plevelov je bila, kadar ti niso bili zatirani celo
rastno sezono in, ko je bila soja posejana v vrstah s širšim
razmikom, torej z manj enakomerno prostorsko razporeditvijo
(P1). Pri obravnavanjih W2 in W3, ko je bila soja posejana v
vrstah z manjšim razmikom in so bile rastline bolj enakomerno
razporejene (P2), so imeli pleveli opazno manjšo biomaso.
Takšni razporeditvi rastlin soje (W2 in W3) sta zmanjšali
biomaso plevelov za 31.8 in 31.7 %, v primerjavi z
raporeditvijo pri obravnavanju P1. Zaključimo lahko, da setev
soje v vrstah z ožjim razmikom značilno poveča njen pridelek
in zavre rast plevelov. Uporaba fosforjevih bio-gnojil ni
imela značilnega vpliva na pridelek soje, kadar je bila ta
posejana v vrstah z ožjim razmikom, P2, in če so bili pleveli
nadzorovani celo rastno sezono.
Ključne besede:
Glycine max,
fosforjeva bio-gnijila, razporeditev rastlin, pridelek soje,
nadzor plevelov
Prva najdba parazitoidne ose
Trichogramma
brassicae Bezdenko, 1968 (Hymenoptera,
Trichogrammatidae) v Sloveniji
Tanja BOHINC, Stefan SCHMIDT,
Juan Carlos MONJE, Stanislav TRDAN
IZVLEČEK
V prispevku predstavljamo parazitoidno oso, katero
smo v Sloveniji prvič našli avgusta 2014, in sicer v jajčnem
leglu kapusove sovke (Mamestra
brassicae) na zelju. Parazitoidna osa
Trichogrammma
brassicae spada med jajčne parazitoide in je znana kot
naravni sovražnik metuljev (Lepidoptera). Prvotno so
omenjeno parazitoidno oso uporabljali za zatiranje koruzne
vešče (Ostrinia
nubilalis), pozneje pa je pridobila na pomenu tudi pri
biotičnem zatiranju nekaterih ostalih gospodarsko pomembnih
škodljivih vrst metuljev. S prvo potrditvijo zastopanosti
T. brassicae v
Sloveniji je izpolnjen prvi pogoj za njeno uvrstitev na
Seznam domorodnih vrst organizmov za namen biotičnega
varstva rastlin in s tem za njeno praktično uporabo pri
biotičnem zatiranju škodljivih metuljev pri nas.
Ključne
besede:
Trichogramma brassicae, jajčni
parazitoidi, biotično varstvo rastlin, gosenice
ABSTRACT
FIRST RECORD OF PARASITIC WASP
Trichogramma brassicae BEZDENKO, 1968
(Hymenoptera, Trichogrammatidae) IN SLOVENIA
The paper presents the parasitic wasp, which
occurrence in Slovenia was first confirmed in August 2014 on
egg layers of cabbage moth (Mamestra
brassicae) from cabbage. The wasp
Trichogrammma brassicae
belongs among egg parasitoids and it is especially known as
biological control agent of lepidopteran pests. In the
beginning the wasp was used for controlling European corn
borer (Ostrinia
nubilalis), later it becomes an important biological
control agent of some other economically important
lepidopteran pests. With the first confirmation of occurrence
of T. brassicae in
Slovenia first condition for its placing on the List of
indegenous biological control agents - it contains the
organisms which practical use in Slovenia is allowed - is
fulfilled.
Key
words:
Trichogramma brassicae, egg
parasitoids, biological control, caterpillars
Možnosti okoljsko sprejemljivega zatiranja ameriškega
škržatka (Scaphoideus
titanus Ball, 1932)
Žiga LAZNIK, Stanislav TRDAN
izvleček
Ameriški škržatek
(Scaphoideus
titanus
Ball, 1932) je žuželka iz družine malih škržatkov
(Cicadellidae), izvorno razširjena po Severni Ameriki. Vrsta
je bila vnešena v Evropo, kjer napada vinsko trto in je znana
predvsem kot prenašalec fitoplazme
Grapevine
Flavescence dorée (FD) (Candidatus
Phytoplasma vitis), ki povzroča bolezen zlato trsno rumenico.
Ameriški škržatek je bil v Sloveniji prvič najden leta 1983 na
Primorskem.
Zlata trsna rumenica je bila v Sloveniji potrjena
leta 2005.
Za zatiranje ameriškega škržatka se uporabljajo insekticidi, saj žuželka
zaenkrat nima učinkovitih naravnih sovražnikov, ki bi lahko
zmanjšali populacijo pod gospodarski prag škodljivosti.
Nekateri raziskovalci so mnenja, da je na obeh celinah
(Severna Amerika, Evropa) številčnost naravnih sovražnikov
ameriškega škržatka zelo majhna. Iz ZDA poročajo, da nekateri
parazitoidi (Drynidae: Hymenoptera in Pipunculidae: Diptera)
parazitirajo ameriškega škržatka, vendar je odstotek
učinkovitosti zelo majhen (od 1,3 do 0,8 %). Med načine
integriranega varstva vinske trte pred množičnim pojavom
ameriškega škržatka so doslej uporabljali metode zbeganja,
termoterapije in privabilne posevke.
Ključne besede:
ameriški
škržatek, Scaphoideus titanus, biotično varstvo rastlin, integrirano varstvo
rastlin
ABSTRACT
POSSIBILITIES OF ENVIRONMENTALLY ACCEPTABLE CONTROL
METHODS
OF AMERICAN GRAPEVINE LEAFHOPPER (Scaphoideus
titanus Ball, 1932)
The American Grapevine Leafhopper (AGL) (Scaphoideus
titanus Ball, 1932) is
a small insect of the family leafhoppers
(Cicadellidae), originally spread across North America. Specie
has been introduced to Europe, where is known primarily as a
vector of phytoplasma Grapevine flavescence dorée (FD), (Candidatus
Phytoplasma vitis), a disease-causing grapevine yellows.
AGL was
first found in Slovenia in
1983.
First occurrence of grapevine yellows was confirmed in
Slovenia in 2005.
Since no effective biological control agents are known to date, AGL
populations are suppressed using insecticides during the host
plant's growth period.
Some
researchers reported that it is in both continents (North
America, Europe) abundance of natural enemies of the
AGL
very small. Researchers reported that some
parasitoids (Drynidae: Hymenoptera and Pipunculidae: Diptera)
parasitize the
AGL, but the percentage of efficiency is very low (from
1.3 to 0.8 %). Among the methods of integrated pest management
of AGL methods of mating disruption, thermotherapy, and cover
crops are used.
Kwy
words:
The American Grapevine Leafhopper,
Scaphoideus titanus,
biological control, integrated pest management
Deficitni princip namakanja oljčnih nasadov v Slovenski
Istri
Maja PODGORNIK, Dunja
BANDELJ
izvleček
Oljka je
anatomsko-morfološko in fiziološko zelo dobro prilagojena na
pomanjkanje vode v tleh. Kljub temu lahko vodni primanjkljaj
vpliva na slabšo rast in rodnost oljk, v kolikor se pojavi v
fazi razvoja (med rastjo poganjkov, razvojem cvetnih brstov,
cvetenjem, nastavljanjem plodov, delitvijo in rastjo celic ter
akumulacijo olja), ki je za sušni stres najbolj občutljiva.
Slovenska Istra se sooča s povečanim tveganjem pojava suš,
zaradi česar bo kontrolirano deficitno namakanje oljk postalo
nepogrešljiv element kmetijske prakse.
Ključne besede:
oljka, namakanje, rast,
pridelek, evapotranspiracija, sušni stres
ABSTRACT
DEFICIT IRRIGATION PRINCIPLES APPLIED TO OLIVE
ORCHARD IN SLOVENE ISTRIA
The olive tree has
anatomical-morphological
and physiological adaptations which enable it to cope well
with dry conditions and water deficits. However, if water
shortage occurs during the development phases (shoot growth,
flower bud development, bloom, fruit set, cell division and
enlargement and oil accumulation), which are the most
susceptible to stress, it can also have a negative effect on
the growth and productivity of olive trees. The Slovenian
Istria is facing with increased risk of drought. Due to
increased occurrence and intensity of agricultural droughts
controlled deficit irrigation will become an inevitable
element of agricultural practice in Slovene Istria.
Kwy
words:
olive, irrigation, growth,
yield, evapotranspiration, drought stress
Namerno sproščanje gensko spremenjenih rastlin v okolje
v Sloveniji
Zlata LUTHAR
izvleček
Namerno sproščanje gensko spremenjenih višjih
rastlin (GSVR) v okolje je v Sloveniji regulirano z Zakonom
o ravnanju z gensko spremenjenimi organizmi (ZRGSO) Ur. l.
RS 23/2005 in 21/2010, III. poglavje. Za vsako namerno
sproščanje GSR v okolje je potrebno pridobiti dovoljenje, ki
ga izda Ministrstvo za okolje in prostor (MOP). Vloga oz.
prijava mora vsebovati zelo natančen in kompleksen opis GSR,
njivo, kjer bo sproščena GSR in širšo okolico oz. okolje.
Prijavo sestavlja Priloga 2 z dodatki: 1. Del A (tehnični
podatki za izdajo dovoljenja za namerno sproščanje GSR v
okolje); 2. Del B (ocena okoljskega tveganja); 3. Povzetek
prijave za sproščanje GSR v slovenskem in angleškem jeziku,
ki ga MOP posreduje v Bruselj in 4. Izpis za njivo iz
zemljiškega katastra, na katero se bo sproščalo GSR.
Postopek sproščanja do tu teče po omenjenem zakonu, ki velja
že nekaj let in v katerem je jasno opredeljeno, da je
sproščanje v Sloveniji mogoče. V konkretnem primeru GS riža
iz leta 2011 je zakon veljal do izbire lokacije poskusa. Tu
zakon ni bil upoštevan. Obveljal je pravilnik Sklada
kmetijskih zemljišč in gozdov ter občinski sklep, ki sta
bila močnejša od nacionalnega zakona in sta onemogočila
gojenje GS riža na površini, ki je po zakonu primerna za
sproščanje v okolje. Riž se v Sloveniji ne goji in nima
divjih prednikov oz. bližnjih sorodnikov, s katerimi bi se
lahko križal. Najbližje območje pridelovanja je v sosednji
Italiji, ki je od potencialno izbrane lokacije v Sloveniji
oddaljeno več kot 70 km.
Kwy
words:
gensko spremenjene rastline, namerno sproščanje,
okolje, tveganje, zakonodaja
abstract
DELIBERATE RELEASE OF GENETICALLY MODIFIED PLANTS
INTO THE ENVIRONMENT IN SLOVENIA
Deliberate release of
genetically modified higher plants (GMHPs) into the
environment in Slovenia is regulated by the Law on the
Management of Genetically Modified Organisms (ZRGSO) Ur. l. RS
23/2005 and 21/2010, III chapter. For each deliberate release
of GMPs into the environment a license issued by the Ministry
of Environment and Spatial Planning (MESP) must be acquired.
The application or notification should contain a very accurate
and complex description of the GMP, of the field where it will
be released and of wider surroundings or environment. The
application consists of Annex 2 with accessories: 1. Part A
(technical data for the authorization of deliberate GMP
release into the environment); 2. Part B (environmental risk
assessment); 3. Application summary in Slovenian and English
language) for the release of GMP into environment, which is
transmitted to Brussels by MESP; 4. Extract from the Land
Cadastre of the field to which the GMP will be released. The
release procedure runs (till here) under the above mentioned
Law, which has been in place for several years and which
clearly defines that it is possible to release GMP in
Slovenia. In the case of GM rice in 2011, the law applied till
the site selection of the experiment. Here, the law was not
sufficiently taken into account. It was prevailed by the
regulation of Farmland and Forest Fund of the Republic of
Slovenia and municipal decision, which was stronger than the
national law and prevented the cultivation of GM rice in an
area that is legally suitable for release of GMO into the
environment. Rice is not grown in Slovenia and does not have
wild ancestors or close relatives with whom it might mate.
Nearest area of cultivation is in neighboring Italy, which is
from potentially selected location in Slovenia more than 70 km
away.
Ključne
besede:
genetically modified
plants, deliberate release, environment, risk, legislation
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